08-세차전자회절을(JE)

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1 한국현미경학회지제 39 권제 4 호 2009 Korean J. Microscopy 39(4), 341~348(2009) 세차전자회절을이용한 BaTiO 3 나노결정의구조분석 송경, 김윤중, 권기현, 김진규 *, 문선민 1, 조남희 1 한국기초과학지원연구원전자현미경연구부, 1 인하대학교신소재공학부 Structure Determination of Nano-crystalline, BaTiO 3, using Precession Electron Diffraction Kyung Song, Youn-Joong Kim, Kihyun Kwon, Jin-Gyu Kim*, Sun-Min Moon 1 and Nam-Hee Cho 1 Division of Electron Microscopic Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon , Korea 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon , Korea (Received November 24, 2009; Accepted December 24, 2009) ABSTRACT The crystal structure of nano-crystalline, BaTiO 3, with the average particle size of 100 nm was investigated using electron diffraction techniques. We characterized the precession electron diffraction system and then carried out the structure determination using precession electron diffraction and conventional selected area electron diffraction. As a result, it was revealed that BaTiO 3 nano-crystalline exist as a mixture of tetragonal structure and cubic structure by precession electron diffraction technique. In addition, it could be turned out that BaTiO 3 nano-crystalline is a core-shell structure consisted of a tetragonal phased core and a cubic phased surface layer by theoretical calculation. The thickness of the cubic surface layer was approximately 8.5 nm and the lattice parameters of cubic and tetragonal phases were a=3.999 Å and a=3.999 Å, c=4.022 Å, respectively. Finally, it is expected that precession electron diffraction is more useful technique for structure determination of complicated nano-crystalline materials because of its higher spatial resolution and minimization of dynamical scattering effect. Keywords : BaTiO 3, Nano-crystalline, Core-shell structure, Precession electron diffraction 서론 Perovskite 구조를가지는 BaTiO 3 는온도에따라능면정계, 직방정계, 정방정계, 입방정계의 4종류의결정구조를가진다. 고온에서는입방정계의구조를가지고상온에서는정방정계의결정구조를가지며, 입방정계와정방정계간의상변화는대략 132 C 이하에서일어난다 (Forsbergh, 1949; Shirane et al., 1957). 이러한 BaTiO 3 은적층세라믹콘덴서 (multi-layered ceramic capacitor, MLCC), 적외선검출기 (infrared detector), 써미스터 (thermistor), 트랜듀서 (transducer), 기타전기광학소자같은다양한재료의응용에널리사용되고있다 (Knoshita & Yamaji, 1976; Arlt et al., 1985). 