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1 전립선비대증환자에서전립선내염증과급성요폐의상관관계 Relationship between Acute Urinary Retention and Intraprostatic Inflammation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Ji Yong Ha, Dong Yun Kwak, Hyuk Soo Chang, Choal Hee Park, Sun Young Kwon 1, Chun Il Kim From the Departments of Urology and 1 Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea Purpose: Acute or chronic prostatic inflammation exists to varying degrees in surgical specimens of prostates, extirpated for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We investigated the relationship between acute urinary retention (AUR) and intraprostatic inflammation. Materials and Methods: Between January 1997 and December 2006, 221 patients underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for the treatment of BPH. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the indication for surgery; an AUR group and a lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) group. The area of acute inflammation, the extent, and the aggressiveness of chronic inflammation were classified into four grades. The grades of inflammation, prostate volume, age, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and prior medical treatment were compared between the two groups. All specimens were reviewed by one pathologist. Results: The AUR group consisted of 106 (47.9%) patients, and the LUTS group consisted of 115 (52.1%) patients. There were no statistical differences between the two groups with respect to the mean values of the age, prostate size, and severity of chronic inflammation. There was a significant relationship between AUR and the areas of acute inflammation, and the extent of chronic inflammation (p=0.014 and p=0.003, respectively). The aggressiveness of chronic inflammation had no relationship with AUR (p=0.062). The serum PSA level was higher in the AUR group than the LUTS group (11.5 vs. 5.3ng/ml, respectively). Conclusions: The association for AUR with acute and chronic inflammation was stronger than that which existed with prostate size. Thus intraprostatic inflammation is an important risk factor in AUR. (Korean J Urol 2008;49: ) Key Words: Urinary retention, Prostatic hyperplasia, Prostatitis 대한비뇨기과학회지제 49 권제 12 호 2008 계명대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실, 1 병리학교실 하지용ㆍ곽동윤ㆍ장혁수박철희ㆍ권선영 1 ㆍ김천일 접수일자 :2008년채택일자 :2008년 7월 10일 9월 25일 교신저자 : 김천일계명대학교동산의료원비뇨기과대구시중구동산동 194 번지 TEL: FAX: cikim@dsmc.or.kr 서론전립선비대증은오랜기간동안서서히진행되는질환으로일부환자들에서는급성요폐가발생하여도뇨관삽입이나전립선수술등의합병증이발생하기도한다. 1,2 그러나서서히진행하는전립선비대증에서급성요폐를예측하기란매우힘들다. 지금까지급성요폐의예측인자 로연령, 하부요로증상정도, 증상기간, 전립선크기, 혈중전립선특이항원 (prostate-specific antigen; PSA), 약물치료유무등이언급되어왔다. 최근전립선비대증환자에서동반된무증상의전립선내염증이전립선비대증의진행과관계가있고요폐에영향을줄수있다는연구들이보고되고있으나아직논란이있다. 3-5 저자들은전립선내염증의정도와급성요폐와의상관관계에대해알아보고자하였다. 1081
