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1 y, 39«, 6y, , 2006 Econ. Environ. Geol., 39(6), , 2006 w wy šk y *Á» w y w Geology in Drainage Field of the Imha Dam and Origins of High Turbid Water in the Imha Lake, Andong Sang Koo Hwang* and Gi Young Jeong Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Andong National University, Andong , Korea Imha lake has a high turbid water which keeps up during a few months, as comparing to other dams. Origins of the high turbid water derive from suspended materials which compose of micro particles of clay and rock-forming minerals. They are the weathered products from surface rocks that relate with particular geology in drainage field of the Imha dam. Accordingly we have fundamentally surveyed the kinds, properties, distribution and structures of general geology, found a few particular geology that source clay materials, and traced the passage that their weathered products enter the dam. We have suggested the basic origins of increase in turbid degree from detecting kinds and behavior of the suspended materials cause high turbid water in the Imha lake. Key words : Imha lake, high turbid water, suspended materials, clay mineral, particular geology, weathered products wy šk x wš w k ƒ. šk w w mÿ Ÿ. y w ü w ty p w w ƒ. w,, s, k wš ƒ m œ w p ü k ƒ j ty wy w. w wy ü šk j k w k ƒ w. wy, šk,, mÿ, p, ty 1. w l» e k x wš w k ƒ 3.» wš k w œ š ƒ ƒ. w šk ü w. y z ùkù šk w šx w šx mÿ Ÿ. y w ü w t y p w w ƒ. w,, s, k w š ƒ k ƒ j p w ý v ƒ. w l k ƒ j ty ü w. šk w k ƒ j w *Corresponding author: hwangsk@andong.ac.kr 771
2 772 y Á» yw p w w w. w ty mÿ Ÿ. p mÿ Ÿ ƒ» g š k w e. w k j w, p mÿ, xk,, p w ywš w ƒ. w w w t, r Ÿx,, X z (XRD), n x (TEM), wv (ICP) ww. w ww k j s,, k q wš ty wy wš w y ü k ƒ j k w k ƒ w w. 2.» w, sw. s³» 11.6 o C, 1,034.9 mm š, 1,085.2 mm, s³ ƒ 71%, s³ t 1.8 m/sec ùkü (Table 1). s³» 11.6 C š 8 o 25.0 C o š» ùkü» C ùk o ù s³» ƒ 31.9 C o.» Table 1. General weather conditions during a decade(weather Station). Monthly Mean Monthly temperature( o C) Mean in maximum Mean in minimum Rainfall or snowfall (mm) y w ùkü. w»» ty w w e. 6~9» ûks» w š w»z ƒ x 1,034.4 mm 67.6% w w mmƒ w w t w 12~2» 7.2% w w 74.3 mm w x w š.» 7 ƒ mmƒ ü y w w m ƒ w k ƒ k mm e ùküš mm e 1~6, 10~12 š 7, 8, 9. 7, 8, 9 yw ty ƒ w j» š w jš k ƒ j» š.» ú 97, ú 107, 121, 85, 66, 17.» 1/3» ty j j w e ƒ. 3. x w w w w û Evaporation (mm) Relative humidity (%) Sunshine duration (hr) Wind velocity (m/sec) Yearly
3 안동 임하댐 유역의 지질과 임하호 고탁수의 원인 방향으로 막은 댐이다. 이 임하댐의 유역은 안동시 동 거쳐 댐으로 연결되는 분수령 북동부이다. 부, 영양군과 청송군의 거의 전부를 포함하는 곳이다 태백산맥은 울진군, 영양군, 봉화군의 3개군의 접경 (Fig. 1). 동쪽 경계는 태백산맥 남부의 낙동정맥이 분 지역 근처의 칠보산(974 m)으로부터 크게 두 갈래로 수령을 이룬 곳이다. 즉 칠보산 남쪽의 853고지로부터 분기되어 남쪽으로 거의 평행하게 달린다(Fig. 1). 이 삿갓봉-백암산(1004 m)-삼승령-옷재-울치재-명동산 평행한 두 산맥 사이의 일월산 북동부에서 반변천이 (812 m)-황장재-대둔산(905 m)-먹구등-명동재-우설령-피 발원하여 남쪽으로 흐르고 구암산 남동부에서 용전천 나무재-통점재-723고지로 이어지는 낙동정맥의 분수령 이 발원하여 북쪽으로 흐른다. 이 반변천의 상류는 남 서부이다. 북서쪽 경계는 853고지-동화재-덕산봉-논골 북방향 단층의 지배를 받으며 하류는 북서-남동 내지 재-장갈령-벳티재를 거쳐 댐으로 연결되는 분수령 남동 동서방향 단층의 영향을 받고 있다. 부이고, 남서쪽 경계는 723고지-구암산(807 m)-삼자현임하댐 유역의 수계는 대체로 남북 방향이 주류를 솔치재-아홉실재-사일산(649 m)-양곡재-약산(583 m)를 이루며, 동서방향의 임하호를 경계로 하여 북반부의 반 773 Map of water system in drainage field of the Imha dam, showing locations drawing turbid waters and measuring their turbidity. Fig. 1.
