129~ grocery store cooking school manager s office restaurant kitchen convenience store 11. to teach him Japanese to accompany h

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1 3 B Woman: Why don t you cancel the meeting? Sorry, but he s not in at the moment. How about coming around 1 o clock? The principal has been waiting for you. I didn t get a good grade on the math exam Man: Okay. I ll join you after lunch. I won t drink coffee from now on. You re wrong. I prefer tea to coffee. I can give you one. I have a spare coffee mug. The coffee mug you re looking for is sold out Woman: I hope you ll find your cell phone soon. I don t know where I put my cell phone. I won t charge you extra for a phone call. Okay, I ll lend you my cell phone charger. Sorry to hear that your cell phone is out of order

2 129~ grocery store cooking school manager s office restaurant kitchen convenience store 11. to teach him Japanese to accompany his friend to write a letter in Japanese to introduce him to a new friend to make an apology on the phone

3 3 B 14. $18 $20 $28 $30 $ Dream Cottage Swimming Club Lessons for Kids Ages 4-6 Course Day Instructor A B C D E Wed.& Fri. Tue. & Thur. Mon. & Thur. Wed. & Fri. Tue. & Thur. Jim Peterson (male) Susan Wells (female) Caroline Nelson (female) Eric Miller (male) Sean O Connor (male) Years of work experience Rainbow Art Contest Rainbow 18. Woman: I think it s Rome was not built in a day. I think it s Many hands make light work. I think it s He who laughs last laughs best. I think it s The early bird catches the worm. I think it s Speech is silver and silence is golden. 19. Man: 16. leopard cat Hurry up! You have to go to the hospital. Certainly. No one can tell you what to do. Not now. Excessive exercise can be harmful to you. Wow! I can t believe you finished the marathon. Right. You need to see the doctor before exercising. 34

4 20. Mina Brian 23. Mina: Brian, why don t you go out and play? please stay focused on your music. would you please stop making noise? could you keep your legs from shaking? you d better study hard before it s too late. 135~140 When Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes landed at Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico in 1519, one of the first things he did was to burn his fleet of 11 ships. His goal was to conquer this new land by pushing west to the Pacific. By burning his ships he eliminated the possibility that his men would lose heart and sail back to Spain. Two previous Spanish expeditions had been unable to establish a settlement in Mexico. With such zeal, Cortes led 110 sailors and 553 soldiers to conquer 5 million people. If the ships had not been burned, the Cortes forces would have had an alternative if they had lost the fight that lay ahead. Burning the ships gave the men a powerful motive to win. Convinced that they could not turn back, they were better able to focus on the goal and do what had to be done to reach it. [21~22] 21. Make time for self-reflection. Concentrate on a specific task. Enjoy TV viewing without interruption. Focus on your strengths, not weaknesses. Organize work spaces to avoid distractions

5 24. 3 B People may misrepresent themselves to interviewers when asked for their opinions or questioned about the products they use. Because of this potential source of distortion, some consumer psychologists believe that it is not fruitful to ask persons directly for their reactions or attitudes. They contend that the direct question being asked may differ from what the respondents actually heard. For example, by asking what brand of beverage a person drinks, we are, in effect, asking what kind of person he or she is. The respondent may not feel that consumer researchers are asking merely about beverage preference. Rather, they are really asking: Do you drink the cheap stuff or the expensive, high-status, snob-appeal brand? Critics of the survey method say that we cannot uncover true human motivations and feelings by asking direct questions that allow the respondents to distort their feelings. potential client base. He figured that if he did a good job for them, they would mention his company to their clients and colleagues. He excelled in his service for his target firms, handed them a stack of his cards when he left, and asked them to recommend MC 2. It didn t take long to see the results. Within two weeks of his first law firm job, Lewis got his first referral. That year, sales grew 700% over those of the previous year, and his sales expense was zero. Lewis s revenues have grown to $10 million since Be Aware of Where You Belong Make Customers Your Salespeople Customers Also Know What You Know Knowing the Law Leads You to Success Excessive Advertisements Harm Your Business The number of survey questions affects consumers responses. Consumers suffer great losses because of lack of information. Asking consumers direct questions cannot reveal their true feelings. A report of consumer preferences should be written simply and clearly. A consumer preference survey should be 25. conducted before launching a product. If you need to increase sales, but can t afford a salesperson, what else can you do? Paul G. Lewis, CEO of MC 2, a computer network design, installation, and support company in Warren, N.J., decided to focus his limited selling time on customers who could sell for him. Lewis started targeting law and accounting firms, which deal regularly with his 26. he[his] A man in therapy was exploring his relationship with his loving but distant father when he suddenly remembered the happy times they d spent together playing with his electric trains. It was a Lionel set that had been his father s and grandfather s before him. Caught up in the memory, the man grew increasingly excited as he recalled the joy and pride and sense of belonging he had felt sharing this family tradition with his father. As the man s enthusiasm mounted, the therapist launched into a long narrative about his train set and how he had gotten the other kids in the neighborhood to bring over their tracks and train cars to build a huge neighborhood setup in his basement. After the therapist had gone on at some length, the patient could no longer contain his anger about being cut off. Why are you telling me about your trains?! he demanded. The therapist hesitated, and with that level, impersonal voice we reserve for confiding something intimate, he said lamely, I was just trying to be friendly. 36