특히강유전성을나타내는정방정계나노입자의경우에는 MLCC와같은전기광학소자에원재료로유용되고있다. 최근이런전기광학소자의소형화를위해 MLCC의크기를줄이는기술의개발이가속화됨에따라 MLCC안의유전층의두께가 1 μm 이하로줄어들었으며, 향후 0.5 μm 이하로줄어들것으 * Correspondence should be addressed to Mr. Jin-Gyu Kim, Division of Electron Microscopic Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, 52 Eoeun-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , Korea. Ph.: (042) , Fax: (042) , jjintta@kbsi.re.kr 341

2 342 Korean J. Microscopy Vol. 39, No. 4, 2009 로기대되고있기때문에이를위해서는 MLCC의재료인 BaTiO 3 물질의크기가수백 nm에서수십 nm 크기로감소되어야한다 (Wada et al., 2003a, b). 그러나 BaTiO 3 의결정크기가 1 μm 이하로감소하게되면유전상수가감소하는문제가발생하며, 이것은합성된 BaTiO 3 나노분말내에존재하는불순물과관계가된다고알려져있다. 또한최근에는 BaTiO 3 나노분말의크기에따른유전상수의연구결과, 입자의크기가 400 nm에서 70 nm으로감소하면유전상수값은 3,000에서 15,000으로증가하며, 70 nm에서 30 nm 입자크기에서는오히려 15,000에서 400으로유전상수값이급속히감소한다고보고되었다 (Wada et al., 2003b). 이와더불어 BaTiO 3 의입자크기를 1 μm 이하로감소시키면상온에서도입방정계구조를나타내 는상변화가일어나며 (Uchino et al., 1989), 이러한상변화도 BaTiO 3 의특성에영향을미치기때문에최근에는 BaTiO 3 나노입자의크기에따른구조및특성분석에대한연구가활발히진행되고있다. 일반적으로나노분말의결정구조분석에는 X-ray 회절, 중성자회절, 그리고 Raman scattering이널리이용되고있다. X-ray 회절의경우나노입자의평균적인대칭성을알수있으며, Raman scattering의경우국부적 인부분에서의결정구조를알수있기때문에 BaTiO 3 나노분말의경우에도 X-ray 회절과 Raman scattering을이용하여결정구조및특성에대한분석이이루어지고있다 (Begg et al., 1994; Takeuchi et al., 1994; Kim et al., 2004). 그러나, X-ray 또는중성자회절의경우에는나노결정체 에대한회절강도신호가매우약하고, 피크겹침이일어나는등의제한으로입자크기가 1 μm 이하의나노분말 BaTiO 3 에대한구조해석은여전히어려운문제로남아있다. 이러한문제를해결하기위한투과전자현미경 (transmission electron microscope, TEM) 을이용한고분해능이미지기법과전자회절법은나노입자의구조분석법의대안이될수있다. 최근에는고분해능이미지기법을이용하여정방정계와입방정계의 core-shell 구조를갖는 100 nm 이하의 BaTiO 3 의결정의구조분석연구결과가보고된바있다 (Moon et al., 2007). 그러나고분해능이미지기법은매우강한전자빔을시료에조사하기때문에전자빔에의한시료의손상을야기시킬수있으며, 시료의두께및렌즈수차로인해서정량분석에많은어려움이수반된다. 이에반해서, 전자회절법은매우약한빔을사용하더라도 X-ray에의한산란강도에비해매우강한산란강도를획득할수있기때문에시료의손상을무시할수있으며, 각각의나노입자를단결정으로취급할수있기때문에분말회절과달리피크겹침을피할수있다는장점이있다. 하지만, TEM을이용한전자회절도형은전자회절의동력학적특성에의한이중회절과비탄성산란에의한전자빔의흡수등에의한영향으로정량적인결정구조분석이쉽지않다는단점이있다. 이러한단점을최소화하 기위해다중산란을최대한억제시킬수있는세차전자회절법이최근에개발되어전자회절을이용한구조분석에활용이되고있다 (Vincent & Bird, 1986; Vincent & Midgley, 1994). 본연구에서는한국기초과학지원연구원에설치및보유하고있는세차전자회절 (precession electron diffraction, PED) 장치를이용하여 BaTiO 3 의나노분말의구조분석을수행하였다. 재료및방법 본연구에사용된 BaTiO 3 은수열반응합성에의해제조되었고, 분말의평균크기는 100 nm이다. 결정구조분석을위한전자회절은 200 kv TEM (JEM 2100F, Jeol Ltd) 와동일한장비에설치된세차전자회절장치 (Spinning Star, Nano- MEGAS) 를이용하였다. 