2 1082 대한비뇨기과학회지 제 49 권 제 12 호 2008 분하였다. 급성 염증은 침윤 범위와 침습도를 포함하여 0-3 등급까지 분류하였고, 만성 염증은 침윤 범위와 침습도를 대상 및 방법 구분하여 0-3등급까지 분류하였다 (Fig. 1, 2).9, 년 l월부터 2006년 12월까지 급성 요폐 또는 하부요 급성 염증에서 0등급은 염증 세포가 관찰되지 않는 경우, 로증상으로 경요도전립선절제술을 받았던 221례의 의무기 1등급은 염증세포가 산재해 있거나 기질 내에만 존재하는 록지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 요로감염, 전립선암, 방광 경우, 2등급은 기질과 샘상피세포 내에도 존재하는 경우, 3 암 등의 과거력이 있는 환자, 요도 협착이 있는 환자, 신경 등급은 염증세포에 의한 샘상피세포의 파괴가 있거나 농양 인성 방광이 의심되는 환자 등은 연구대상에서 제외하였다. 의 형성이 있는 경우로 구분하였다. 대상 환자들을 급성 요폐군과 하부요로증상군으로 분류 만성 염증은 염증세포의 침윤 범위에 따라 0등급은 염증 하여 전립선 병리 소견의 급, 만성 염증의 정도, 연령, 전립 세포의 침윤이 없는 경우, 1등급은 기질 내에 염증세포가 선 크기, 혈중 PSA, 수술 전 약물 요법 등을 조사하였다. 산재해 있는 경우, 2등급은 중등도의 염증세포 침윤을 보이 급성 요폐는 자의로 배뇨를 하지 못하는 상태로 도뇨량이 지만 림프 여포의 형성이 없는 경우, 3등급은 광범위한 염 6-8 최소 400ml 이상인 경우로 정의하였다. 전립선 병리 소견은 1명의 병리과 전문의가 전담하여 분 석하였다. 증세포의 침윤을 보이면서 융합성의 림프 여포를 형성하는 경우로 구분하였다. 염증세포의 침습도에 따라 0등급은 염 증세포와 샘상피세포 사이에 접촉이 없는 경우, 1등급은 염 급성 염증은 다핵 백혈구의 침윤이 있는 경우로, 만성 염 증세포와 샘상피세포 사이에 접촉은 있으나 샘상피세포의 증은 대식세포, 림프구 또는 형질세포가 보이는 경우로 구 파괴가 없는 경우, 2등급은 염증세포의 침윤으로 인해 전체 Fig. 1. Extent of chronic inflammation was graded on a 4-point scale. (A) Grade 1: scattered inflammatory cell infiltrate within the stroma without lymphoid nodules (H&E, x200). (B) Grade 2: nonconfluent lymphoid nodules (H&E, x200). (C) Grade 3: large inflammatory areas with confluence of infiltrate (H&E, x200). Fig. 2. Aggressiveness of chronic inflammation was graded on a 4-point scale. (A) Grade 1: contact between inflammatory cell infiltrate and glandular epithelium (however, minimal epithelium dissociation can be observed without disruption) (H&E, x400). (B) Grade 2: interstitial inflammatory infiltrate associated with a clear but limited ( 25% of the examined material) glandular epithelium disruption (H&E, x400). (C) Grade 3: glandular epithelium disruption on 25% of the examined material (H&E, x400).