6 140~ (A)(B)(C) In his book Sacred Hoops, Phil Jackson, former V head coach of the Chicago Bulls, talks about his work with Michael Jordan. Jordan is (A) so / such an N extraordinarily talented athlete that there isn t much that any coach could do to improve his basketball playing. So Jackson focused his efforts with Jordan O OC on making the superstar athlete a true leader of the team. And it worked. In 1989, five years after (B) join / joining the league and the very same year Jackson became head coach of the Bulls, Jordan began to see his role not as just scoring points and blocking shots, but as a leader whose job also was to help raise the level of play of every other player on the team. Phil Jackson says that it is this contribution, Jordan s ability to help his teammates be better players, more than his superb athletic talent V (C) what / that has made the Chicago Bulls the world s winningest basketball team. (A) (B) (C) so join what so joining that such join what such joining that such joining what S 28. In 1914, Ford introduced an innovation: the $5 workday. This might not seem like much today, but back then $5 was about twice the going wage. It was also far above the wage that balanced supply and demand. When the new $5-a-day wage was announced, long lines of job seekers formed outside the Ford factories. The number of workers willing to work at this wage far exceeded the number of workers Ford needed. Ford s high-wage policy had many of the effects predicted by the efficiency-wage theory. The rates of leaving jobs and being absent fell, and productivity rose. Workers were so much more efficient that Ford s production costs were lower despite higher wages. Thus, paying a wage above the equilibrium level was unprofitable for the firm. *equilibrium Jordan is so talented that there isn't much to teach. Jordan is such a talented player that there isn't much to teach. It is this contribution that has made the Bulls the world's winningest team. 37

7 3 B 29. The Percentage of People Living Alone in Great Britain in 1998 and 2007, by Gender and Age The two graphs above show the percentage of people living alone in Great Britain in 1998 and 2007, by gender and age. As for men, in all age groups except for those aged 16-24, the percentage of men living alone in 2007 was higher than that in As for women, two age groups, and 75 and over, showed an increase in the percentage of people living alone in 2007 compared with that in In 2007, a larger proportion of men between the ages of lived alone than women in the same age group. The gender and age group that showed the largest increase in the percentage between 1998 and 2007 was men aged 75 and over. In both 1998 and 2007, in the age group of 75 and over, the percentage of women living alone was twice as large as that of men living alone. 30. John Bartlett John Bartlett was 16 years old when he left school in 1836 and got a job as a clerk at the University Bookstore across the street from Harvard University. Over the next 13 years he saved enough money to buy the store and in that time managed to read nearly every book it contained. He became so well known as a quotation freak that whenever someone asked where a familiar saying came from, or needed a quote to dress up a term paper, the answer would be, Ask John Bartlett. By the mid-1850s, his reputation had grown beyond even his own remarkable abilities; no longer able to recite everything from memory, he began writing things down. In 1855 he printed up 1,000 copies of his 258-page list of quotes, and began selling them at the store. Sixteen editions and nearly 140 years later, Bartlett s Familiar Quotations is the most frequently consulted reference work of its kind *freak ,000 38