각각의회절자료는 2 k CCD 카메라 (USC1000, Gatan) 를이용하여획득하였다. BaTiO 3 나노입자의구조분석을위한전자회절은제한시야회절 (selected area electron diffraction, SAED) 과 PED법을이용하였으며, 동일한나노입자로부터획득하여비교분석하였다. 또한나노결정체의회절도형관찰시생길수있는카본지지막의영향을최소화하기위해합성된나노입자는 ultra-thin 카본지지막에분산하였고가장작은 10 μm 제한시야조리개를이용하였다. 회절자료의정량분석을위해 Au 내부표준시료를이용하여카메라상수및세차각도를보정하였다. Beam deflection coils Descan coils Diffracted beam Optic axis Specimen plane Fig. 1. The schematic diagram of precession electron diffraction. θ φ Diffraction plane Transmitted beam

3 Song K et al. : Structure Determination of BaTiO 3 using PED 343 (a) (b) 20 nm (c) (d) Fig. 2. (a) Bright field image, (b) simulated kinematical electron diffraction pattern, (c) SAED pattern, and (d) PED pattern along the [100] zone axis of the BaTiO 3 nano-particle. 제한시야회절과세차전자회절자료의전산모사를위해 E- map (AnaliTEX) 프로그램을사용하였고, 회절자료의분석은 ELD 프로그램 (Zou et al., 1993) 을이용하여수행하였다. 결과및고찰 Fig. 1에는 PED의개념도를나타내었다. PED에서는입사빔은시료에도달하기전에편향코일 (beam deflection coil 또는 scan coil) 에의하여 φ (precession angle) 각도만큼정대축에서벗어나게기울여진상태에서순차적인세차운동을하여 θ=2π의빔궤적을형성하며시료에도달한다. 시료를통과한후회절된빔의궤적은정대축패턴을보정하기위하여시료아래에위치한편향코일 (descan coil) 에의해서후방초점면 (diffraction plane) 에광축과일치하는정대축을 가진회절도형을결상하게된다. 이러한원리로 φ 각도만큼광축에서벗어난궤적을가지는입사빔이시편과의상호작용을통해일어나는전자회절은시편의두께에덜민감해지고, 정대축에비해 Bragg 산란에의해여기되는회절점들의수가훨씬줄어들기때문에다중산란의확률이감소되어준운동학적 (quasi-kinematical) 산란강도를얻을수있다는장점이있다. 또한 PED는일반적인 SAED에비해고차회절점을획득할수있어전자회절의공간분해능을증가할수있으며, 정확한정대축을위한세밀한조정없이약 3 정도어긋난정대축에대해서도완벽하게대칭적인전자회절을획득할수있는장점이있다 (Avilov et al., 2007). 일반적으로 precession angle이클수록이중회절의효과가억제되고, 전자회절의분해능이증가된다. 그러나시편의두께및결정구조에따라 precession angle이너무큰경우, ZOLZ (zero order Laue zone) 의회절점과 HOLZ (high order Laue zone) 의회절점이중첩이되기때문에적당한 preces-

4 344 Korean J. Microscopy Vol. 39, No. 4, 2009 (a) (b) Ti O Ti O c c Ba Ba a b a b Fig. 3. Crystal structures of (a) cubic and (b) tetragonal BaTiO 3. The green, blue, and red spheres denote Ba, Ti, and O atoms, respectively. The arrows in (b) indicate the direction of displacements for Ti and O atoms with respect to the Ba atom. Table 1. The calculation of pixel distance difference (ΔR) corresponded to the d-spacing of cubic and tetragonal BaTiO 3 crystal for the 150 mm and 200 mm of camera lengths Cubic Tetragonal d-spacing and pixel distance difference h k l d (Å) h k l d (Å) Δd (Å) ΔR (pixel) CL 150 mm ΔR (pixel) CL 200 mm sion angle의적용이필요하며, 이는중요한실험인자가된다. 