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1 대한내과학회지 : 제 79 권제 1 호 2010 비미란성위식도역류질환에서비심인성흉통의임상적특징과치료반응 서울대학교의과대학내과학교실분당서울대병원소화기내과 최태혁 이동호 정유정 이병환 황태준 박영수 김나영 The clinical characteristics of noncardiac chest pain and treatment response in non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) Tae Hyuck Choi, M.D., Dong Ho Lee, M.D., Yu Jeong Jeong, M.D., Byoung Hwan Lee, M.D., Tae Jun Hwang, M.D., Young Soo Park, M.D., and Na Young Kim, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea Background/Aims: Noncardiac chest pain (NCCP) is defined as recurring angina-like retrosternal chest pain of noncardiac origin. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is by far the most common cause of NCCP. We evaluated the incidence of some esophageal abnormalities as a cause of NCCP and the treatment response to a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Methods: Forty seven NCCP cases were selected from 184 cases who underwent 24-hour ambulatory ph monitoring or esophageal manometry. Patients were excluded if they had a history of gastrointestinal surgery, pancreatobiliary disorder, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, depression or tuberculosis. In this study, all GERD patients had non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). Results: Of the 47 NCCP cases, 30 (63.8%) were female and 17 (36.2%) were male. Only 7 (14.9%) cases had typical GERD symptoms such as acid regurgitation and heartburn. Of the 47 NCCP cases, 12 (25.5%) had GERD-related NCCP, and six (12.8%) had esophageal motility disorder. Of the 12 cases diagnosed as GERD- related NCCP, nine (75.0%) showed a satisfactory PPI response. The PPI was effective for GERD-related NCCP compared with non-gerd related NCCP (p =0.015). Conclusions: About 40% of NERD patients with NCCP had an esophageal disorder including GERD and esophageal motility disorder. A PPI was effective for GERD-related NCCP. (Korean J Med 79:16-22, 2010) Key Words: Noncardiac chest pain; Non-erosive reflux disease; Proton pump inhibitors 서론비심인성흉통 (noncardiac chest pain, NCCP) 은협심증과유사한흉골하통증이반복되지만심장검사는아무런이상 이없는경우를말한다 1). 서구에서일반성인의비심인성흉통의유병률은약 25~35% 정도로알려져있다 2-4). 흉통은실제임상에서협심증과의감별이쉽지않아우선적으로심장에대한검사를먼저시행한후이상이없는경우에소화기 Received: Accepted: Correspondence to Dong Ho Lee, M.D., Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam , Korea dhljohn@snubh.org