3 하지용외 : 전립선내염증과급성요폐의상관관계 1083 샘상피세포의 25% 미만에서샘상피세포의파괴가있는경우, 3등급은전체샘상피세포의 25% 이상에서샘상피세포의파괴가있는경우로구분하였다. 전립선병리소견의급, 만성염증의정도, 연령, 전립선크기, 혈중 PSA, 수술전약물치료유무등과급성요폐사이의관계를비교하였다. 통계학적인검증은 paired t-test와 chi-square test를사용하였으며, p값이 0.05 미만일때통계학적으로유의한것으로판정하였다. 결과전체대상 221례중급성요폐로수술한경우 106례 (47.9%), 하부요로증상으로수술한경우 115례 (52.1%) 였다. 평균나이는각각 71.0±7.3세 (55-85), 67.8±6.5세 (55-83), 평 균전립선크기는각각 68.6ml (26-115), 60.0ml (25-131), 평균혈중 PSA는각각 11.5ng/ml ( ), 5.3ng/ml ( ) 고, 술전알파차단제단독치료를포함하여 5-알파환원효소억제제병용요법을시행한경우는각각 66명 (62.3%), 98 명 (85.2%) 이었다 (Table 1). 연령, 전립선크기는급성요폐발생에관계가없었으나 (p=0.249, p=0.063), 높은혈중 PSA, 술전약물치료를시행하지않았던경우급성요폐의발생률이높았다 (p=0.002, p<0.001, respectively). 221명중 214명 (96.8%) 에서전립선조직내염증이발견되었고, 급성염증이 165명 (74.7%) 에서, 만성염증이 214명 (96.8%) 에서발견되었다. 급성염증은급성요폐군중 82례 (77.4%), 하부요로증상군중 83례 (72.2%) 에서있었고, 각군의등급별분류에서 grade I 19:29례, grade II 23:33례, grade III 40:21례로급성요폐군에서더높은등급의염증이관찰되었다 (p=0.014). Table 1. Characteristics of the patients in the AUR and LUTS groups Patients characteristics AUR LUTS p-value No. of patients (n=221) (%) 106 (47.9) 115 (52.1) Age (years) 71.0±7.3 (55-85) 67.8±6.5 (55-83) Prostate volume (ml) 68.6 (26-115) 60.0 (25-131) PSA (ng/ml) 11.5 ( ) 5.3 ( ) Pre-medication No. of patients (%) (α-blocker±5ari) 66 (62.3) 98 (85.2) <0.001 AUR: acute urinary retention, LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms, PSA: prostate-specific antigen, 5ARI: 5 alpha reductase inhibitor Fig. 3. Bar chart shows extent of chronic inflammation based on chief complaint. Table 2. Analysis for histologic inflammation in the AUR and LUTS groups Grade 0 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 p-value Acute inflammation AUR (n=106) (%) 24 (20.9) 19 (16.5) 23 (20.0) 40 (34.8) LUTS(n=115)(%) 32(30.2) 29(27.4) 33(31.1) 21(19.8) Extent of chronic inflammation AUR (%) 1 (0.9) 35 (30.4) 53 (46.1) 17 (14.8) LUTS(%) 6(5.7) 60(56.6) 39(36.8) 10(9.4) Aggressiveness of chronic inflammation AUR (%) 1 (0.9) 12 (10.4) 37 (32.2) 56 (48.7) LUTS (%) 6 (5.7) 22 (20.8) 41 (38.7) 46 (43.4) AUR: acute urinary retention, LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms
4 1084 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 12 호 2008 Fig. 4. Bar chart shows aggressiveness of chronic inflammation based on chief complaint. 침윤범위에따른만성염증은급성요폐군중 105례 (99.1%), 하부요로증상군중 109례 (94.3%) 에서관찰되었다. 각군의등급별분류에서는 grade I 35:60례, grade II 53:39 례, grade III 17:10례로급성요폐군에서높은등급의염증이더많이관찰되었다 (p=0.003) (Fig. 3). 침습도에따른만성염증또한급성요폐군에서더많이관찰되었고, 등급별분류에서는각각 grade I 12:22례, grade II 37:41례, grade III 56:46례로역시급성요폐군에서더높은등급의염증이관찰되었으나통계적유의성은없었다 (p=0.062) (Table 2, Fig. 4). 고 전립선비대증의가장흔한합병증중의하나인급성요폐는급작스러운배뇨불능상태로환자의건강과삶에부정적인영향을미치는심각한상황이다. 