본실험에서는 Au 표준시료를이용하여집속렌즈와회절도형의 distortion을보정한후, SCAN 모드에서각각의 precession ring을획득하여 precession angle을계산하여보정을수행하였고, DESCAN 모드에서동일하게 precession 정대축회절도형을획득하여회절빔의 distortion이발생하지않는범위를고려하였을때, 약 3 까지 PED를이용할수있음을확인하였다. Fig. 2에는약 100 nm 크기의 BaTiO 3 나노입자의 TEM 이미지와전자회절도형을나타내었다. Fig. 2(b) 는전산모사를통해얻은 BaTiO 3 나노입자의운동학적회절도형이다. Fig. 2(c) 에나타낸 SAED 회절도형은약 1.0 Å 정도의분해능의구현이가능하며, 대칭적인회절도형을얻기가쉽지않다. 이와달리 Fig. 2(d) 와같이2.5 의 precession angle에서획득한 PED의회절도형은회절분해능 0.7 Å 이하까지구현이가능하며, 거의대칭적인강도를가진회절점들의분포를볼수있다. 각각의회절도형은전산모사에의한회절도형과비교해볼때, 일반적인 SAED의경우에는다중산란의효과로인해회절점간의강도차이를거의볼수없으나, PED의경우에는 (002) 회절점과 (010) 회절점의강도차이를확인할수있었다. Fig. 3에는일반적으로잘알려져있는 BaTiO 3 의입방정계와정방정계에대한결정구조를나타내었다. 입방정계의격자상수는 a=3.999 Å이고, 공간군은 Pm-3m (#99) 이다 (ICSD No ). 또한정방정계의격자상수는 a= Å와 c= Å이고, 공간군은 P4mm (#221) 로알려져있다 (ICSD No ). 정방정계의 BaTiO 3 결정구조는입방정계의결정구조에서 c-축의격자상수가증가함에따라 Ba 원자에대해 Ti 원자와 O 원자가 c-축방향으로변위가발생하여약간뒤틀린정팔면체배위를형성하고있다. 이런이유로입방정계와정방정계의혼합구조여부를파악하기위해서는불규칙하게분산되어있는나노입자들중 [100] 방향에가까운나노입자를선택하여정확히정대축을맞추어야하는어려움이수반되며, 정방정계의 tetragonality (c/a) 은 로매우작은값을가지기때문에입방정계의 (00l) 과정방정계의 (00l) 의회절점의분리여부의관찰이가능하기위해서는회절분해능을고려하여적절한카메라길이 (L) 의선택이필수적이다. Table 1은 BaTiO 3 나노입자에대해입방정계와정방정계의혼합구조의여부를파악하기위해본연구에사용된 TEM 장비의카메라길이 (L) 에따른회절점의분리여부를나타내었다. Δd는입방정계와정방정계구조에서의 (00l) 면

5 Song K et al. : Structure Determination of BaTiO 3 using PED 345 (a) (b) (c) 250 (002) (004) SAED Precession (d) SAED Precession Intensity (006) (008) Intensity Reciprocal lattice (1/nm) Reciprocal lattice (1/nm) Fig. 4. Electron diffraction patterns of [100] zone axis of the BaTiO 3 nano-particle; (a) SAED pattern, (b) PED pattern. (c) Intensity profile of the (00l) reflections and (d) (006) reflections from SAED and PED patterns, respectively. 간거리간의차이이며, ΔR은획득한회절도형에나타나는입방정계와정방정계의 (00l) 회절점에대한회절점의분리정도를픽셀거리로계산한결과이다. ΔR에대한계산의정확도를확보하기위해본실험에앞서서표준시료를이용하여각각의회절자료에대해카메라상수및 distortion을보정하였다. 짧은카메라상수 (150 mm) 를이용하면회절도형의 FOV (Field of View) 가증가되어보다많은고차회절점과보다나은회절강도를획득할수있으나, 픽셀분해능이감소하여회절점의겹침을초래하게되며, 250 mm 이상의카메라길이를이용할경우에는반대로회절점의픽셀분해능은향상되지만 FOV가좁아져서고차회절점을관찰하기가어려울수있다. 따라서본실험에서는최대한회절점간의위치가겹치지않고회절강도의분리를관찰할수있는 200 mm의카메라길이를선택하였다. Fig. 4에는 SAED와 PED를이용하여 100 nm의 BaTiO 3 나노입자의구조분석의결과를나타내었다. Fig. 4(a) 와 (b) 는 200 mm의동일한카메라길이에서 SAED와 PED를이 용하여얻은 [100] 방향의회절도형이며, PED는입자의크기및격자상수를고려하여 3 의세차각에서획득하였다. 