2 - Tae Hyuck Choi, et al. The clinical characteristics of noncardiac chest pain in non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) - 질환에대한검사를진행하게된다. 왜냐하면비심인성흉통을일으킬수있는원인에는여러가지가있지만, 그중에서도가장주된원인은식도에서기인하는질환이기때문이다. 현재까지는비심인성흉통의원인으로위식도역류질환 (gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD) 이가장흔한것으로알려졌고, 위식도역류질환과관련이없는비심인성흉통 (non-gerd related NCCP) 의경우에는식도운동질환 (esophageal motility disorder) 과내장과민성 (visceral hypersensitivity) 이비심인성흉통의주요원인으로생각되고있다 5,6). 위식도역류질환은미란성식도염 (erosive esophagitis) 과비미란성위식도역류질환 (non-erosive reflux disease, NERD) 으로구분할수있으며, 여러연구에서비미란성위식도역류질환의유병률이높은것으로보고되고있다 7-10). 실제임상에서재발성흉통이있으나심장검사는이상이없는경우에상부위장관내시경검사에서식도미란이나궤양이관찰되면위식도역류질환에대한치료를먼저시작하게되지만미란이관찰되지않거나미세변화의경우흉통의원인감별을위해더많은검사를진행해야되는경우가많다. 또한비심인성흉통을가진환자들은장기간에걸쳐삶의질이저하되고흉통으로인해다시의료서비스를받게되는것으로보고하였다 11). 이에저자들은상부위장관내시경검사에서식도미란이나궤양이관찰되지않아 24시간보행성식도산도검사와식도내압검사를시행한환자들을대상으로비심인성흉통의원인질환으로서식도질환의빈도및임상적인특징을알아보고양자펌프억제제의치료효과를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상전자차트의의무기록을분석하여 2006년 12월에서 2009 년 4월까지분당서울대학교병원에서상부위장관내시경에서식도의미란이나궤양이없고, 24시간보행성식도산도검사나식도내압검사를받은환자중흉통을가진환자들을대상으로분석을하였고, 이들중 1) 변이형협심증을포함한관상동맥질환자, 2) 심장판막질환자, 3) 조기위암이나진행성위암으로위수술을받은자, 4) 췌장낭종환자, 5) 결핵성늑막염, 6) 우울증을포함한정신질환자등은제외한비심인성흉통환자들을대상으로분석하였다 ( 그림 1). 184 cases who underwent 24hr ph monitoring or esophageal manometry 62 cases of chest pain 47 cases of noncardiac chest pain presumed esophageal origin 15 case excluded by 5 coronary artery disease 1 mitral stenosis 1 pancreatic cyst 1 tuberculous pleurisy 2 depression 5 gastrectomy Figure 1. Study flow chart. Forty-seven NCCP cases were selected from 184 cases who underwent 24-hour ambulatory ph monitoring or esophageal manometry. Patients were excluded if they had a history of gastrointestinal surgery, pancreatobiliary disorder, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, depression, or tuberculosis. 2. 연구방법 24시간보행성식도산도검사와식도내압검사를받은환자는각각 112명과 155명이었고, 두검사를모두받은환자들을고려한실제대상환자수는 184명이었다. 이 184명중흉통을가지고있던환자는 62명이었으며, 이들중관상동맥질환 5명, 승모판협착증 1명, 위절제술을받은 5명, 췌장낭종 1명, 결핵성늑막염 1명, 우울증 2명을제외한최종연구대상인비심인성흉통환자는 47명이었다. 비심인성흉통환자 47명은모두상부위장관내시경검사에서식도의미란이나궤양은없었다. 연구대상의의무기록을분석하여비심인성흉통의원인질환인위식도역류질환, 식도운동질환의빈도를분석하고양자펌프억제제의치료효과를분석하였다. 식도내압검사는검사전날저녁이후금식시켰고, 검사에영향을미칠수있는약제는 48시간전부터투약을중지했다. Bernstein 유발검사는기본적인식도내압검사가끝난후도관의맨하위출구를하부식도괄약근의 5 cm 상방에두고분당 6~7 ml의 0.1 N HCl 을점적했다. 24시간보행성식도산도검사는검사에영향을미칠수있는약제는 48시간전부터투약을중지하였고, 양자펌프억제제는 1주일전부터

