19(4)-05(36).fm

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1 J. of Aquaculture Vol. 19(4) : , 2006 µ Journal of Aquaculture Korean Aquaculture Society w ƒƒ, qƒ e w y*, 1, ½, x 2, 3, 1 w ww wy w, ()w, 2w, 3 w wœw Effect of the Various Sources of Dietary Additives on Growth, Body Composition and Shell Color of Abalone Haliotis discus hannai Sung Hwoan Cho*, Jungeun Park 1, Chungil Kim, Jin-Hyung Yoo 2, Sang-Min Lee 3 and Cheol Young Choi Division of Marine Environment & BioScience, College of Ocean Science & Technology, Korea Maritime University, Busan , Korea 1 Korea Aquaculture Institute, Wolsong , Korea 2 Jeilfeed Co. Ltd., Haman , Korea 3 Faculty of Marine Bioscience & Technology, Kangnung National University, Gangneung , Korea Effect of the various sources of dietary additives on growth, body composition and shell color of abalone Haliotis discus hannai was investigated for 16 weeks. Forty juvenile abalone averaging 13.5 g were randomly stocked into 21 of 50 L plastic rectangular containers each. Eight kinds of additives were prepared for this study: four commercially available microalgae [Haeatococcus (Hae), Isochrysis galbana (Iso), Shizochytrium (Sch) and Spirulina (Spi)], three crustacean meals [krill meal (KM), shrimp head meal (Shm) and red crab meal (Rcm)], and green tea by-product (Gre). In addition, dry sea tangle (Dst), Laminaria japonica, as a control, was prepared. Casein, dextrin and a mixture corn oil and fish oil was protein, carbohydrate and lipid sources, respectively, in the experimental diets. The 2% each additive was included into the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at the ratio of 1.5~2.0% total biomass of abalone with a little leftover throughout the 16-week feeding trial. Survival of abalone was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the experimental diets. However, weight gain of abalone fed the all experimental diets containing the various sources of additives was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the Dst diet. Weight gain of abalone fed the Spi diet was highest and Shi, KM and Iso diets in order. Shell length and the ratio of soft body weight to body weight of abalone was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the experimental diets. However, shell width of abalone fed the all experimental diets containing the various sources of additives was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the Dst diet. The shell color of abalone fed the Spi diet was improved the most distinctively and similar to that of natural abalone. Therefore, it can be concluded that the experimental diets with the various sources of additives (microalgae and crustacean meals) was effective to improve growth of abalone and dietary inclusion of Spirulina was most effective to improve shell color of abalone. Keywords: Abalone (Haliotis duscus hannai), Dietary additives, Microalgae, Crustacean meals, Shell color 2005 ù 2,062m 2005 q 326 m 0.7% e w, ƒe 920 q 3,140 29% w *Corresponding author: chosunh@hhu.ac.kr ùkù, ù q ù w e wš ƒ š (KNSO, 2005). zš w w w ƒ w (Uki et al., 1986a, 1986b; Mai et al., 1995a, 1995b; Lee and Park, 1998; Lee et al., 1998a, 1998b, 1998c; Lim and Lee, 2003). e ù w 275