보다정밀한분석을위해 Fig. 4(c) 에는 SAED와 PED 회절도형에서 (00l) 회절점에대한강도분포를비교하여나타내었다. SAED와 PED의회절도형을비교해볼때, SAED의회절도형에비해 PED의회절도형에서는고차회절점에서의회절강도가훨씬강하게분포하고있음을알수있다. Table 1과 Fig. 4(b) 세차전자회절에서확인할수있듯이, 저차회절점에서는입방정계와정방정계의회절점의 ΔR 값이작고, (008) 회절점의경우에는신호강도가너무약해서정확한회절강도의분리가어렵다. 따라서본연구에서는 (006) 회절점을택하여입방정계와정방정계구조의 (00l) 회절점의분리및신호강도를분석하였다. Fig. 4(d) 에나타낸바와같이SAED를이용할경우에는 (006) 회절점의분리를관찰하기어려운반면에 PED를이용한회절도형의분석결과에서는 (006) 회절점이두개의신호강도를포함하고있음을볼수있다. 회절점의분리여부의관찰은회절

6 346 Korean J. Microscopy Vol. 39, No. 4, 2009 (a) (b) Fig. 5. Simulated kinematical electron diffraction patterns at [100] zone axis of the BaTiO 3 nano-particle; (a) SAED pattern, (b) PED pattern at 3 of precession angle. 자료의회절분해능 (FWHM, full width half maximum) 에의해서영향을받을수있다. PED의회절자료의 FWHM를가장강도가강한 (002) 회절점을이용하여구한결과 7픽셀이었다. 이것은 Table 1에서제시한 6.2 픽셀보다는다소높은값이기때문에완벽한두회절점의분리는관찰할수없음을시사하고있다. 세차전자회절의 (006) 회절신호분포도에나타나는 (1/nm) 와 (1/nm) 의두피크위치는실공간상에서각각 Å와 Å 위치에해당하며, 이는 Table 1에서확인할수있듯이각각정방정계와입방정계구조의 (006) 면간거리와일치한다. 위와동일한방법으로 (0k0) 회절점에대한회절신호분포를분석한결과, (00l) 회절점에서관찰되는회절강도의분리가보이지않았으며, (060) 회절점의위치는입방정계의 (006) 의회절점의위치와동일한 (1/nm) 에서단일신호로관찰되었다. 이와같이 BaTiO 3 나노입자의세차전자회절도형을 ELD 프로그램을이용하여분석한결과, 입방정계의격자상수는 a=3.999 Å이며, 정방정계의격자상수는 a=3.999 Å, c= Å임을알았고, 단일입자내에입방정계구조와정방정계구조가공존함을알수있었다. 분석결과의신뢰도점검을위해서는각각의전자회절에대하여전산모사를수행하여실험결과와비교할필요가있다. Fig. 5에는 Fig. 4의분석결과를토대로 E-map 프로그램을이용하여입방정계와정방정계구조의 BaTiO 3 나노입자에대한전산모사를수행한결과를나타내었다. 실험결과와동일하게일반적인 SAED의회절도형에서는 BaTiO 3 의혼합구조의관찰이불가능한반면, PED의회절도형에서는 (006) 회절점이상의고차회절점에서회절강도가분리되고있음을보여주고있다. BaTiO 3 나노입자에대한입방정계와정방정계의혼합정도를규명하기위해서는보다정밀한구조분석의수행이필요하지만, 본연구에서는회절점의강도비교를통해간단히분석을수행하였다. Aoyagi의연구결과에따르면, 상온에서입방정계와정방정계구조가혼합된 BaTiO 3 나노입자를 core-shell 형태로간주하였으며, 나노입자에포함되어있는 core와 shell의부피비율을다음과같은식을이용하여계산하였다 (Aoyagi et al., 2005). V cubic /V total =[(D/2) 3 -(D/2-t) 3 ]/(D/2) 3 윗식에서 V cubic 과 V total 은각각나노입자의입방정계구조에해당하는부피와입자전체에대한부피이고, D는나노입자의직경이며, t는입방정계구조를갖는표면부분의두께이다. 세차회절에서얻어진각각의회절점의강도는두개의상에대한부피에비례한다고가정할때, 부피비는각각의회절강도비로대체할수있다. 위와같은가정으로부터 (006) 회절점에대한입방정계의강도비 (I cubic /I total ) 를구한결과, (006) 회절점의전체강도에대한입방정계구조의회절강도비는 0.43이었다. 회절강도비의결과를윗식에대입하여역으로계산한결과, 입방정계구조를갖는표면의두께는약 8.54 nm이었다. 이결과는 Aoyagi가부피비율로계산하여얻은표면의두께와거의동일하였다. 마지막으로, core-shell 구조의 BaTiO 3 나노입자에대한구조분석을위해 Fig. 6에는 Fig. 4의 PED 회절도형을얻기위해선택된 BaTiO 3 나노입자에대한고분해능이미지를획득하여나타내었다. 고분해능이미지를살펴보면나노입자의가장자리로부터약 8~10 nm의표면부분에서입자의중심부분과비교하여미세한격자간격의변화와위상차가

