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1 4 B Man: I m very sorry for being late. I think you have to be careful. I m worried about your health. I didn t mean to say it like that. I just didn t want to disturb you. 02. Woman: There s a trash bin behind the door. I think the water is too cold to swim in. Thank you for all of your helpful information. Some people don t care about the environment. I ve finished picking up all the trash in the area Man: It s strange that you re here. There s one just around the corner. You shouldn t have bought a snack. It s difficult to run a convenience store. You can deposit your money in the bank

Thank you for all of your helpful information. Some people don t care about the environment. I ve finished picking up all the trash in the area. 05. 03.

2 4 B curious excited relieved depressed sympathetic

3 153~ $30 $40 $50 $70 $90 Secondhand Book Search Results: My Life (Excellent Quality) Seller Price Binding Edition Sue $69 Hardcover 1st Jack $54 Hardcover 3rd Ben $38 Paperback 3rd Laura $25 Hardcover 2nd George $12 Paperback 2nd Woman: It seems that we should depend on theories. The theories emphasize the use of correct grammar. They say fluency is more important than accuracy. They point out that theory and practice are different. They say grammar rules are the most important thing. 16. Brooklyn Bridge Manhattan Brooklyn Man: Great. I hope they ll win this time. Don t worry. I ll play better next time. It was a tie. They had to go into overtime. No. You can t use your finger until that time. Yes. I was amazed at how they played as a team. 47

2nd George $12 Paperback 2nd 15. 18. Woman: It seems that we should depend on theories. The theories emphasize the use of correct grammar. They say fluency is more important than accuracy.

4 4 B 20. Jennifer Jennifer: Thank you for helping me buy a fan. You should wrap the fan in a plastic sheet. Could you take the fan out of the basement? Make sure to turn off the fan before going out. Why don t we purchase a new fan next summer? [21~22] 21. to emphasize the importance of fresh air to analyze the structure of respiratory organs to explain the importance of proper breathing to recommend mouth breathing in an emergency to introduce various ways of breathing to patients 23. Clothes consciousness is out. School uniforms are in. And, though I know most other students don t agree, I think uniforms are the best thing that could happen to our nation s youth and to the educational system as a whole. Walking through the halls of some schools used to be like attending a fashion show. Baggy jeans, flashy cropped tops, khaki trousers, and patterned sweaters created a whirlwind of color and styles. Not anymore. School uniforms and uniform dress codes have taken over in many schools and are being considered in many others. A great number of students are rebelling, claiming that wearing a uniform violates their freedom of expression. Some students show their discontent by deliberately dressing sloppily or wearing unapproved colors. I don t think these students have thought the issue through clearly. 22. mouth breathing 48

to emphasize the importance of fresh air to analyze the structure of respiratory organs to explain the importance of proper breathing to recommend mouth breathing in an emergency to introduce various

5 160~ Since history represents a body of information, people frequently try to look at it as a science and to propose scientific explanations for historical events and developments. History would indeed be easy to understand if all events could be accounted for on the basis of a set of simple laws like Newton s laws in physics. Of course, natural laws do come into play people are physically subject to the law of gravitation and biologically subject to the law of death. But in the actual historical situation there are so many complex and variable factors, so much of the unpredictable human element, that it is impossible to use the ordinary scientific notion of law. There are no identical situations, only parallels; there are no laws, only tendencies; there is no inevitability, only likelihood. There are always opportunities and alternatives for purposeful human action, just as there are always conditions limiting what people can accomplish by their action. 25. By any standards, the insect body must be reckoned the most successful of all the solutions to the problems of living on the surface of the earth. Insects swarm in deserts as well as forests; they swim below water and crawl in deep caves in perpetual darkness. They fly over the high peaks of the Himalayas and exist in surprising numbers on the permanent ice caps of the Poles. One fly makes its home in pools of crude oil welling up from the ground; another lives in steaming hot volcanic springs. Some of the most adventurous insects deliberately seek high concentrations of brine and others regularly withstand being frozen solid. Insects excavate homes for themselves in the skins of animals and burrow long winding tunnels within the thickness of a leaf. *brine Some Insects at Risk of Extinction How Do Insects Affect the Environment? Insects: The Most Adaptable Species on Earth Defensive and Coping Mechanisms of Insects How Have Insects Adapted in Deserted Areas? 49

History would indeed be easy to understand if all events could be accounted for on the basis of a set of simple laws like Newton s laws in physics.