3 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 79 권제 1 호통권제 599 호 투약을중지했다. 위식도역류질환진단은 24시간보행성식도산도검사에서식도의 ph 4 미만인시간이 4.2% 이상이거나 DeMeester score가 14.72점이상, 혹은전체역류횟수중증상을동반한역류횟수의백분율인증상민감지수 (symptom sensitivity index) 가 50% 이상인경우와 Bernstein 유발검사양성인경우를위식도역류질환으로정의하였다. 식도운동질환은식도내압검사에서각질환의특징적인양상을나타내는경우로하였다. 식도이완불능증 (achalasia) 은식도내압검사에서식도체부의무연동 (aperistalsis) 과하부식도괄약근의불완전한이완및높은압력을보이는경우로정의하였고, 호두까기식도 (nutcracker esophagus) 는식도내압검사에서정상연동운동을보이나하부식도수축파의진폭이 160 mmhg 이상인경우로정의하였다. 양자펌프억제제의치료효과를보기위해양자펌프억제제투여후 6개월간의의무기록에서흉통의소실이나현저한개선을보인경우에만족스러운 (satisfactory) 결과로표시하였고, 흉통이양자펌프억제제복용전과비교했을때호전이없거나호전정도가미미했던경우는불만족스러운 (dissatisfactory) 결과로표시하였다. 또한흉통의호전정도에대한기술이모호하거나추적관찰이안된경우 (follow up loss or ambiguous description) 와양자펌프억제제를치료제로사용하지않은경우 (no PPI) 도분석하였다. 3. 통계분석모든값은평균 ± 표준편차로표시하였고, 범주형요인들에대해서는 chi-square 검정을이용하였다. 모든자료는 SPSS 15.0을이용하여통계처리하였고, 모든결과는 p<0.05 인경우를유의하다고판단하였다. 결과평균연령은 51.9±13.3세였고, 성별은여성의비율이 63.8% (30/47) 로남성의 36.2% (17/47) 에비해많았다. 대상환자 47명중가슴쓰림 (heartburn) 이나산역류 (acid regurgitation) 증상을흉통과함께가지고있던환자는 14.9% (7/47) 였다. 비미란성위식도역류질환환자에서비심인성흉통에대한원인질환의빈도는위식도역류질환이 25.5% (12/47) 였고, 식도운동질환은 12.8% (6/47) 로나왔다. 식도운동질환은식도이완불능증이 4명이었으며, 호두까기식도는 2명이었다. Figure 2. Of the 47 NCCP cases, 25.5% (n=12) had GERD-related NCCP, and 12.8% (n=6) had esophageal motility disorder. Among the six cases of esophageal motility disorder, four had achalasia, and two had nutcracker esophagus. Overall, 61.7% (n=29) were undiagnosed despite the 24-hour ambulatory ph monitoring or esophageal manometry. Table 1. PPI treatment response for NCCP Responses Frequency Percent Satisfactory Dissatisfactory Follow-up loss or ambiguous description No PPI Total PPI, proton pump inhibitor; NCCP, noncardiac chest pain. 또한검사에도불구하고비심인성흉통에대한원인을규명하지못한경우가 61.7% (29/47) 였다 ( 그림 2). 비심인성흉통환자 47명중 36명에게양자펌프억제제가투여되었고, 그중 58.3% (21/36) 에서만족스러운반응을나타냈다 ( 표 1). 이런만족스러운반응을보인 21명은모두표준용량 (11명) 이나절반용량 (10명) 의양자펌프억제제를복용했고, 투약 2주이내 9.5% (2/21), 4주이내 33.3% (7/21), 8주이내 42.9% (9/21), 12주이내 9.5% (2/21), 16주이내 4.8% (1/21) 에서각각만족스러운반응을보였고, 총 8주이내에 85.7%, 16주이내에서 100% 반응을보였다. 위식도역류질환과관련된비심인성흉통과위식도역류질환과관련이없는비심인성흉통환자들의양자펌프억제제에대한반응을비교해보았을때위식도역류질환과관련된비심인성흉통군은 75% (9/12), 그리고위식도역류질환과관련이없는비심인성흉통군은 34.3% (12/35) 에서각각만족스러운반응을보였으며이는통계학적으로유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.015, 표 2)