4 774 y Á» û ù. û w š x e œ w š x ùkü» w. w û ¾, ù w. ƒ û l, y, û,, w q. û w w. ƒ»,,,, s,, 7 w.» ƒ ƒ š û,». œ w. 4. w d w e»,» y,» w d, d, 3» ù (Fig. 2).» w d d ƒ s. wy w û w š û w. y w ù y d wš. 3» y ³ (y ). y œ» w d n w g, ³» wš e» e» r, z r, ƒ (y, 1992)., ³. r :,, ³, r z r, ƒ x» y w. r y r y r y ùkü. y r ü, š ƒ ƒ, š ³,, K. y r,,, y wù ƒ. z r : s š œ ³ s. s y y w. z r z y y. ³ z ƒ 1~2cm ü y ty w d š ƒ. z r ü x ù û. z ü ty p z ü z. w ƒ w ty š y ƒ. ƒ : û s ù. ƒ ³ z r x ù, ƒ sww. ƒ -û w j ³ s w, y r ü s. ƒ ƒ. ƒ,,, {. 4.2.» y» y ƒ,» y (Fig. 2). e» wš» n w v.» y : y (wk, 1936), y ( y³ y y, 1973) wy ƒ (y, 2002). ƒ y s š. y û š wy j, 166.2± 3.2 Ma ƒ (y, 2002). y z w ty y
5 안동 임하댐 유역의 지질과 임하호 고탁수의 원인 775 Geological map in drainage field of the Imha dam, showing locations sampling soils and a parent rock. A, Jungpyeong fault; B, Jusan fault; C, Taekjeon fault; D, Andong fault; E, Hupyeong fault; F, Sogye fault; G, Secheon fault; H, Cheongok fault; I, Imdong fault; J, Gamcheon fault. Fig. 2. 을 띠며, 석영, K장석, 사장석, 흑운모 등으로 구성되고 곳에 따라 각섬석이 함유되어 있는 경우도 있다. 각섬석 반려암: 임하화강암체의 동변부에 대상으로 분포하며, 128.6±2.5Ma 연대를 가진다(황상구, 2002). 본암은 암회색이며 약한 풍화면에서 암록색이고 심한 풍화면에서 적갈색을 나타낸다. 입도는 대체로 중립질 이고 간혹 조립질인 곳도 있다. 구성광물은 각섬석, 사 장석 등으로 구성된다. 백악기 하양층군 백악기 하양층군은 유역 북반부의 거의 전역에 분포 되어 영양소분지를 넓게 차지한다. 영양소분지에서 적 색 계통 지층이 많고 중부에 녹색 계통 지층과 현무암 층이 협재되어 있어 구분된다. 하양층군은 하부로부터 울련산층, 동화치층, 가송동층, 청량산역암층, 오십봉현 무암층과 도계동층 순으로 구분된다(김옥준 외, 1963; 이대성과 이하영, 1963; 김상욱과 박봉순, 1970; 김남 장 외, 1970). 4.3.
6 776 y Á» d:» w d» d r v w. d ù d w g x. j» 2~300 cm w 10~20 cmƒ w r. j». ³, y r,, ƒ, r,.», g w. yed: d ù» y v w. dzƒ œ w ù 130 m ü d w y wš w. m w š ƒ n w w. mÿ š w yk. sww g w. g w, mÿ. k k k. ƒ d:,, û sw. Ì 250 m š 270 m d. d yd z d x w. z ƒ w. mÿ. g w r z ƒ x. n w š ƒ ty. d:, s. Ì š 150 m ƒ Ë š d. d, x w. z» g y z. x, ³, y,, r. j» 25~30cm š s³ 5~16cm œ s³ 3~5cm. x d: ƒ sw sw. Ì š 700 m 100 m ü. d x š n d x. w w ƒ ̃. n d,, ƒ ̃ ƒw. ƒ» ƒ š w ƒ, 5 mm ü ƒ. x {, w w.»œ y,,, w w.,, p, { y. d: n d ƒ Ÿ w s. Ì 550 m d. d ü z, z yd š,, x x w. ƒ w š ƒ w w. mÿ š w yk, k k k d d y û sw. : sw d š w v. z z ü š {. w»œ w,, w x w» w. : û œ l x w j s w. z z w z, pƒ x š ƒ x d ù. z z s z 63.6Û 3.4Ma (y ½ y, 2006), z 56± 11Ma ƒ (y, 2002).