It occurred to Piatigorsky that he was perhaps discouraging the young man by performing the pieces too well himself.

6 26. 4 B he[he] Piatigorsky, a Russian cellist, was having problems with one of his pupils. No matter how many times the master played a piece to show how it should sound, his student failed to make any significant progress; in fact, his playing seemed to deteriorate. It occurred to Piatigorsky that he was perhaps discouraging the young man by performing the pieces too well himself. He therefore began to introduce a few deliberate mistakes; miraculously, the pupil showed marked signs of improvement. This method of teaching continued for some weeks, with Piatigorsky taking pleasure in being free to play as badly as he pleased. The young man went on to perform with brilliant success at his graduation. Fighting through the crowd of well-wishers to congratulate his pupil, Piatigorsky heard someone ask the new graduate what he thought of the great cellist. As a teacher, he was excellent, the young man replied. But as a cellist, lousy. 28. (A)(B)(C) Honored with an appointment to some post of = when they are honored responsibility, most people respond with humble protests of surprise and even unworthiness. The S speech accepting an appointment is, however, no time for (A) modesty / obedience feigned or genuine. S V The last thing you want to convey to your listeners is that they have elected, chosen, or appointed someone inadequate to the task and undeserving of the position. Of course, your stance should not go to the other extreme of empty boastfulness, but it should embody and broadcast (B) self-assurance / self-satisfaction. Your remarks should show your listeners that they have chosen wisely. In fact, it may be helpful to think of this kind of acceptance speech as a form of the speech of congratulation. You are not congratulating yourself, but your listeners for having placed their (C) confidence / restriction in you. (A) (B) (C) modesty self-assurance confidence modesty self-satisfaction confidence modesty self-assurance restriction obedience self-satisfaction restriction obedience self-assurance confidence 27. Every situation, properly perceived, becomes an (if it is) opportunity. But you have to act on it if you re going to be successful. Distant pastures always look greener than those close at hand, but real opportunities are = the pasture right where you are. You must take advantage of them when they appear. Success is not in your environment, in luck or chance, or in the help of others. Success is in yourself alone. Take a second look at what appears to be someone s good luck. You ll find not luck but preparation, planning and success-producing thinking. When you re prepared for opportunity, your chance for success is sure to come. The season of failure is the best time for sowing the seeds of success. Decide that this year will be your year for success and prepare for it happens. => to happen 50

7 162~ Melting Temperatures of Metals The above bar graph compares the melting temperatures of silver, gold, copper, nickel, and iron. According to the information in the graph, all the metals but silver melt at a temperature higher than 1,000 C. Among these metals, iron has the highest melting temperature, which is approximately 1,500 C. Nickel has the second highest melting temperature, which is higher than the melting temperature of copper. There is no significant difference between the melting temperatures of gold and copper, gold melting at a very slightly higher temperature than copper. Silver has the lowest melting temperature among the five metals, and the difference between the melting temperatures of silver and gold is about 100 C. 30. Great Egret The population of Great Egrets was much diminished in the 19th century by hunters killing them for their beautiful feathers. Though it is the most widespread egret in North America, it is not out of danger today, with drainage of wetlands restricting available habitats. The Great Egret can be seen elegantly walking in shallow water, stalking fish, frogs, and water snakes; it also eats insects. A social bird, it is a colonial nester, and Great Egret colonies can be large. Nests are generally built in trees but may be found in reeds, and are sturdy, reusable platforms constructed with sticks. Here 3-5 eggs are laid; both adult birds incubate the clutch for days, and the chicks stay in the nest for a further 6-7 weeks. Young birds are white, but not of such an almost luminous brightness as adults; they have no plumes

Among these metals, iron has the highest melting temperature, which is approximately 1,500 C. Nickel has the second highest melting temperature, which is higher than the melting temperature of copper.

