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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp , August 2017 by The Korean Society of Safety (pissn , eissn ) All right reserved. 허민녕 신창섭 * 한국소방산업기술원 * 충북대학교안전공학과 ( 접수 / 수정 / 채택 ) An Experimental Study on Droplet Size according to Discharge Coefficient of Sprinkler Head Min Noung Hur Changsub Shin * Korea Fire Institude * Department of Safety Engineering, Chungbuk National University (Received April 17, 2017 / Revised May 26, 2017 / Accepted June 25, 2017) Abstract : The sprinkler system is a basic fire extinguishing system that uses water as an extinguishing agent. In order to evaluate the fire extinguishing performance of the sprinkler system, information such as the discharge angle, discharge speed, discharge pressure, flow rate, and water droplet size of the installed head are required. However, there is a lack of research on droplets size compared to other requirements. In this study, to evaluate the extinguishing characteristics of sprinkler system, the droplet size distribution was measured for various types of sprinkler heads actually used. The size of the droplet was measured using laser diffraction method. The 50% cumulative volume distribution (D v50 ) according to discharge coefficient(k factor) was 540 μm ~ 695 μm for K50, 542 μm ~ 1,192 μm for K80, 980 μm ~ 1,223 μm for K115 and 1,188 μm ~ 1,234 μm for K202. Based on the measured results, the vaeiance of the droplet particle distribution and the Rosin-Rammler index value are presented. As a result of the fire simulation with FDS, it was confirmed that the performance difference occurs according to the water droplet size distribution even when the same amount of water is used. Therefore, the extinguishing performance of the sprinkler system should be evaluated considering the droplet size distribution according to the sprinkler head type. Key Words : droplet size, 'K' factor, sprinkler head, discharge coefficient 1. 서론 스프링클러설비는물의높은기화열과비열을이용하여화재를초기에진압 제어하기위해널리사용되는수계소화설비이다 1). 스프링클러설비는소화성능이우수할뿐아니라인체에무해하며설치비용이상대적으로저렴하여그효과와신뢰성측면에서효율적인설비로인정되어대다수의특정소방대상물에설치운영되고있다. 국내의경우스프링클러설비의설치는관련법령에서정하는특정소방대상물의일반적인용도에따라설계방식이규정되어있어해당소방대상물의특성을반영하지못하고있다 2). 이러한소방시설의일률적인설치는고위험장소의경우소화실패의우려가있으며, 저위험장소는과잉설비가이루어져비효율적으로운 영될우려가있다. 미국의경우 NFPA13 에서규정하고있는바와같이소방대상물의용도및보관물품의가연성, 수량, 배치등에따라위험등급을산정하여해당위험등급에적합한살수밀도및방호면적을설정하여최적화된소화설비를설치운영하고있다 3). 