4 - 최태혁외 6 인. 비미란성위식도역류질환에서비심인성흉통의임상적특징과치료반응 - Table 2. Treatment response of GERD-related NCCP and non-gerd-related NCCP GERD-related NCCP (%) (n=12) Non-GERD-related NCCP (%) (n=35) p-value Responses Satisfactory 9 (75.0) 12 (34.3) Dissatisfactory 1 (8.3) 7 (20.0) Follow-up loss or ambiguous description 2 (16.7) 5 (14.3) No PPI 0 (0.0) 11 (31.4) NCCP, noncardiac chest pain; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease. 고찰비심인성흉통은반복되는협심증과유사한흉골하통증으로서심장에서기인한것이아닌경우로정의한다. 비심인성흉통은위, 식도, 췌담도질환같은소화기질환에서뿐만아니라폐질환, 근골격계질환, 공황장애를비롯한정신과적질환등소화기이외의질환에서도생길수있다. 그중식도질환이가장흔한비심인성흉통의원인으로알려져서실제임상에서는심장에대한검사에서이상이없는경우소화기내과의사에게의뢰되어흉통의원인에대한검사를하게된다. 현재까지는위식도역류질환이비심인성흉통의가장흔한원인으로밝혀져있고, 위식도역류질환과관련이없는비심인성흉통의경우식도운동질환과내장과민성이주요원인으로알려져있다 5,6). 최근발표된몬트리올정의와분류에서위식도역류질환은식도로역류된위의내용물로인해불편한증상이나합병증이유발되는상태로정의하였고, 위식도역류질환이가슴쓰림이나산역류와같은전형적인증상뿐아니라여러식도외증상과도연관되어있음을강조하여따로나누어분류함으로써식도외증상들에대한관심도가증가되고있다 12). 특히비심인성흉통을가진환자들은장기간에걸쳐삶의질이저하되고흉통으로인해다시의료서비스를받게되는것으로알려져있다 11). 서구에서일반성인들을대상으로한연구들에서위식도역류질환과관련된비심인성흉통의유병률은약 25~35% 정도로보고되고있고, 비심인성흉통이위식도역류질환의가장흔한식도외증상이라고하였다 13). 한편국내의경우를보면, 2000년이등에의한보고에서는국내위식도역류질환환자들에서쉰목소리 (55%), 인두구 (45%), 만성기침 (25%), 비심인성흉통 (20%) 등의순으로식도외증상이있음을보고하였고 14), 2008년김등에 의한보고에따르면우리나라에서건강검진을통해미란성식도염과비미란성위식도역류질환으로진단받은환자중흉통은각각 16.5% 와 33.0% 로미란성식도염과비미란성역류질환모두에서인두구에이어두번째로흔한증상으로보고하였다 15). 이번연구에서는 24시간보행성식도산도검사와 Bernstein 검사, 식도내압검사를통해확진된위식도역류질환과관련된비심인성흉통환자는 25.5% 로다른연구결과와크게다르지않았다. 또한식도운동질환을포함시켰을때비심인성흉통의원인으로확인된식도질환은 38.3% 로나타났다. 한편, 검사에도불구하고비심인성흉통에대한뚜렷한원인을규명할수없는경우가 61.7% 였는데, 이들중 41.4% (12/29) 에서양자펌프억제제에만족스러운반응을보여아마도여기에는위식도역류증상은있지만검사에서는확진이되지않은경우와내장과민성환자들이포함되어있을것으로추정된다. 또한이번연구에는포함되지않은미란성식도염환자들까지고려한다면실제임상에서비심인성흉통환자의진단및치료의접근에있어서위식도역류질환을비롯한식도질환을반드시흉통의원인으로고려해야할것으로생각한다. 위식도역류질환은미란성식도염과비미란성위식도역류질환으로구분할수있는데, 미란성식도염은내시경적으로식도미란이나궤양이관찰되는경우이고, 비미란성위식도역류질환은역류증상은있지만내시경검사에서식도미란이나궤양이관찰되지않는경우를말한다 16). 여러연구를통해일반성인에서비미란성위식도역류질환이미란성식도염에비해유병률이더높은것으로알려졌고 7-10), 과거에는비미란성위식도역류질환이시간이지나면서미란성식도염으로발전할수있다고생각했지만최근에는비미란성위식도역류질환이미란성식도염과는다른병인과임상적특성을가지는것으로알려지고있다 17). 현재까지는비미란

5 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 79, No. 1, 성위식도역류질환이미란성식도염에비해여성에서의유병률이높고, 상대적으로체질량지수가적으며, 헤르니아의유병률이낮은점등이임상적인특징으로동양과서양의연구들을통해알려졌다 8,18). 이번연구에서는 47명의비심인성흉통환자들이모두상부위장관내시경검사에서식도에미란이나궤양이없는비미란성위식도역류질환환자였는데, 여성이 63.8% 로남성에비해많았고, 체질량지수가 24.2 로비만한환자가적었고, 헤르니아가 6.3% 로많지않아지금까지알려진비미란성위식도역류질환의임상적인특징과크게다르지않았다. 