2 276 y,, ½, x,, w (Uki et al., 1986a), e w eq 25%~35% 3%~7% ü š (Mai et al., 1995a, 1995b). ù ¾ qƒ t w w ƒ w { û sƒš. q w carotenoids q ƒ j w (Gomes et al., 2002; Choubert et al., 2006), Lim and Lee (2003) Spirulina Porphyra powder ƒw q ƒ ƒ w š šw. ƒw w (microalgae) q qš. p Isochrysis galbana q w (Rico-Villa et al, 2006; Tang et al., 2006), Spirulina yù ƒ y w z ƒ q (Chien and Shiau, 2005; Lu et al., 2006; Watanuki et al., 2006). š Haematococcus β-carotene vitamin Aƒ tw (Choubert and Heinrich, 1993; Choubert et al., 2006), gilthad seabream, Sparus aurata (Gomes et al., 2002) (Gouveia et al., 2003) (Chien and Shiau, 2005) z. w Shizochytrium š sy w q ƒù y ƒ (Wu et al., 2005). ƒ» ƒ ƒ œ ù ƒ z š (Fox et al., 1994; Kalinowski et al., 2005; Williams et al., 2005). ƒ ƒ ƒ w š ƒ. w ƒ ƒ» ƒ w, qƒ e w wš w. x eq m w x x ¼ z y 2 g.» 1 1z(17:00) 1.5% œ w L ƒx vp» w j» eq 40 ƒƒ w z, 50 L ƒx vp» m raceway (: 1.0m) w, ƒ raceway 120 L/min. Ÿ» Ÿ», w œ w ƒ raceway aeration g. x x 9 ƒ, ƒ x 3. casein 38% k y dextrin 30% 1:1 yww 5% ƒw» 8, 4 q microalgae [Haeatococccus (Hae), Isochrysis galbana (Iso), Shizochytrium (Sch) Spirulina (Spi)] 3 ƒ» ƒ [j(krill meal, KM), (Shrimp head meal, Shm) y (Red crab meal, Rcm)] (Gre) ƒƒ 2% ƒw x (Dried sea tangle, Laminaria japonica, Dst) œ w (Table 1). x ƒ yww z yw 100 g 100 g ƒwš yww z w 5% ye 40 ¼ ùp e ey g. ƒx(ƒ = 1 cm 1 cm) xk Ì 0.15 cm w z k z þ š(-25 C) w v o w. x» œ ƒ» (Total biomass) 1.5%~2.0% 1z(17:00) œ w š w w, û w w. x» y 12.0 o C~20.0 o C(Mean±SD; 15.7±2.10 o C) x» 16. qƒ x ƒ AOAC (1990) w, (N 6.25) Automatic analyzer, ether, 105 o C dry oven w d w, Automatic analyzer (Fibertec, Tecator) z 550 o C zy 4 k z w. x ƒ x 20 (ƒ 60 ) vw qƒ s w tt(f w, 1991) w w ƒ w 3ƒ dw w ƒ œ qƒ z w. m ƒ x d w ANOVA-test w Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1955) ƒ x s³ SAS version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) w.

3 w ƒƒ e w 277 Table 1. Ingredients (%) of the experimental diets Ingredients Experimental diets Hae Iso Shi Spi Gre KM Rcm Shm Dst Casein Dextrin Oil Sodium alginate Vitamin premix Mineral premix Haematococcus 7 2 Isochrysis galbana 8 2 Shizochytrium 9 2 Spirulina 10 2 Green tea 2 Krill meal 11 2 Red crab meal 12 2 Shrimp head meal 13 2 Dried sea tangle 100 Nutrients (%) Dry matter Crude protein Crude lipid Ash Casein was pruchased from Lactoprot Deutschland GmbH (Germany). 2 Dextrin was purchased from Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO, USA. 3 Oil: a mixture of corn oil and fish oil at the ratio of 1:1. 4 Sodium alginate was purchased from Sigma Chemical, USA. 5 Vitamin premix and 6 mineral premix were same as Lee et al. (1998b) 7 Haematococcus was purchased from Aquanet Co. Ltd. (Tongyeong city, Korea). 8 Isochrysis galbana was purchased from MyungSun Co. Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). 9 Shizochytrium was purchased from Chem Port Inc. (Daejeon, Korea). 10 Spirulina was purchased from Ewha Oil & Fat Industry Co. Ltd. (Busan, Korea). 