소방시설등의성능위주설계방법및기준 시행이후국내에서도기존의법령에따른사양위주의설계방식에서해당설비및소방대상물의특성을고려한성능위주의소방설계가대형건축물을대상으로점차확산되고있다 4). 스프링클러설비의성능위주설계는화재진압에필요한최소살수밀도 (RDD, Required Delivered Density) 와실제화염에도달하는살수밀도 (ADD, Actual Delivered Density) 와의상관관계를평가하여 ADD > RDD 가될수있도록설비를구성하게된다 5). 일반적으로 ADD 를평가하기위해서는스프링클러헤드의방수각도, 초기방사속 Corresponding Author : Changsub Shin, Tel : , csshin@chungbuk.ac.kr Department of Safety Engineering, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Chungju 28644, Korea 16

2 도, 방사압력, 유량, 물방울크기및분포등의정보가필요하다. 현재까지주거용스프링클러헤드에대하여물방울크기및분포에대한연구가일부진행되었으나 6), 다양한종류의스프링클러가생산유통되고있는현실에비해제한적인정보만제공되고있어스프링클러방사특성해석에어려움을겪고있다. 따라서본연구에서는시중에서유통되고있는다양한종류의스프링클러헤드의물방울크기및분포를측정하여스프링클러의방사특성해석에필요한데이터베이스를제공하고, 화재시뮬레이션을통해물방울크기분포에따른소화성능의차이를비교하고자한다. 2.1 실험대상 2. 스프링클러헤드의물방울크기측정 실험에사용된스프링클러헤드는 스프링클러헤드의형식승인및제품검사의기술기준 에따른방수상수 K값이 50, 80, 115, 202인제품으로국내에서생산되는제품및일부해외제품에대하여실험을진행하였다. 방수상수 K는스프링클러헤드의형상, 크기등에의해결정되는고유값으로 7) (Q: 방수량 (l/min), p: 방수압력 (MPa)) 의공식을이용하여실험적 Table 1. Specification of the tested sprinkler head K TYPE d 0 d f Note SP#01 50 Flush MT SP#02 50 Flush FES SP#03 50 Flush WD SP#04 50 Flush SE SP#05 80 Flush MT-1 SP#06 80 Flush FES-1 SP#07 80 Flush FES-2 SP#08 80 Flush SE SP#09 80 Flush SW SP#10 80 Flush WD SP#11 80 Flush YJ SP#12 80 Flush MT-2 SP#13 80 Flush DM SP#14 80 Pendent MT-1 SP#15 80 Pendent FES-1 SP#16 80 Pendent FES-2 SP#17 80 Pendent SE SP#18 80 Pendent SW SP#19 80 Pendent MT-2 SP#20 80 Pendent MT-3 SP# Pendent VK-1 SP# Pendent VK-2 SP# Pendent TY-1 SP# Pendent TY-2 SP# Pendent Cen SP# Pendent VK d 0 : Orifice Diameter( mm ) d f : Distance between orifice and reflector( mm ) Note : Initials of manufacturer 으로측정할수있다. Table 1 에실험대상헤드의주요제원을표시하였다. 2.2 실험장치및방법 실험장치는 Sympatec 사의레이저회절측정방식의 HELOS VARIO 제품을이용하여물방울의크기및분 Fig. 1. Image of the tested sprinkler head. Fig. 2. Schematic of the experimental setup for droplet sizing. 한국안전학회지, 제 32 권제 4 호, 2017 년 17

3 허민녕 신창섭 포를측정하였다 8). Fig. 2 는스프링클러헤드에서방사되는물방울의크기를측정하기위한실험장치의개략도를보여준다. 물방울의크기를측정하기위해스프링클러헤드에는 스프링클러헤드의형식승인및제품검사의기술기준 에따라 0.1 MPa 의압력을가하였다. 스프링클러헤드의방사패턴은일반적으로중공형 (Hollow Cone) 으로나타나기때문에스프링클러헤드의반사판을기준으로하부 1 m, 반경 0.9 m 의지점에서측정하였으며, 레이저광의측정경로거리는약 3 m 이며, 종류별스프링클러헤드에대하여 10 회반복측정하였다 6). 물방울의크기는일반적으로누적체적분포 (CVF) 를활용하여표시하고있으며, 스프링클러설비헤드의경우 50% 누적체적분포 (D v50 ) 를물방울크기의평균값으로활용하고있다. ln exp ( : Vaeiance, : Rosin-Rammler 지수 ) 스프링클러헤드의물방울크기는평균크기이하의경우대수정규분포, 평균크기이상에서는 Rosin - Rammler 분포를따르는것으로알려져있으며 9), 물방울크기는 가커질수록분포폭이좁아지고, 가커질수록분포폭이넓어지게되며, 화재시뮬레이션프로그램인 FDS 에서는경험값인 2.4, 0.6 의경험값을사용하고있다 10). 