또한흉통과함께전형적인역류증상인가슴쓰림이나산역류를동반한환자들은단지 14.9% 에불과해흉통과같은비전형적인증상을호소하는환자들중에서증상만으로위식도역류질환을진단하는것은쉽지않을것임을추측할수있다. 위식도역류질환과관련이없는비심인성흉통환자와식도운동질환과의관계는아직논란의여지가있다. 국내외연구들을보면대부분의연구에서약 70% 의비심인성흉통환자들이식도내압검사에서정상소견을보이는것으로보고하고있지만 19-21), 비심인성흉통환자에서가장흔한식도운동질환이어떤것인지에대해서는연구자마다차이가있는데, 외국의한연구에서는호두까기식도가가장흔한식도운동질환이라고하였고 19), 또다른연구에서는저압성하부식도괄약근 (hypotensive LES), 호두까기식도순으로흔하다고하였다 21). 그러나식도내압검사에서진단된식도운동질환이환자가호소하는흉통의직접적인원인인지에대해서는아직까지확실히규명되지않았다. 이번연구에서는식도내압검사에서식도운동질환은 12.8% (6/47) 로나타났으며, 식도운동질환중식도이완불능증, 호두까기식도순으로흔했다. 비심인성흉통의치료는원인질환이밝혀진경우각각의원인질환에맞는치료를해야한다. 위식도역류질환과관련이없는비심인성흉통의경우 nitrates, 칼슘길항제와같은근이완제와세로토닌재흡수억제제, 삼환계항우울제, 테오필린과같은통증조절제및내시경혹은외과적수술과정신과적치료가환자의상태에따라도움이될수있다 13,22). 최근에는내장과민성이식도운동질환의유무와관계없이위식도역류질환과관련이없는비심인성흉통환자에서흉통의주요기전으로여겨져서특히통증조절제에대한연구가활발이진행되고있다 13). 위식도역류질환과관련된비심인성흉통의경우생활습관교정과함께양자펌프억제제의투여가기본적인치료이다. 서양에서는양자펌프억제제를위식도역류질환과관련된비 심인성흉통환자의경우최소 2개월이상표준용량 (standard dose) 의 2배용량으로증상이호전될때까지투여하고, 이후증상을조절할수있는최소의양자펌프억제제용량을결정하여유지치료할것을권고하고있다 13,23). 이번연구에서는비미란성위식도역류질환을가지고있는환자에서비심인성흉통에대한양자펌프억제제의반응은전체적으로 58.3% 에서만족스러운반응을나타냈다. 또한, 위식도역류질환과관련된비심인성흉통군은 75.0% 그리고위식도역류질환과관련이없는비심인성흉통군은 34.3% 에서각각만족스러운반응을나타냈고, 이는통계학적으로유의한차이를보여위식도역류질환과관련된비심인성흉통환자에서양자펌프억제제투여가효과적인치료임을알수있었다. 또한양자펌프억제제치료에만족스러운반응을보였던환자들은모두표준용량이나절반용량의양자펌프억제제를복용했고, 투약 8주이내에 85.7% 에서만족스러운반응을보였다. 한편, 일반적으로비미란성위식도역류질환환자에서양자펌프억제제표준용량에대한반응은미란성식도염환자들과비교했을때 20~30% 떨어질뿐아니라, 양자펌프억제제표준용량이나절반용량에비슷한반응을보이는것으로알려져서 16,24), 우리나라에서비미란성위식도역류질환환자의비심인성흉통의경우에는 2배용량이아닌표준용량이나절반용량의양자펌프억제제투여로도상당수환자에서 2달이내에효과를나타낼수있을것으로생각한다. 결론적으로, 우리나라의비미란성위식도역류질환환자에서비심인성흉통은임상적으로중요한증상이며비심인성흉통의원인질환으로서식도질환은 24시간식도산도검사와식도내압검사를통해확진된위식도역류질환과식도운동질환을합쳐 38.3% 였고, 양자펌프억제제에대한반응을보았을때비미란성위식도역류질환환자의비심인성흉통은표준용량이나절반용량의양자펌프억제제의투여로 2개월이내에좋은반응을나타낼수있을것으로생각하지만, 이번연구는비미란성위식도역류질환환자만을대상으로해서그해석에제한이따른다. 실제비심인성흉통환자를진료할때상부위장관내시경검사에서미란성식도염으로진단된환자들은쉽게비심인성흉통의원인으로위식도역류질환을생각하고양자펌프억제제를투여할수있지만, 상부위장관내시경검사에서특별한이상이없는경우환자의진단및치료에어려움이따르는데, 이때양자펌프억제제의투여가좋은선택이될수있을것으로생각한다. 또한앞으로비심인성흉통의임상적인특징과양자펌프억제제의정확한용량과투여기간에대한대규모의전향적연구가필

6 - Tae Hyuck Choi, et al. The clinical characteristics of noncardiac chest pain in non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) - 요하리라생각한다. 요약목적 : 비심인성흉통은협심증과유사한흉골하통증이반복되지만심장검사는아무런이상이없는경우를말하며, 현재까지는비심인성흉통의원인질환으로서위식도역류질환을비롯한식도질환이가장흔한것으로알려지고있다. 이번연구에서는상부위장관내시경검사에서이상이없어 24시간보행성식도산도검사와식도내압검사를받은환자중비심인성흉통의원인으로위식도역류질환과식도운동질환같은식도질환의빈도및양자펌프억제제의치료효과를알아보고자하였다방법 : 분당서울대병원에서상부위장관내시경검사결과식도의미란이나궤양이없어 24시간보행성식도산도검사와식도내압검사를받은환자중흉통을가지고있었던환자를대상으로심장질환자, 위수술을받은자, 췌장낭종, 결핵성늑막염, 정신과환자들을제외한총 47명의비심인성흉통환자들을대상으로의무기록을분석하여비미란성위식도역류질환에서비심인성흉통의임상적인특성및양자펌프억제제에대한치료반응을살펴보았다. 