하지만전립선비대증환자에서급성요폐를예견하기란매우힘들고따라서많은연구에서급성요폐의예측인자들을찾고자노력하였다. Jacobsen 등 11 은연령, 국제전립선증상점수, 전립선용적, 최대요속등을급성요폐의예견지표로제시하였으나, 다른연구들 12,13 에서는하부요로증상은급성요폐의예견지표가될수없다고보고하였고, Chang 등 7 은연령과전립선용적, 전립선이행대용적, 전립선이행대용적지수등이전립선비대증환자에서급성요폐를예측할수있는지표가될수있다고하였다. 전립선비대증으로인한급성요폐는수술적치료의중요한적응증으로약 25-30% 의환자가급성요폐로인해경요도전립선절제술을시행받게된다. 14,15 저자들의연구에서는급성요폐로인해경요도전립선절제술을받은환자들의비율이 47.9% 에이르고있는데이는심각한하부요로증상 찰 을단순한노인성질환으로치부하고급성요폐상태까지참는한국인의정서때문으로생각한다. 급성요폐의발생률은 40대남성에서약 2.6% 이나 70대에는 34.7% 로증가하여연령의증가에따라발생률이증가한다. 11 저자들의연구에서는급성요폐로수술한경우가평균 71세, 하부요로증상으로수술한경우가평균 67.8세로통계학적으로유의하지는않았지만 (p=0.249) 급성요폐로수술한환자에서평균연령이높게나타났다. 특히 80세이상의고령환자가하부요로증상군에비해급성요폐군에서많았다 (16명 vs. 3명 ). 전립선비대증은급성요폐의가장흔한원인으로전립선의크기가크고혈중 PSA가높을수록급성요폐의위험성이더증가한다고하였다. Roehrborn 등 16 은전립선의크기가 40ml 이상, 혈중 PSA가 2ng/ml 이상인경우가급성요폐의강력한예견인자가된다고하였다. 저자들의연구에서는급성요폐군과하부요로증상군각각에서평균전립선크기가 68.6ml, 60.0ml였고, 평균혈중 PSA는 11.5ng/ml, 5.3ng/ml로급성요폐군에서더큰전립선과더높은혈중 PSA를나타냈다 (p=0.002). 하지만저자들의연구에서는급성요폐로내원해서경요도전립선절제술을시행받은대다수의환자들이최근의 PSA가측정되어있지않았거나급성요폐이후응급실통해최초방문한환자로서대부분의 PSA가급성요폐이후측정된수치로급성요폐의인자로주장하기에는한계가있다. 전립선비대증의약물치료중알파차단제와, 5-알파환원효소억제제를병용투여한경우단독투여보다하부요로증상의호전이나최대요속증가, 급성요폐감소, 전립선수술감소에서더효과적이라고보고되어있다 저자들의연구는이미경요도전립선절제술을시행받은환자를대상으로이들의수술전알파차단제단독요법을포함하여 5- 알파환원효소억제제병용치료등의약물복용력을조사하였는데급성요폐군에서는 62.3% 가, 하부요로증상군에서는 85.2% 가술전약물복용을하여전립선비대증의약물치료가급성요폐발생의빈도를유의하게감소시킨다는것을알수있었다 (p<0.001). 하지만단독투여와병용치료에대해구분하지않고조사하여어느경우에더효과적인지비교할수는없었다. 미국국립보건원의조사에서전립선비대증으로수술한전립선생검조직의 43-98% 에서 NIH category IV 무증상전립선염이관찰되었고, 20 Roberts 등 21,22 은 50대이후남성의 50% 이상에서만성전립선염이진단되었다고보고하였다. 저자들의연구에서도 221명중 214명 (96.8%) 에서무증상전립선염이발견되었다. Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms (MTOPS) 연구 23 에서는전립선생검조직의염증소견
5 하지용외 : 전립선내염증과급성요폐의상관관계 1085 은전립선비대증의진행과급성요폐의예견인자가되기때문에침습적인치료가필요하다고하였으며, Isaacs와 Coffey 24 는병리학적전립선비대증이임상적전립선비대증으로발전하는단계에서전립선염이하나의위험인자가될수있다고하였다. 무증상의전립선내염증은전립선비대증환자에서흔히동반되고있고이러한염증이급성요폐에영향을주게된다. 3-5 저자들의연구에서도높은등급의급, 만성염증이급성요폐군에서많이관찰되었고, 특히급성염증과만성염증의침윤범위가급성요폐와상관관계가높은것으로나타났다 (p=0.014, p=0.003, respectively). 그러나급성요폐또는도뇨가전립선조직의염증을증가시킬수있다는의문이있다. 저자들의연구에서는급성요폐가발생한모든환자에서도뇨관유치를시행하였기에급성요폐또는도뇨로인해염증이증가했는지비교가되지않으나 Nickel 등 25 은급성요폐또는도뇨가전립선내염증양상이나정도에변화를주지않는다고발표하였다. Isaacs와 Coffey 24 와 Collins 등 26 은전립선비대증의병인론에서전립선염은하나의위험인자가될수있다고하였고, 최근 Kramer와 Marberger 27 는전립선내만성염증이급성요폐의위험도를높인다고보고하였다. Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) study 28 에서는대상환자의 78% 에서전립선내만성염증이관찰되었으며염증의정도가전립선비대증에중요한역할을하고전립선비대증증상점수에영향을끼친다고보고하였다. 더나아가 Nickel 29 은전립선비대증증상에전립선내염증이실제로관계가있다면소염제가전립선비대증치료의새로운목표가될것이라고제시하였고, Minnery 등 30 은증상이있는전립선비대증환자에서알파차단제에 ibuprofen을추가로사용하여전립선비대증관련단백질을생산하는 JM-27 유전자의발현을감소시키고증상개선에효과가있었다고보고하였다. 임상적으로증상이있는전립선염이라면당연히치료의대상이되겠지만전립선비대증진행의유도인자로서, 급성요폐의예측인자로서전립선비대증환자에서흔히동반되는무증상의전립선염을찾고자하는노력이필요하다고생각한다. 