2.3 스프링클러헤드의물방울크기및분포측정결과 Fig. 3 은 K 값및스프링클러헤드구조에따른물방울크기를 10 회측정한평균누적체적분포를보여주고있다. K50 Flush 형의경우 D v μm ~ 695 μm, K80 Flush 형의경우 D v μm ~ 854 μm, K80 Pendent 형의경우 D v μm ~ 1,192 μm, K115 Pendent 형의경우 D v μm ~ 1,223 μm, K202 Pendent 형의경우 D v50 1,188 μm ~ 1,234 μm의분포를나타내고있어. 동일한형태의스프링클러헤드라하더라고세부구조의차이에타라물방울크기가최대 2 배가량차이가발생함을확인할수있으며, 입자의크기가작은경우즉그래프의좌측편에위치할수록입자분포폭은넓어지고, 입자크기가상대적으로큰경우입자의분포폭은좁아지는경향을보이고있다. Fig. 3. Cumulative distribution of water droplets according to sprinkler head type. 18 J. Korean Soc. Saf., Vol. 32, No. 4, 2017

4 Fig. 4는헤드종류에따른 50% 누적체적분포 (D v50 ) 와 지수를보여주고있다. 일부제품별로편차가있으나평균물방울크기가큰경우 지수가상대적으로큰값을보이는경향을확인할수있다. Fig. 5는본실험에서측정된 K50, K80형스프링클러의종류별물방울분포평균값에대한, 값을보여주고있다. K80-Pendent 형의경우각제품의, 평균값이 FDS에서사용되는경험값과동일한값을나타내고있으나, K50 및 K80 Flush 형에서는상대적으로 Fig. 4. Correlation between D v50 and. 낮은 값과같은수치의 값을보여주는데이는 D v50 이상의물방울분포폭은다소좁으며, D v50 이하의분포형상은유사하다는것을보여준다. Fig. 6은 K값및스프링클러헤드구조에따른물방울 50% 누적체적분포 (D v50 ) 를보여준다. 제품별로다소의차이는있으나 K값이증가함에따라물방울크기가증가하는경향을보여주고있다. K80형의경우 Flush형에비해 Pendent 형에서평균입자크기가다소큰경향을보여주고있으나, 제품간편차가크게발생하여일반적인경향으로판단하기는곤란할것으로생각된다. Fig. 6. D v50 of water droplets according to sprinkler head structure. Table 2 는실험에서측정된스프링클러헤드물방 Fig. 5. Comparison of measured and calculated cumulative distributions. 울의평균크기와분포특성을나타내는 D v10, D v50, D v90,, 값을나타내고있다. 동일한방수압력과방수량을갖는경우라도오리피스의직경, 반사판의형태, 반사판과의거리및반사판의형상에따라분포형태가달라지므로스프링클러의방사특성해석시사용된스프링클러헤드에맞는값을적용하여야할것으로판단된다. 한국안전학회지, 제 32 권제 4 호, 2017 년 19

5 허민녕 신창섭 Table 2. Characteristics of water droplet distribution 구분 D v50( μm ) D v10( μm ) D v90( μm ) SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# SP# 물방울크기에따른소화성능비교 3.1. 소화성능비교방법미국 NIST 에서개발한화재시뮬레이션프로그램인 FDS를이용하여스프링클러헤드물방울입자분포에따른소화성능비교를진행하였다. 화재모델링은 Pyrosim 사에서제시하는 Room Fire 모델을참조하여 11) Fig. 7 과같이실온 20, 5.2 m 4.6 m 2.4 m 크기의구획실화재를설정하였고, 스프링클러헤드의초기방수조건은유량 80 Lpm, 분사각 135, 방수개시시점은화재발생 1분후로설정하였으며, 물방울의평균크기및 값은 Table 2의측정된값을사용하였다. 스프링클러헤드의성능비교는 KS B ISO 을참고하여, 1분간자유연소후화재실중앙부에설치된스프링클러헤드작동후화재실천장의온도가초기온도 (T 0 )+275 가되는시점을비교하였다 12). Fig. 7. Schematic of room fire modeling. 3.2 물방울크기변화에따른소화성능비교스프링클러헤드중가장널리사용되고있는 K80 제품중 D v50 값이최대 최소인제품에대하여시뮬레이션을실시하였다. Head T 유량방수압력 SP #13 SP #14 방수후 35 초 방수후 9 초 80 Lpm 0.1 MPa Fig. 8 은발화후천장면의온도변화를나타내고있다. 화재발생후천장면의온도는지속적으로상승하다스프링클러가작동함에따라주변이냉각되어온도가하강하는것을알수있으며, 스프링클러작동후 SP #14 의경우 9 초, SP #13 의경우 35 초경과후천장의온도가초기온도 +275 로냉각되었다. 이는상대적으로입자크기가큰 SP #14 헤드의경우물방울이신속히화원에침투하여주변을냉각시켜온도를낮추는것으로판단된다. Fig. 9 는시간에따른열방출량의변화를보여준다. 물방울크기가큰 SP #14 의경우열방출율을급격히낮추어화재를진압하는특성을보여주는반면, 물방울크기가상대적으로작은 SP #13 의경우화재를진 Fig. 8. Temperature of the ceiling scene. 20 J. Korean Soc. Saf., Vol. 32, No. 4, 2017