7 Song K et al. : Structure Determination of BaTiO 3 using PED 347 (a) (b) (c) Fig. 6. (a) Bright field image, (b) and (c) HRTEM images for the surface region of BaTiO 3 nano-particle. 있음을확인하였다. 하지만서론에서언급한바와같이고분해능이미지의정밀한분석을위해서는 core-shell 나노입자의모델링을이용한전산모사의수행이필요할것으로사료된다. 또한추가적으로나노빔 PED를이용하여 core 부분과 shell 부분에대한각각의회절도형의분석을수행할수있으나, 나노빔 PED의경우전자빔의안정도및공간분해능의한계를인지하여보다세심한실험조건이요구될것으로추정된다. 이외에도최근에활발히연구가진행되고있는전자회절이미지기법을활용하는것도대안이될수있을것이다 (Huang et al., 2007). 본연구의결과에서볼수있듯이 PED는동력학적효과가줄어들어준운동학적 (quasi-kinematical) 산란강도를얻을수있고, PED에서얻어진산란강도는정량적인결정구조분석을가능하게한다. 또한일반적인 SAED에비해전자회절의공간분해능이증가되는 PED는고차회절점까지획득할수있어 X-ray나고분해능 TEM 이미지기법으로는분석하기어려운나노입자의결정구조나서로다른구조를가진동질이상물질의분석에이용될수있다. 또한나노빔 PED를이용하면복합재료의계면반응이나석출에의해생성된이차상에대한미소영역의결정구조분석이가능하리라기대된다. 결 본연구에서는평균 100 nm 입자크기를가지는 BaTiO 3 나노입자의결정구조를분석하였다. BaTiO 3 나노입자의결정구조는일반적인 SAED와 PED를이용하여비교분석을수행하였고, 합성된 BaTiO 3 나노입자는상온에서입방정계와정방정계의구조가혼합되어있음을알수있었다. 입방정계와정방정계에대한각각의격자상수는 a=3.999 Å과 a=3.999 Å, c=4.022 Å이었다. 또한입방정계와정방정계가 론 혼재된 BaTiO 3 나노입자는나노입자의표면에약 8.5 nm 두께의입방정계구조를갖는 core-shell 구조임을예측할수있었다. 이와같이격자상수의차이가아주작은혼합상의경우, 일반적인 SAED에비해공간분해능이뛰어난 PED 가유용한분석기술이될수있다. 사 본연구는기초기술연구회협동과제 나노 바이오융합소재의 EM분석법개발 과한국기초과학지원연구원의자체연구과제 Electron Precession System의요소기술개발 의지원을받아수행되었습니다. 사 참고문헌 Aoyagi S, Kuroiwa Y, Sawada A, Kawaji H, Atake T: Size effect on crystal structure and chemical bonding nature in BaTiO 3 nanopowder. J Therm Anal Calorim 81 : , Arlt G, Henning D, de With G: Dielectric properties of fine-grained barium titanate ceramics. J Appl Phys 58 : 1619, Avilov A, Kuligin K, Nicolopoulos S, Nickolskiy M, Boulahya K, Portillo J, Lepeshov G, Sobolev B, Collette JP, Martin N, Robins AC, Fischione P: Precession technique and ED as new tools for crystal structure analysis and chemical bonding determination. Ultramicroscopy 107 : , Begg BD, Vance ER, Nowotny J: Particle size effect on the room temperature structure of barium titanate. J Am Ceram Soc 77 : 3186, 1994 Forsbergh PW Jr: Domain structures and phase transitions in barium titanate. Phys Rev 76 : , Huang WJ, Jiang B, Sun RS, Zou JM: Towards sub-å atomic resolution electron diffraction imaging of metallic nanoclusters: A