8 4 B [31~36] 31. Probably one of the most potent causes of unhappiness is. It is one of the most universal and deep-seated human passions. It is very noticeable in children before they are a year old, and has to be treated with the most tender respect by every parent. The very slightest appearance of favoring one child at the expense of another is instantly observed and resented. The emotion is just as prevalent among adults as among children. I remember when one of our maids, who was a married woman, became pregnant, we told her not to lift heavy weights. The instant result was that none of the other maids would lift heavy weights because they thought we favored the pregnant woman. fear envy worry regret indifference 32. S Wanting might not be a compelling motivation for mature adults, but it is a natural motivation at an earlier time in life the time of infancy and early childhood. Infants deserve love, nourishment, care, and full attention for no other reason than that they exist. They do not have to earn the goods they enjoy they are entitled to them just for being born. If a child has empathetic parents, these most important gifts of life will be lovingly and freely given. In time the child will be asked to slowly relinquish her = abandon position of narcissistic entitlement, but this transformation to a person who understands that she must accomplish to receive rewards will be nontraumatic. If this early stage of life is not done well if the child has been deprived of freely given love and care, or overly pressured to prematurely give up childhood, then an unconscious propensity will develop = tendancy for wanting to get the kind of good she did not get enough of. *non-traumatic play time with others something for nothing perfection in everything rewards for accomplishments nothing but emotional support 33. According to The Book of Lists, 54 percent of adults rate the fear of public speaking ahead of the fear of death. But Toastmasters International had a solution. They created a system based on what psychologists call systematic desensitization. Once a week, at a luncheon or dinner meeting, small groups of Toastmasters come together. Each person is required to stand up and give a short talk on a specified subject in front of a group of his peers. At the end of each talk, the speaker receives applause and comments from the other members. At the end of the evening, each person is given a grade on their talk, even if it was only for thirty or sixty seconds. After six months of attending Toastmasters meetings, the individual will have stood on his feet and spoken twenty-six times, receiving applause and feedback each time. Because of this continuous, his confidence increases dramatically. financial reward peer group pressure creative visualization positive reinforcement formal speech listening *desensitization 52

The very slightest appearance of favoring one child at the expense of another is instantly observed and resented. The emotion is just as prevalent among adults as among children.

Sapiens' over the latter when they came head-to-head in = Neanderthals Eurasia 40,000 years ago.

9 165~ Two archaeologists, Steven Kuhn and Mary Stiner, think that modern, African-origin Homo Sapiens had and Neanderthals did not, and that this was the former s crucial ecological advantage = Homo Sapiens' over the latter when they came head-to-head in = Neanderthals Eurasia 40,000 years ago. They point out that there is just no sign of the kind of food normally brought by gatherer women in Neanderthal debris, nor of the elaborate clothing and shelters that Inuit women make while their men are hunting. There are occasional shellfish, tortoises, eggshells and the like foods easily picked up while hunting but not grindstones and no sign of nuts and roots. This is not to deny that Neanderthals cooperated and cooked. But it is to challenge the notion that the sexes had different foraging strategies and swapped the results. Either the Neanderthal women sat around doing nothing, or, since they were as masculine as most modern men, they went out hunting with the men. *foraging sexual division of labor a barter system of trade the practice of sharing food stable settlements for tribes the ability to adapt to change During a total eclipse of the Sun, your pupil dilates; that is, it opens up wide. It does this to let in more light so you can see better in the dark. The Moon completely blocks the Sun s disk for a few minutes at most. Suddenly, when this phase of the eclipse ends, a small sliver of the Sun is revealed. Even though the total light from the Sun is less than when it is not being eclipsed, each part of the Sun is still producing just as much light. In other words, even if you block 99 percent of the Sun s surface, that remaining 1 percent is still pretty bright it s 4,000 times brighter than the full Moon. An eclipse is not like a filter, blocking the light from hitting your eyes. Any piece of the Sun exposed will still focus this harmful light onto your retina. So when the Sun becomes visible again, with your pupil dilated wide, all that light gets in and hits your retina and it s then that. *retina sunlight can really and truly hurt your eye the sense of distance is suddenly enhanced images projected on your retina are distorted you realize the Moon can be brighter than the Sun your brain is deceived into believing that it is night 36. Classical music is not only surviving the death of offline music stores, but it is. The classic classical listener was elderly, welleducated, and steeped in musical training. While that group still makes up a big portion of classical activity online, a member survey conducted by a classical music website reveals that nearly half of its subscribers are under 50, almost one in five did not finish college, and one in three have never played a musical instrument. When you think about it, it makes so much sense. The Internet is far friendlier to the casual classical fan than big-box stores ever were. When you can sample free tracks, or download just one track at a time and listen in the privacy of your MP3 player, classical music is suddenly not intimidating at all. An unintended consequence of the Internet is that it has opened up classical music to a younger, more diverse, and more adventurous brand of listener. *steeped in consumed in the form of CD box sets renewed by revolutionary young composers enriching itself with various genres of music actually now spawning a new breed of listener relied on as an indicator of a sophisticated taste 53