6 4) 같은 K 값을가지는스프링클러헤드라하더라도, 값에따라물방울크기분포가달라져, 소화성능이크게달라질수있으므로, 스프링클러방사특성해석시이를고려하여성능을추정하여야할것으로생각된다. References Fig. 9. Heat release rate of fire. 압하기보다는열방출율을서서히낮추어화재를제어하는특성을나타내고있다. 이는물방울크기의차이에의해화원에직접적으로침투하여냉각하는방식과물의기화열을이용하여주변을냉각시키는방식으로나누어져물방울크기에따른소화방법의차이가발생하는것으로판단된다. 4. 결론 본실험에서는스프링클러설비의설계및성능평가를위해서다양한종류의스프링클러헤드에대한물방울크기측정하고그결과를이용하여화재시뮬레이션을실시한결과다음의결론을얻었다. 1) 스프링클러헤드의물방울크기는 D v50 이하의경우대수정규분포를, D v50 이상에서는 Rosin-Rammler 분포를따르는것을확인하였으며, FDS 등의화재시뮬이션에서스프링클러의방사특성해석을위한평균크기, 및 값등의데이터베이스를제시하였다. 2) 스프링클러헤드종류에따라 K50 Flush 형의경우 D v μm ~ 695 μm, K80 Flush 형의경우 D v μm ~ 854 μm, K80 Pendent 형의경우 D v μm ~ 1,192 μm, K115 Pendent 형의경우 D v μm ~ 1,223 μm, K202 Pendent 형의경우 D v50 1,188 μm ~ 1,234 μm의분포를나타내었다. 3) 측정된물방울크기분포를적용하여화재시뮬레이션을실시한결과, 동일한 80 Lpm 의방수량을적용하더라도물방울크기분포에따라초기온도 (T 0 )+275 가되는시점이 SP #14 의경우 9 초, SP #13 의경우 35 초로소화성능에차이가발생함을확인할수있었다. 1) J. R. Hall, Jr., US Experience with Sprinklers, National Fire Protection Association, ) MPSS(Ministry of Public Safety and Security, Republic of Korea), National Fire Safety Codes of Sprinkler Systems (NFSC 103), ) NFPA 13: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems 4) MPSS(Ministry of Public Safety and Security, Republic of Korea), Performance-oriented Design Methods and Standards for Fire-fighting Systems, ) C. Yao, Overview of Sprinkler Technology Research, Proceeding of the 5 th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Melbourne, Australia, pp , ) S. C. Kim and J. Y. Kim, An Experimental Study on the Droplet Size Distribution of Sprinkler Spray for Residential Building, Journal of ILASS-Korea, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp , ) MPSS(Ministry of Public Safety and Security, Republic of Korea), Standards of Model Approval and Inspection Technology for Sprinker Head, ) 9) D. T. Sheppard, Spray Characteristics of Fire Sprinklers, NIST GCR , ) K. McGrattan, S. Hostikka, R. McDermott, J. Floyd, C. Wenschenk and K. Overholt, Fire Dynamics Simulator, Technical Reference Guide, Vol. I: Mathematical Model, NIST Gaithersburg, Maryland, 6 th Ed., ) #room_fire 12) KS B ISO (Fire protection-automatic sprinkler systems-part 1), 한국안전학회지, 제 32 권제 4 호, 2017 년 21

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