7 z z ƒ» r ƒ wš d. z z ü p w ùk ù » d w y 3» y ³. 3» y : û j š, (Fig. 2). w d n w ³ y g. w yr y ty w û. z ƒ ùkù. ³ :, š d w û w. w û -û w. w, š,, ƒ d d s» sw. s d. d ̃ 2~3 m ü š,, m. û j. x š z,, y, r. x ù r š, z r. m { š w gqwš p. 5. w k, š d ƒw n ww» w x w. Ÿ w wy šk 777 w d s wš w d. œ w x ³ û w d» w. wy k k d w ƒ j š, yed ƒ d w w ƒ y y» y ³. n s w. y n w yr y g ù ³ ƒ w. y n w yr y w n w ty w r d d w -û w d, û w d -û w d w w. n y wš. -û w d 4 ƒ. d d s d(½û, 1970), d k d (½, 1970). w N30 o ~50 o W (Fig. 2) w ƒ j w ùkü. û w d sww 4 (Fig. 2). d l š d, zs d, d, d (½, 1970). w N0 o ~10 E o. -û w d ³. d d, d»k ³ d ƒ ³ ƒ (Fig. 2). d w N30 o ~40 E o. ew w ùkü ƒ. 3ƒ d ew w. û w d p zs d
8 778 y Á» ƒ û w š û w y û w ƒ. š û -û w p d w û w w š w y w w. w d mÿ w w n ƒ s œ ty w k j ƒ. 6. šk ù y» k ƒ w m k ü ƒ. ù wy k ƒ š k ƒ w k ƒ ww» p. k w w mÿ». mÿ wš w w» ƒ ¼ v w. mÿ ƒ ƒ wy ü p ù ƒ. wy k w mÿ š ü ƒ v. mÿ wy ü š. mÿ wy w. w k w ý. k ƒ j w mÿ. mÿ w z wš w. t y w mÿ x w sww». ù w w tyƒ ú v w. mÿ w mÿ swwš n ƒ ƒ ƒ. w n w ù r sww ƒ ƒ. ÿw ù r sww mÿ swwš w p š š ƒ w ty». w ty w w ù mÿ sw w w k w. p w w w š ƒ û mÿ. ÿw š ƒ j w š m Ÿ» w š w w š w ƒ» yw tyƒ ú mÿ». yed, ƒ d d. ƒ š ƒ û d yed d š ƒ d š ƒ w d. ù y d w. š ƒ û yed d y w ƒ w yr y w. p û y w n w yr y w. n k ƒ ƒ š ƒw. wr d» ty w. d w w ƒ. û w, -û w, -û w d ƒ (Fig. 2). w d w š d yed ƒ y š ü my. œ d w w» tyƒ œ ù.» ty yw ty s d yed my w. t ty m w w ƒ w ü y m šk j. 7. k w k 40 mm ƒ ü k ƒ w w.