37. 4 B (A)(B) With regard to the use of between, what the careful V writer must ask himself or herself is not how many elements are involved but rather what is the relationship they bear to one

(A), it is proper to speak of a treaty between the four powers that have nuclear weapons because the treaty binds every power to each of the three others.

10 37. 4 B (A)(B) With regard to the use of between, what the careful V writer must ask himself or herself is not how many elements are involved but rather what is the relationship they bear to one another. If the relationship involves sets of two, the word between is appropriate, no matter how many elements are involved. (A), it is proper to speak of a treaty between the four powers that have nuclear weapons because the treaty binds every power to each of the three others. Among would not be improper, but it is a vaguer, more general word. (B), it would be proper to say that a triangular plot of land lies between three points and not entirely proper to say it lies among three points. As another example, there is a helicopter service between (not among) Kennedy, La Guardia, and Newark Airports. (A) (B) For instance Nonetheless For instance Likewise In contrast Otherwise In contrast However In addition Moreover There is a helicopter service among the airports in Korea. There is a helicopter service between JeJu, Pusan, and Seoul airport. S 38. At the bottom of a cliff near Solutré-Pouilly in Burgundy, France, lies a pile of fossilized horse bones that covers two-and-a-half acres, three feet deep. (A) The caves in which these hunters lived are also full of horse bones. Stone Age peoples not only ate more horses than anyone before or since, but they also painted more pictures of horses on the walls of their caves than of any other animal. (B) This horse graveyard was formed when Paleolithic hunters repeatedly stampeded herds of wild horses over the cliff s edge and then descended to cut off their favorite parts from the fallen horses, leaving the rest of the carcasses where they had fallen. (C) Do their drawings mean that they ate more horses than any other animal? I don t have the answer, but I m sure that only extreme admirers of horses could have created the beautiful creatures that gallop across the walls and ceilings of their caves. (A)(C)(B) (B)(A)(C) (B)(C)(A) (C)(A)(B) (C)(B)(A) *Paleolithic **stampede 54

11 168~ You might come up with some by yourself but if you don t, you can get some ideas from looking dirty up in a thesaurus. A dictionary is the main kind of book that tells us about the vocabulary of a language, but it s not the only one. ( ) A thesaurus is another kind of word book, but it does a different job. ( ) A thesaurus brings words together which have a similar meaning. ( ) Imagine you are writing a story about someone who walked through a field and got very dirty. ( ) You could say he or she was dirty, but you want to make your story more interesting, so you rack your brains trying to think of other words with a similar meaning. ( ) There you would find an entry that contains several words that have a similar meaning to dirty, such as muddy or messy. 40. (A) (B) We tend to perceive the door of a classroom as rectangular no matter from which angle it is viewed. Actually, the rectangular door of a classroom projects a rectangular image on our retina only when it is viewed directly from the front. At other angles, the image will be seen as a trapezoid. The edge of the door towards us looks wider than the edge hinged with the frame. Slowly the trapezoid becomes thinner and thinner and all that is projected on the retina is a vertical line, which is the thickness of the door. These changes we can observe and distinguish. But we do not accept it. Our experience is that the door moves forward and backward on its hinges and is not changed. Similarly, a round coin is seen as round even when viewed from an angle in which, objectively, it should appear elliptical. In the same way, we see car wheels as round even though the retinal image is oval when viewed from an angle other than directly from the front. *trapezoid **elliptical We generally perceive objects to have the same (A) even though the images on our retina (B). (A) (B) size vary shape vary shape fade angle fade angle move 55

( ) A thesaurus brings words together which have a similar meaning. ( ) Imagine you are writing a story about someone who walked through a field and got very dirty.