증상이없는전립선비대증환자에서전립선내염증을찾기위해모든환자에서전립선조직검사를시행할수는없을것이다. 비특이염증인자인 C-reactive protein, 전립선내염증에중요한역할을할것이라고믿고있는 interleukin Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8 등의염증성 cytokine을이용하여간접적으로전립선내염증을유추해볼수있을것이라고생각한다. 결 무증상의전립선내염증은급성요폐발생의유의한예견인자중하나로고려될수있다. 급성요폐를동반한전립선비대증환자의전립선조직소견에서급, 만성염증의정도가급성요폐가없는경우보다더심하게나타났다. 따라서급성요폐발생의위험인자로전립선내염증이고려되어야하고이에대한연구가더필요할것으로생각한다. 또한증상이있는전립선비대증환자에서전립선내염증에대한치료도고려되어야할것으로생각한다. 론 REFERENCES 1. Emberton M, Anson K. Acute urinary retention in men: an age old problem. BMJ 1999;318: Shah T, Palit V, Biyani S, Elmasry Y, Puri R, Flannigan GM. Randomised, placebo controlled, double blind study of alfuzosin SR in patients undergoing trial without catheter following acute urinary retention. Eur Urol 2002;42: Kefi A, Koseoglu H, Celebi I, Yorukoglu K, Esen A. Relation between acute urinary retention, chronic prostatic inflammation and accompanying elevated prostate-specific antigen. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2006;40: Tuncel A, Uzun B, Eruyar T, Karabulut E, Seckin S, Atan A. Do prostatic infarction, prostatic inflammation and prostate morphology play a role in acute urinary retention? Eur Urol 2005;48: Mishra VC, Allen DJ, Nicolaou C, Sharif H, Hudd C, Karim OM, et al. Does intraprostatic inflammation have a role in the pathogenesis and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia? BJU Int 2007;100: Kim MJ, Lee JG, Cheon J. The factors that influence the success rate of treatment without using a catheter for the management of acute urinary retention: comparison of in-and-out catheterization and Foley indwelling catheterization. Korean J Urol 2008;49: Chang HS, Park CH, Kim CI. Transitional zone volume: a predictor of acute urinary retention in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Korean J Urol 2005;46: Lee SJ, Kim YT, Lee TY, Woo YN. Analysis of risk factors for acute urinary retention after non-urogenital surgery. Korean J Urol 2007;48: Irani J, Levillain P, Goujon JM, Bon D, Dore B, Aubert J. Inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia: correlation with prostate specific antigen value. J Urol 1997;157: Delongchamps NB, de la Roza G, Chandan V, Jones R, Sunheimer R, Threatte G, et al. Evaluation of prostatitis in autopsied prostates - Is chronic inflammation more associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia or cancer? J Urol 2008;
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