9 4CMS, 14CMS. w w (JBY)¾ w š ƒ k xy w. JBY w l k ƒ, w k ƒ. š k JBY w l w 1 km w wy k x w ù y. k z 24 ù ù w w k l k w š. k y q w» w š» ¾ ww. š k ƒ ƒ k ƒ w ù» šk ƒ w» p w k j. ú š k ƒ w ù k ƒ w w y w. x y k wš w m Áòw. ù w k ƒ w mƒ ƒ k k w w. w w k d Table 2. w wy šk k 8.1. k w šx w ü sw ty mÿ Ÿ, š». k w» w k sw ty w ƒ v w. w k sw ty m w. k wy, w. wy JBY w l w 1km td w š,, td w (Table 2). k ƒ w. wr w x k l y m gj p w. ƒ m w š, š û y,, q ty l m w w k šx vl w. x vl kw w. 105 C o z d w k d w. X z w r xk z w w. ty w m X z w Table 2. Turbidity and density of suspended materials in turbid waters from the Imha lake and Banbyeoncheon stream. Location No. Measuring or drawing location Distance from JBY (km) Turbidity (NTU) L1 Imha lake 1 downstream 44 L2 Bugok bridge 7 upstream 52 L3 Gwangdeok bridge 12 upstream 12.4 L4 Samsan bridge 22 upstream 20 L5 Ibam bridge 30 upstream 17.5 L6 Yeongyang office of water level 38 upstream L7 Hwamaecheon 18 upstream 12.8 L8 Dongcheon 30 upstream 12.0 Density (mg/l)
10 780 y Á» r ty g w k z f xk w. wv w z p 200 w w w k vl 105 C o w z d w td (Table 2). wy ƒ š û k k ƒ û». š ƒ w k ƒ w» X z mÿ yw w (1), (2), (3) p g, (4) 550 o C ƒ w w. JBY w wy š w k (Fig. 3, 4A) w Ÿ x. 14Å, 10Å, 7Å z mÿ,, p,. p g ƒ x, mÿ j p, p, e ù p. p j p p j g 14.3Å z 16.1Å 14.4Å z j pƒ d wƒ û Fig. 3. XRD pattern from suspended materials in turbid water of the Imha lake. V, vermiculite; I, Illite; K, kaolinite; Q, quartz; A, albite. Fig. 5. XRD pattern from suspended materials in turbid water of Samsan bridge (A) and Yeongyang office of water level (B), and precipitated materials on gate wall of the Imha dam (C). Abbreviations are the same as Fig. 3. Fig. 4. XRD pattern from suspended materials in turbid water of Bugok bridge. Abbreviations are the same as Fig. 3. Fig. 6. XRD pattern from clay materials in farm's soil of Munamri. Kf, K-feldspar; CV, chlorite-vermiculite mixed layer; the other abbreviations are the same as Fig. 3.
11 ƒ w. ù w r ƒ w ù w Ÿ š y (Fig. 4B, C). mÿ z j»ƒ š ƒ û ƒ. w w (Fig. 5) X z ql w ùkù Ÿ ù j p, p, e ù p,,, w y w. w gj p w y k w. w m sw d g ty. w m (Fig. 6) y X z w mÿ p, j p, e ù p, / j p ywd Ÿ, j p/e ù p yw d Ÿ š Ÿ K, p ƒ. p j p p g z 14Å z j z ƒ ùkù j p d wƒ û ƒ w. m j p k j p p. ƒ w m j p, p, e ù p,, K, p,. y w m (Fig. 7) z j p, p, e ù p,, K, p. m w j p 14Å z p j g z yƒ d wƒ ƒ k j p ƒ. w ty yz ty X z ty p, e ù p, j p,,, K, p, yz ty (Fig. 8) k p, p, e ù p, k p/e ù p ywdÿ,, K, p. ty j p p g k j p w. r s m w wy šk 781 Fig. 7. XRD pattern from clay materials in soil of Hwajangri. Abbreviations are the same as Fig. 6. Fig. 8. XRD pattern from clay materials in soil of Gamyeonri. S, smectite; KS, kaolinite-smectite mixed layer; the other abbreviations are the same as Fig. 3. Fig. 9. XRD pattern from clay materials in soil of Jigyeongri. HIV, hydroxy vermiculite; the other abbreviations are the same as Fig. 3. swš (Fig. 9). X z, K, p, e ù p, / ywdÿ, yd j p. yd j