결과 : 총 47명의비심인성흉통환자중 12명인 25.5% 가위식도역류질환과관련된비심인성흉통이었고, 6명인 12.8% 가식도운동질환이었다. 12명의위식도역류질환과관련된비심인성흉통환자중 9명인 75% 에서양자펌프억제제에만족스런반응을보였고, 이는위식도역류질환과관련이없는비심인성흉통환자들의양자펌프억제제에대한반응과비교해보았을때통계적으로유의한결과를보였다. 양자펌프억제제에만족스런반응을보였던 21명의환자들은모두표준용량이나절반용량의양자펌프억제제를복용하고있었으며투약 8주이내에 85.7% 에서만족스런반응을보였다. 결론 : 비미란성위식도역류질환에서비심인성흉통의원인으로식도질환은 24시간보행성식도산도검사와식도내압검사를통해확진된위식도역류질환, 식도운동질환을합쳐약 40% 였고, 비미란성위식도역류질환에서비심인성흉통의치료에표준용량이나절반용량의양자펌프억제제의투여로 2달이내에상당수환자에서좋은반응이나타날수있을것으로생각되나, 앞으로미란성식도염환자들을포함한대규모의전향적연구가필요하리라생각한다. 중심단어 : 비심인성흉통 ; 비미란성위식도역류질환 ; 양자 펌프억제제 REFERENCES 1) Fang J, Bjorkman D. A critical approach to noncardiac chest pain: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 96: , ) Locke GR 3rd, Talley NJ, Fett SL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ 3rd. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology 112: , ) Chiocca JC, Olmos JA, Salis GB, Soifer LO, Higa R, Marcolongo M. Prevalence, clinical spectrum and atypical symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux in Argentina: a nationwide populationbased study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22: , ) Eslick GD, Jones MP, Talley NJ. Non-cardiac chest pain: prevalence, risk factors, impact and consulting--a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17: , ) Richter JE. Chest pain and gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 30(3 Suppl):S39-S41, ) Shrestha S, Pasricha PJ. Update on noncardiac chest pain. Dig Dis 18: , ) Fass R. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disese. Am J Gastroenterol 98(Suppl):S2-S7, ) Hiyama T, Yoshihara M, Tanaka S, Haruma K, Chayama K. Strategy for treatment of nonerosive reflux disease in Asia. World J Gastroenterol 14: , ) Mishima I, Adachi K, Arima N, Amano K, Takashima T, Moritani M, Furuta K, Kinoshita Y. Prevalence of endoscopically negative and positive gastroesophageal reflux disease in the Japanese. Scand J Gastroenterol 40: , ) 김현영, 김나영, 김선미, 서지현, 박영수, 황진혁, 김진욱, 정숙향, 이동호. 건강검진자에서의미란성및비미란성위식도역류질환의임상적특성및위험인자. 대한내과학회지 71: , ) Eslick GD. Noncardiac chest pain: epidemiology, natural history, health care seeking, and quality of life. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 33:1-23, ) Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, Dent J, Jones R. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 101: , ) Fass R, Navarro-Rodriguez T. Noncardiac chest pain. J Clin Gastroenterol 42: , ) 이성희, 최명규, 추교영, 왕준호, 문성배, 최황, 방춘상, 김재광, 최규용, 정규원, 선희식, 박수헌. 우리나라위식도역류질환의임상상. 대한소화관운동학회지 6:1-10, ) Kim N, Lee SW, Cho SI, Park CG, Yang CH, Kim HS, Rew JS, Moon JS, Kim S, Park SH, Jung HC, Chung IS. The prevalence of

7 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 79 권제 1 호통권제 599 호 and risk factors for erosive oesophagitis and non-erosive reflux disease: a nationwide multicentre prospective study in Korea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 27: , ) Fass R. Erosive esophagitis and nonerosive reflux disease (NERD): comparison of epidemiologic, physiologic, and therapeutic characteristics. J Clin Gastroenterol 41: , ) Barlow WJ, Orlando RC. The pathogenesis of heartburn in nonerosive reflux disease: a unifying hypothesis. Gastroenterology 128: , ) Carlsson R, Dent J, Watts R, Riley S, Sheikh R, Hatlebakk J, Haug K, de Groot G, van Oudvorst A, Dalvag A, Junghard O, Wiklund I. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in primary care: an international study of different treatment strategies with omeprazole. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 10: , ) Katz PO, Dalton CB, Richter JE, Wu WC, Castell DO. Esophageal testing of patients with noncardiac chest pain or dysphagia: results of three years' experience with 1161 patients. Ann Intern Med 106: , ) 이화영, 이풍렬, 최문석, 전성국, 손정일, 이석호, 손희정, 김영호, 김재준, 고광철, 백승운, 이종철, 최규완. 비심인성흉통환자에서의식도운동성질환과식도역류에관한연구. 대한소화관운동학회지 5:1-8, ) Dekel R, Pearson T, Wendel C, De Garmo P, Fennerty MB, Fass R. Assessment of oesophageal motor function in patients with dysphagia or chest pain: the Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18: , ) Achem SR. Noncardiac chest pain-treatment approaches. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 37: , ) Fass R, Malagon I, Schmulson M. Chest pain of esophageal origin. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 17: , ) Richter JE, Campbell DR, Kahrilas PJ, Huang B, Fludas C. Lansoprazole compared with ranitidine for the treatment of nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. Arch Intern Med 160: ,

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