11 Krill meal, 12 Red crab meal and 13 Shrimp head meal were supplied by Jeilfeed Co. Ltd. (Haman, Korea). š w ƒ sww x œ w 16 w, (%), ƒ(g/abalone), (cm), s(cm) w ƒ (the ratio of soft body weight to total body weight) Table 2 ùkü. 81.7%~93.3% ƒ. ù x ƒ œ w x (Dst) w ƒ ƒw x w ùkû(p<0.05). ƒ ƒw œ w x ƒ ƒ (P>0.05), Spirulina (Spi), Shizochytrium (Shi), j(km) Isochrysis (Iso) ƒw œ w x ƒ w ùkû. w w x Spirulina ƒw ƒ w (Lee et al., 1998b; Lim and Lee, 2003). ƒ Spirulina, Haematococcus ƒ(j, ) ü ƒw ù ƒ š š (Choubert and Heinrich, 1993; Fox et al., 1994; Gomes et al., 2002; Chien and Shiau, 2005; Kalinowski et al., 2005; Williams et al., 2005; Choubert et al., 2006). x w ƒ œ ƒ. ù s ƒ w œ w x (Dst) w x œ w x w ùkû(p<0.05). x ƒ, s y šw ƒƒ sw œ s w e q. e ù w w (Uki et al., 1986a)ƒ š» ƒ z ³» w e

4 278 y,, ½, x,, Table 2. Survival (%), weight gain (g/abalone), shell length (cm), shell width (cm), the ratio of soft body weight to body weight of abalone fed the experimental diets containing the various sources of additives for 16 weeks (Mean±SE) Diets Initial weight (g) Final weight (g) Survival (%) œ w. x w xƒ œ w x w w w yw. w Lee et al. (1998a) e,, œ w x ù œ w x w w š šw. Bautista-Teruel et al. (2003) (,, k Spirulina) yww 12 (tropical) (Haliotis asinina) œ w ƒƒ w, w yww w (herbivorous) w š w. j(km), (Shm) œ w x (Dst) w Spirulina (Spi) ƒw œ w x (Gre) w ùkûù(p<0.05), x w ƒ (Table 3). w Shizochytrium (Shi) ƒw x Haematococcus (Hae) œ w x (Dst) w ùkû, y (Rcm) (Gre) ƒw x œ w x (Dst) w Weight gain (g) Shell length (cm) Shell width (cm) Soft body weight/ body weight Hae 13.5± ±0.22 a 81.7± ±0.10 a 5.6± ±0.05 a 0.59±0.005 Iso 13.7± ±0.20 a 93.3± ±0.18 a 5.5± ±0.02 a 0.60±0.009 Shi 13.5± ±0.50 a 85.0± ±0.43 a 5.6± ±0.27 a 0.61±0.007 Spi 13.6± ±0.07 a 85.0± ±0.07 a 5.7± ±0.03 a 0.61±0.006 Gre 13.5± ±0.65 a 93.3± ±0.51 a 5.5± ±0.03 a 0.60±0.002 KM 13.6± ±0.60 a 83.3± ±0.40 a 5.5± ±0.06 a 0.61±0.005 Rcm 13.3± ±0.36 a 85.0± ±0.28 a 5.6± ±0.04 a 0.59±0.022 Shm 13.5± ±0.58 a 90.8± ±0.66 a 5.6± ±0.03 a 0.59±0.009 Dst 13.4± ±0.21 b 93.3± ±0.27 b 5.3± ±0.05 b 0.58±0.006 Values in the same column sharing a same superscript letter are not significantly different (P<0.05). ùkû(p<0.05). w x ƒ. ù z w (Dst) œ w x x œ w x w ùkûù(p<0.05), x œ w x. œ w x z w z w x w»w q (Table 1). w œ w ƒ j w (Mai et al., 1995a, 1995b; Lee and Park, 1998; Lee et al., 1998a, 1998b, 1998c), p ( ) œ w x z w x œ w x w ùk û(lee et al., 1998a). x qƒ z w Table 4 ùkü. qƒ y ù, Iso, Shi Shm œ qƒ y ƒ ƒ, ù(hae, Gre, KM Rem) œ y ƒ ƒ ùkû, (Dst) œ y ƒ ƒ ùkû. ù Spi œ y( Table 3. Chemical composition (%) of the soft body of abalone fed the experimental diets containing the various sources of additives for 16 weeks (Mean±SE) Diets Moisture Crude protein Crude lipid Ash Hae 80.1±0.56 ab 14.4±0.36 bc0 0.7± ±0.05 b Iso 79.4±0.49 ab 15.6±0.56 abc 0.7± ±0.07 b Shi 79.7±0.13 ab 16.1±0.50 a00 0.8± ±0.08 b Spi 78.5±0.78 b0 15.6±0.37 abc 0.9± ±0.05 b Gre 78.6±0.25 b0 15.8±0.47 ab0 0.7± ±0.04 b KM 80.6±0.29 a0 14.7±0.32 abc 0.7± ±0.08 b Rcm 79.1±0.10 ab 16.1±0.53 ab 0.8± ±0.03 b Shm 80.5±0.32 a0 15.2±0.39 abc 0.8± ±0.03 b Dst 80.8±1.03 a0 14.1±0.88 c00 0.6± ±0.12 a Values in the same column sharing a same superscript letter are not significantly different (P<0.05).