8 143~145 [31~36] production animal nutrition focuses on a good economic return by seeking maximum production, 31. whether that is rapid growth, high milk production, or litter size, at the lowest cost. Pet nutrition focuses on maximizing the long-term health and well-being of the pet, for which there are few short-term measures, and on the emotional ties between pets and owners. Alexander V. Zaporozhets, in a study of preschool V O OC children, had one group of children manipulate several irregular geometric forms by inserting them into a formboard. Children in a second group inspected the forms visually but never touched them, while those in a third group only manipulated them tactually. When the children were required to discriminate geometric forms from a group of S unfamiliar ones, it was found that those who had both visually and tactually manipulated the original forms V made less than half the errors made by the two other groups. The children in the first group, as they grew older, appeared not to need to manipulate the forms to do well on the task, whereas the children who only touched the forms continued to do poorly; the children, however, who only saw the forms became progressively more accurate with age. For older children, it would seem, physical contact with an object is unnecessary for making a perceptual discrimination; seeing it is. confusing inaccurate interesting 32. sufficient impossible *tactually About one of every three households in the United States owns dogs or cats, so that there are approximately 55 million dogs and 65 million cats in the United States. Pet ownership is also popular in Europe, with over 70 million pet dogs and cats. The role of pets has evolved within the past century, so that many are now considered to be family members; thus of pet care and nutrition differ from those of production animals. For example, the scientific advancements the philosophy and objectives the importance and knowledge the estimates of cost effectiveness the maintenance and improvement 33. Perception refers to the meaning we attach to information as it is received through the senses. Our eyes may capture an image in much the same way as a camera does, but what we see (or perceive) is influenced by. For example, look at the following: 13. If you were asked what number this is, you would probably say 13. Yet if you were asked to name the letter, you might answer B. The figure didn t change; your perception changed based on what you were asked and your existing knowledge of numbers and letters. To a young child with no stored information of either numbers or letters, these would be meaningless marks S on paper. The assignment of meaning to incoming V stimuli, therefore, depends on prior knowledge and on what we expect to see. In a sense, the brain checks existing neural networks of information to see if the new information is something that activates a previously stored neural network. our physical conditions at the moment what other people think we want to see the information we have stored in our brains the direction from which something is observed the surroundings in which something is perceived 39

9 34. 3 B Some of the anger you experience is likely to occur in response to predictable triggers. For example, you might become angry when your children repeatedly resist doing their homework or when a co-worker calls again and again to ask for favors. If you can, you decrease your chance of becoming angry. This approach is similar to what a doctor often recommends for a patient with an allergy. If the patient is allergic to cat hair but loves cats the doctor says there should be no cats in this house for a while. During the period, other medical techniques, such as medications that provide longterm allergy relief, can be started. Similarly, delaying the anger cycle is useful before other, long-term management strategies have been learned. twist their real image on purpose depict backgrounds more vividly be controlled by the original creator guarantee the photographer s intention imprint themselves on the photographs delay your response to the requests adopt a pet as a new family member take the right medication beforehand understand the long-term effect of anger arrange to be absent from those situations Since its invention, photography has been discussed in terms of truthfulness to reality. Fox Talbot, one of the inventors of photography, entitled the book series that features his first successful attempts in photography The Pencil of Nature an expression of his conviction that in photography, the subject of an image would depict itself and hence guarantee its own truthful representation. The influence of the image s creator, according to Talbot, would cease to be decisive of whether a depiction is faithful to the original or not. Indeed, great fascination was aroused by the fact that the photographer does not even seem to have final and absolute control over the image rather, the things seem to. One characteristic of genius is the capacity for great intensity, which is often expressed in a cyclic fashion. That is, the personality of the genius sometimes seems to : When inspired, he may work 20 hours a day to realize a solution while it s still fresh in his mind; these periods of intense activity tend to be interspersed with intervals of apparent stasis that are actually times of fermentation, which is a necessary part of the creative process. Geniuses understand the need to make space for ideas to crystallize, for creativity occurs under appropriate = because inner, not outer, circumstances. The stage is often set by complete distraction we all know stories of people who have gotten the answers to complex problems while sitting in traffic on the freeway. have a dual personality incorporate polar extremes focus on the external world regard stability as being crucial involve the ability to think creatively *stasis 40

10 145~ (A)(B) We cannot hope to give a simple, universal reason why each and every scientist studies the natural world. There are bound to be as many reasons as there are practicing scientists. (A), there is a single why underlying all scientific research. In general, scientists study the natural world to figure out why things happen as they do. We all know, for example, that the moon is riddled with craters. From a scientific point of view, what is of interest is precisely why this should be so. What natural processes have led to the formation of the craters? (B), in part, science is an activity aimed at furthering our understanding of why things happen as they do in the world in which we live. *be riddled with (A) (B) Nevertheless Similarly In addition Thus For example However In addition Similarly Nevertheless Thus 38. Suppose you take a trip to Melbourne, Australia. You meet an Australian who says to you, Come over to my house for tea tonight. You say, Fine. What time should I come? Oh, about 7 or so, is the reply. (A) You will find that tea includes lamb chops and sausages, chips (french-fried potatoes), a veggie (such as peas or beans), a salad, and dessert. After you finish all of this, you will be asked if you are ready for tea, and whether you want it black or white (without or with milk). (B) Preparations for your visit would not even have started. When Australians say 7 p.m., most would not expect you until 7:30 at the earliest, and 8 would be about right. If you have eaten dinner before you arrive, you will wish you had not. (C) Would you know what time to arrive and what to expect when you got there? Should you eat dinner before you go? If, being a person who tries to be punctual, you arrived precisely at 7 p.m., your host would most likely be shocked. (A)(C)(B) (B)(A)(C) (B)(C)(A) (C)(A)(B) (C)(B)(A) 41