[41~42] 4 B Much primitive agriculture shares a strange common feature. There are very few large plots of land; instead, each farmer owns several small plots scattered around the village.

Historians have long debated the reasons for this scattering, which is believed to be the source of much inefficiency.

12 [41~42] 4 B Much primitive agriculture shares a strange common feature. There are very few large plots of land; instead, each farmer owns several small plots scattered around the village. This pattern was very common in medieval England and exists today in parts of the Third World. Historians have long debated the reasons for this scattering, which is believed to be the source of much inefficiency. Perhaps it arises from inheritance and marriage: At each generation, the family plot is subdivided among the heirs, so that plots become tiny; marriages then bring widely scattered plots into the same family. This explanation suffers because it seems to assume a form of irrationality: Why don t the villagers periodically exchange plots among themselves to consolidate their holdings? Inevitably, this problem attracted the attention of the economist and historian Don McCloskey, whose instinct for constructing ingenious economic explanations is unsurpassed. Instead of asking, What social institutions led to such irrational behavior? McCloskey asked, Why is this behavior rational? Careful study led him to conclude that it is rational because it is a form of. A farmer with one large plot is liable to be completely ruined in the event of a localized flood. By scattering his holdings, the farmer gives up some potential income in exchange for a guarantee that he will not be wiped out by a local disaster Building Wealth Through Plot Acquisition Effects of Natural Disasters on Agriculture The Early Stage of Agricultural Development Why Plots Were Not Consolidated in the Past Marriage Restrictions and Inheritance Customs loyalty revenge gambling insurance communication 56

13 170~171 [43~45] (A) When I started my teaching career at age twentyfive, a colleague who was about eight years older took me under his wing. I felt honored because (a) he was an outstanding teacher, and I knew I could learn a lot from him. He took the time to point out the things I was doing wrong and explained what some of my students didn t like about me. I always appreciated his criticism and worked hard to improve in these areas. (B) What became of these two friendships? Sadly, the first one ended after many years. Most of his criticism of me was valid, and I learned a great deal from him. But one of the main reasons it ended was that the criticism was so constant. The other friendship continues to flourish after thirty years. In fact, it grows richer as we grow older. I can still count on Tim to give me a lift whether I need one or not. (b) He still reminds me about what s good in the world and what s good in me. (C) As I began the sixth year of my career, our faculty was joined by Tim Hansel, who had transferred from another school. It was obvious from the first day that (c) he was immensely popular with the students. Still learning myself, I wanted to see what his magic was. It didn t take long to find out why Tim was so effective and so well-liked. With his students, instead of emphasizing their mistakes, (d) he emphasized either what they did right or what they could do. (D) But it didn t stop there. Tim always had something good to say to me, too. He pointed out all the things I was doing well. (e) He said he admired me for my dedication and that it was obvious that my hard work was paying off. He reminded me often how much my students liked me and how much they were learning because of my teaching. The effect of all this was that he helped me see some things that had never gotten my attention before: what I was doing right both as a teacher and as a person (A) (B)(D)(C) (C)(B)(D) (C)(D)(B) (D)(B)(C) (D)(C)(B) (a)~(e) (a) (c) (e) I 25 (b) (d) 30 6Tim Hansel Tim Tim 57

He took the time to point out the things I was doing wrong and explained what some of my students didn t like about me. I always appreciated his criticism and worked hard to improve in these areas.

Page 2 of 5 아니다 means to not be, and is therefore the opposite of 이다. While English simply turns words like to be or to exist negative by adding not,

Page 2 of 5 아니다 means to not be, and is therefore the opposite of 이다. While English simply turns words like to be or to exist negative by adding not, Page 1 of 5 Learn Korean Ep. 4: To be and To exist Of course to be and to exist are different verbs, but they re often confused by beginning students when learning Korean. In English we sometimes use the