12 황상구 정기영 782 Table 3. Sample No. Su1 Su2 Su4 Mineral modes in suspended materials of turbid water and soils by XRD. Sample and location HV LV I K S KS CV HIV Hm Q A Kf Suspended materials in Imha lake Suspended materials in Bugok bridge Suspended materials in Samsan bridge materials in Yeongyang Su6 Suspended office of water level Pr1 Precipitated materials on dam wall So1 Soil in Munamri So2 Soil in Gacheonri So3 Soil in Hwajangri So4 Soil in Gamyeonri So5 Soil in Gamyeonri So6 Soil in Jigyeongri HV: highly charged vermiculite, LV: lowly charged vermiculite, I: illite, K: kaolinite, S: smectite, KS: kaolinite-smectite mixed layer, CV: chlorite-vermiculite mixed layer, HIV: hydroxy vermiculite, Hm: hematite, Q: quartz, A: albite, Kf: K-feldspar. TEM photomicrograph and electronic diffraction pattern of clay minerals from suspended materials in turbid water. Fig. 10. 트는 암석의 토양화 과정에서 생성되는 독특한 광물로 서 녹니석과 유사한 구조와 물리적 성질을 가지며 탁 수 중의 버미큘라이트와는 다르다. X선회절 분석결과 확인된 광물의 종류는 Table 3에 정리되어 있다. 투과전자현미경 분석 투과전자현미경 관찰결과 탁수 부유물질은 주로 불 규칙한 형태를 갖는 판상의 점토광물들로 구성되어 있 음을 알 수 있었다(Fig. 10). 점토광물의 결정도는 일 반적으로 낮지만 상대적으로 결정도가 높은 경우에 카 올리나이트는 육각판상으로, 일라이트는 긴널판상으로 산출된다. 따라서 탁수 점토광물의 불규칙한 형태는 버 미큘라이트, 일라이트, 카올리나이트의 결정도가 상당 히 낮음을 의미하며 이는 토양기원 점토광물의 일반적 인 특징 중의 하나이다. 점토광물의 낮은 결정도는 X 선회절 분석에서도 확인된 바 있다. 현재 X선회절 분 석에서 확인된 버미큘라이트, 일라이트, 카올리나이트 TEM photomicrographs of clay minerals in farm's soils of Munamri (A, B), and Gacheonri (C, D). Fig. 는 모두 그 형태가 서로 유사하여 투과전자현미경 사 진만으로는 구분하기 곤란하지만 대체로 뚜렷한 윤곽 을 갖는 큰 입자는 잔류 일라이트 또는 카올리나이트, 윤곽이 뚜렷하지 않고 작은 입자는 버미큘라이트로 판 단된다. 이들 점토광물들은 너비 1 µm 이하, 두께 0.02 µm 이하의 크기를 갖는 얇은 판상체이다. 영양군 지역에서 채취한 토양에서 점토성분의 투과 전자현미경 사진은 점토광물 입자들의 형태가 불규칙
13 w q wš k mÿ x k w (Fig. 11). q mÿ ƒ 2.3 µm j. k y j w ƒ w ù wy ü k m wv t m Al 2 O 3, Fe 2 O 3 w (Table 4), ty» (Chesworth et al., 1981; Eggleton et al., 1987; Teveldal et al., 1990; Drever and Zobrist, 1992; ½, 1994),» j p, p, e ù p mÿ, e y Ÿ w». w Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 tƒ ty mÿ y y Ÿ xk e w. wy yw mÿ y Ÿ š, p w. p K 2 O w s³ 1.7% pƒ 20% wš w. Sr, Ba mÿ ü K, Na, Ca e eywš w. w wy šk 783 p Cr, Zn, Pb, Cd w m w, mÿ ü eywš ù w ³ t w. 9. d k» 9.1. k m» j p: k ƒ p mÿ 2:1 d Ÿ j p. j p ty ù ty (Kim et al., 1989;» ½, 1994). j p d yed g w pù ty. k j p d wƒ û ƒ p j p d tym w y. û w ty w j p q ù ty yed d ù sƒ swš. p: ty» n Table 4. Major and trace element compositions of suspended materials of turbid water and soils by ICP. Samples Su1 Su2 Pr1 So1 So2 So3 So4 So5 So6 Sh1 Al 2 O 3 (wt%) t Fe 2 O MgO TiO MnO K 2 O Na 2 O CaO Sr (ppm) Ba P Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Pb Cd Sh1, shale in Munamri.