5 w ƒƒ e w 279 Table 4. The hue of shell of abalone fed the experimental diets containing the various sources of additives for 16 weeks Abalone Most abundant color of shell Frequency Natural 7.5YR-10YR 1 5 Hae 2.5GY 2-10Y 3 5GY-2.5GY 10Y-7.5Y Iso 5GY-2.5GY 2.5GY-10Y 7.5GY-5GY Shi 5GY-2.5GY 2.5GY-10Y 7.5GY-5GY Spi 7.5YR-5YR 10YR-7.5YR 2.5Y-10YR Gre 2.5GY-10Y 5GY-2.5GY 10Y-7.5Y KM 2.5GY-10Y 5GY-2.5GY 10Y-7.5Y Rcm 2.5GY-10Y 5GY-2.5GY 7.5GY-5GY Shm 5GY-2.5GY 7.5GY-5GY 2.5GY-10Y Dst 2.5GY-10Y 5GY-2.5GY 10Y-7.5Y YR 1 ; yellow red-orange; GY 2 ; green-yellow; Y 3 ; yellow. ) ƒ ƒ ùkù x ƒ w. w Lim and Lee. (2003) ƒ ƒ ü Spirulina ƒw ƒ qƒ w š šw, sw phycoerythrinù phycocyanin ƒ qƒ y j w eš w. qƒ w š x šw qƒ w wš ƒ w w. šw x w ƒ œ w z ƒ w, microalgae Spirulina Shizochytrium ƒ ƒ krill meal z, qƒ z Spirulina ƒ ƒ w. e p yw ky w w w microalgae (Haeatococccus, Isochrysis galbana, Shizochytrium) ƒ» ƒ(krill meal, shrimp head meal, red crab meal) ƒƒ 2% ƒw x w 16 œ w. š œ w x. x ƒ ù, ƒ ƒw x ƒ œ w x w w. ƒ Spirulina, Shizochytrium Isochrysis w. w ƒ ƒ. ù s œ w x w ƒ ƒw x w ùkû. qƒ z Spirulina ƒ ƒ w. x ü w microalge ƒ» ƒ z g, ü Spirulina ƒ qƒ ƒ z. 2005» wf w. šx AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Virginia, USA. Bautista-Teruel, M. N., A. C. Fermin and S. S. Koshio, Diet development and evaluation for juvenile abalone, Haliotis asinina: animal and plant protein sources. Aquaculture, 219, Chien, Y. and W. Shiau, The effects of dietary supplementation of algae and synthetic astaxanthin on body astaxanthin, survival, growth, and low dissolved oxygen stress resistance of kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus Bate. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 318, Choubert, G. and O. Heinrich, Caroteonoid pigments of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis: assay on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, pigmentation in comparison with synthetic astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Aquaculture, 112, Choubert, G., M. M. Mendes-Pinto and R. Morais, Pigmentation efficacy of astaxanthin fed to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: Effect of dietary astaxanthin and lipid sources. Aquaculture, 257, Duncan, D. B., Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11, 1 42.

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