8 348 Korean J. Microscopy Vol. 39, No. 4, 2009 simualtion study of experimental parameters and reconstruction algorithms. Ultramicroscopy 107 : , Kim YI, Jung JK, Ryu KS: Structural study of nano BaTiO 3 powder by rietveld refinement. Mater Res Bull 39 : , Knoshita K, Yamaji A: Grain-size effects on dielectric properties in barium titanate. J Appl Phys 47 : , Moon SM, Cho NH: Size effect on the crystal structure of nanoscale BaTiO 3 powders prepared by hydro-thermal synthesis. Metals and Materials international 13 : , Shirane G, Danner H, Pepinsky R: Neutron diffraction study of orthorhombic BaTiO 3. Phys Rev 105 : , Takeuchi T, Ado K, Asai T, Kgeyama H, Saito T, Masquelier C, Nakamura O: Thickness of cubic surface phase on barium titanate single-crystalline grains. J Am Ceram Soc 77 : , Uchino K, Sadanaga E, Hirose T: Dependence of the crystal structure on particle size in barium titanate. J Am Ceram Soc 72 : , Vincent R, Midgley PA: Double conical beam-rocking system for measurement of integrated electron diffraction intensities. Ultramicroscopy 53 : , Vincent R, Bird DM: Measurement of kinematic intensities from large-angle electron-diffraction patterns. Philos Mag Lett 53 : L35-L40, Wada S, Narahara M, Hoshina T, Kakemoto H, Tsurumi T: Preparation of nm-sized BaTiO 3 particles using a new 2-step thermal decomposition of barium titanyl oxalate. J Mater Sci 38 : , 2003a. Wada S, Yasuno H, Hoshina T, Nam SM, Kakemoto H, Tsurumi T: Preparation of nm-sized barium titanate fine particles and their powder dielectric properties. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 1 42 : , 2003b. Zou XD, Sukharev Y, Hovmöller S: ELD-a computer program system for extracting intensities from electron diffraction patterns. Ultramicroscopy 49 : , 국문초록 본연구에서는평균입자크기가 100 nm 인 BaTiO 3 나노결정체의결정구조를전자회절을이용하여분석하였다. 전자회절을이용하여구조분석을수행하기위해 PED 장치의실험인자를보정한후, PED 와일반적인 SAED 를이용하여전자회절도형을획득하여비교분석을수행하였다. BaTiO 3 나노결정체에대해 PED 를이용한구조분석을수행한결과, BaTiO 3 나노입자는상온에서입방정계와정방정계의구조가혼합되어존재함을알수있었다. 또한이론적계산을통해두상이혼재된 BaTiO 3 나노입자는입방정계의구조가약 8.5 nm 의표면을형성하고있는 coreshell 구조를이루고있음을예측할수있었다. 이러한 BaTiO 3 나노입자에대한입방정계와정방정계구조의각각의격자상수는 a=3.999 Å 과 a=3.999 Å, c=4.022 Å 이었다. 이와같이일반적인 SAED 에비해뛰어난공간분해능과다중산란효과를억제할수있는 PED 기법은복합나노구조체의결정구조분석에보다유용한분석기술로활용할수있을것으로기대된다.

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