14 784 y Á» w w. e ù p: ty w š n w» w.» n óù e ù pƒ w. k e ù p ty mÿ. e ù p Ÿ ty (Kim et al., 1989; Jeong and Kim, 1989; ½, 1989;» ½, 1994). pù j p d mÿ t y g w ty. k e ù p d mÿ ty. : ù. n ty. ù w ³ Ÿ ty y w (Jeong and Kim, 1990). p: g w ty m w. ƒ g ty k» w w k mÿ n ty. n g, K,, p, Ÿ. n ty m y Ÿ e ù p, p j p mÿ x w. mÿ ƒ p. k, K,, p, j p, e ù p p ƒ p, j p, e ù p mÿ k e ƒ ù e. k ƒ x wy ü e w w e w. e. ù mÿ w š j e ƒ g/cm n µm m ƒ h µm ƒ t 2 1= h/n 2µm m ƒ 1m ƒ 4, 1 µm 15, 0.5 µm m 2. n x 1µm m w w. w. s w k mÿ» y k ƒ w. ù y w y k ƒ mÿ» y z e v w. š w k 52 mg/l. ƒ w ƒ¾» w k ƒ. ù k ƒ e ƒ td l y ü 3 w. wy 595 m ƒ 30,940m. ù y ƒ f k š w {. ³ ù»k ƒ m d» w. x m. sw d, g ty w m mÿ. w X z n x x ty. d ƒ sw, g yd š mÿ swwš š ty ƒ ù. y, y, sw swš ³ ƒ š yr y
15 ty. y ù y, ù g w t y mÿ w k» w ƒ ƒ. wy k m ù y e. ù k m y n k e ƒ y w w ý. 40 mm ü k ³ ƒ k ƒ y ü k¾ w e ù w j w e ù y y ƒ k ƒ y w e w k w. 10. šyƒ yed d g k œ w. k j w. d m w,,, ƒ k ƒ w ƒ k. yed m w šk k. mÿ k j» w q. k l ty w g m ty» w x ƒ.» ü y l m» w». šk k kƒ k y k. w šk œ d, yed d y y yw k š w w. mÿ m ù m d m. l k» w» ã w wy šk 785 w m w. wy k w w» w w œ w w. mw š m wš s w w, w Ì. š w ½ x. š x Chesworth, W., Dejou, J. and Larroque, P. (1981) The weathering of basalts and relative mobilities of the major elements at Belbex, France. Geochim. Cosmochim.G Acta, v.45, p Drever, J.I. and Zobrist, J. (1992) Chemical weathering of silicate rocks as a function of elevation in the southern Swiss Alps. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v.56, p Eggleton, R.A. (1987) Weathering of basalt: Changes in rock chemistry and mineralogy. Clays Clay Miner., v.35, p Hatae, N. (1936) No. 18 Geological map of Yeonghae and Yeongdeok sheets. Geological Survey of Korea, 18p. Hwang, S.K. (1992) Geology around Imha dam, Korea. Development Institute of Andong District Society, v.3, p Hwang, S.K., Chang, T.W., Kim, J.M., Ahn, U.S. and Lee, B.H. (2002) Lithofacies and multiphase emplacement in the Andong batholith. J. Geol. Soc. Korea. v.38, p Hwang, S.K. and Kim, S.H. (2006) Magmatic processes of the Muposan Tuff, southern and eastern Cheongsong, Korea. J. Geol. Soc. Korea. v.42, p Jeong, G.Y. and Kim, S.J. (1989) 7Å phase in the Sancheong kaolin: 7Å-halloysite or kaolinite? J. Miner. Soc. Korea, v.2, p Jeong, G.Y. and Kim, S.J. (1990) Iron oxide minerals in the Sancheong kaolin deposits. J. Miner. Soc. Korea, v.3, p Jeong, G.Y. and Kim, S.J. (1994) Genesis of kaolin in the Sancheong district, Korea: mineralogical and textural study. J. Geol. Soc. Korea, v.30, p Kim, N.J., Kang, P.J. and Lee, H.K. (1970) Geological map of Jungpyeongdong sheet. Geological Survey of Korea, 19p. Kim, O.J., Hong, M.S., Won, J.K., Park, H.I., Park, Y.D. and Kim, K.T. (1963) Geological map of Dogyedong sheet. Geological Survey of Korea, 23p. Kim, S.J., Jeong, G.Y., Lee, S.J. and Kwon, S.K. (1989) Mineralogy of kaolin from Hadong-Sancheong area, Korea. J. Miner. Soc. Korea, v.2, p Kim, S.J., Lee, M.S., Kim, W.S. and Lee, S.J. (1994) The
16 786 y Á» change of natural environment in the Seoul area: environmental mineralogy on the granite weathering. J. Geol. Soc. Korea, v.30, p Kim, S.W. and Park, B.S. (1970) Geological map of Yeongyang sheet. Geological Survey of Korea, 25p. Lee, D.S. and Lee, H.Y. (1963) Geological map of Yean sheet. Geological Survey of Korea, 22p. Lee, H.K. and Hong, S.H. (1973) Geoolgical map of Cheongsong sheet. Geological and Mineral Institute of Korea, 23p. Mun, H.-S. and Kim, S.A. (1989) Kaolinitization process in intensely weathered granitic rocks, Ganghwa Island. J. Korean Inst. Mining Geol., v.22, p Teveldal, S., Horgensen, P. and Stuanes, A.O. (1990) Long-term weathering of silicates in a sandy soil at Nordmoen, Southern Norway, Clay Miner., v.25, p š,
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