11 39. 3 B 40. (A) (B) Columbus s Europe desperately needed cheap and direct access to the Orient. European desire for the treasures of the East could be satisfied by traders at the time of Columbus. ( ) After goods from Asia arrived at eastern Mediterranean ports such as Constantinople and Alexandria, merchants from Genoa, along with those from Venice, Florence, and Pisa, distributed them throughout Europe. ( ) Prices, however, were exceedingly high. ( ) In addition, Europe soon faced an unfavorable balance of trade: money flowed east and goods west. ( ) The economic situation was bad, but to make matters worse, in 1453 the Turks captured Constantinople and thus closed to the Europeans the key link in the route to the East. ( ) The vast highway of the sea promised both. During the 1950s, the large and heavy valves in the radio began to be replaced by small transistorized electronic components that required less electrical power. On account of this, receivers could operate from batteries and as a result radio sets became smaller and lighter. Individuals could take their transistor radios with them, whether into the privacy of the teenage bedroom or down to the beach. At the same time, radios also became an integral feature of the car. The listeners were no longer thought of as a stationary group listening in the home or crowded public place. Further improvements in transmission techniques and modifications to the quality of microphone technology enabled broadcasters to introduce a style of address that was more intimate and which spoke to the individual as the sole listener. The development in radio-related technology helped increase the (A) of the radio and led broadcasters to talk to listeners in a more (B) way. (A) (B) mobility personal ownership respectful contribution personal mobility demanding ownership demanding 42

12 148~150 [41~42] Psychologist James W. Pennebaker at the University of Texas at Austin has spent twenty years studying the beneficial impact of self-disclosure, or confession in lay terms, on the physical and psychological health of = so far V O human beings. Thus far he has found the average OC person much more willing to talk about disturbing and traumatic issues with strangers in a laboratory setting than with people close to him or her. Pennebaker concludes that people seem to have an underlying need to confess. Inhibition is a source of physical and psychological tension for most of them. Pennebaker also found that once people are given the opportunity to talk about their feelings concerning life stressors relationship problems, illness, death of parents, and so on it is difficult to stop them from venting their anger. S some of the more V profound stressors, in fact, easily elicited visible expressions of rage, such as wavering voices and crying. His subjects, who ranged from college students to Holocaust survivors, had a backlog of suppressed emotions, such as hurt and sadness, that were not being adequately communicated. S My experience working with people suffering from V chronic pain is very similar. I ask these patients to relate their pain stories everything of significance that has happened in their lives since the onset of pain in their own words and without interruption when I first meet them. With a simple request to tell me how things have been since you got hurt, I invite an outpouring of intense emotion fear, sadness, rage that is therapeutic. A colleague once remarked that he thought this was why I was so successful in gaining the trust and confidence of such difficult patients. *backlog A Kind Word Drives Away Wrath Learn to Express Yourself Creatively Listening: The Secret of Good Leadership Communication Styles Affect Relationships Talk About Your Troubles to Ease Your Mind Sharing Avoiding Reducing Justifying Analyzing 43

13 [43~45] ~151 (A) The great film director Frank Capra did not know what to do next. He had achieved the pinnacle of fame in the motion picture industry and had done what no one else had ever accomplished up to that time he swept the Academy Awards for his film It Happened One Night. How could he ever top that? After the Awards ceremony, he decided there was really nothing else for him to do, so he thought he might pretend to be sick. (B) He realized that this stranger was correct. That night he used all his strength and, with his wife, drove three hours into the desert. Sweating profusely the entire way, (a) he willed himself back to health and there was never any sign of the cancer again. It was only after this incident that Frank Capra went on to create many of his best films, including It s a Wonderful Life, Meet John Doe, and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, films that became his signature. (C) He stayed in bed for a few days and started to feel down. His wife took his temperature and it steadily rose. Capra s wife reported this to the doctor, who then ran a series of tests. When the doctor examined the X-rays, he told Capra that he had found a spot on (b) his right lung. Capra began feeling very sick. His rest had gotten out of hand. His friends became very worried, and he told one of them, a song publisher by the name of Max Winslow, that (c) he was preparing to die. After a week, Winslow returned to visit Capra. (D) This time he had a friend with him. This friend, whose name Capra never learned, went right up to the great director and told him he was a coward. He continued to insult Capra. Capra was shocked. He asked this stranger what (d) he meant, and the man told him that he had a great talent. He could literally talk to millions of people in the dark. He had a duty to reach these people, to give them hope. (e) He had to counteract the evil that Adolph Hitler was spreading over Europe at that time. Capra blushed with shame (A) (B)(D)(C) (C)(B)(D) (C)(D)(B) (D)(B)(C) (D)(C)(B) (a)~(e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Max Winslow 44