②국문-김태호-OK

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승철 봉
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1 Rates and Processes of Bare Patch Denudation in the Subalpine Grassland of Mt. Halla* Taeho Kim** 1 710m 1 600m cm mm 19 6mm 131mm 0mm Abstract Rates and processes of bare patch denudation were observed at Janggumokoreum(1,710m) and Minoruem(1,600m) in order to clarify some characteristics of turf exfoliation in the subalpine grassland of Mt. Halla. The bare patches have marginal terrace fronts with a maximum height of 85 cm. The terrace risers usually develop an overhanging edge 2 to 38 cm long that eventually hangs down and protects the riser beneath. The patches are largely covered with angular pebbles and cobbles. The mean rate of riser retreat for the period is 39.2 mm, equivalent to 19.6 mm/yr. However, there is a disparity of the rate of riser retreat at individual sites. The maximum rate is 131 mm measured at Janggumokoreum patch while the minimum rate is 0 mm at Minoreum patch. The rate of riser retreat also varies with seasons. The thawing season of April exhibits a maximum rate of retreat. The freezing season of October and November and the rainy season of June and July show relatively high rates of retreat. Several processes such as frost action, aeolian deflation, rainwash, rainsplash and fauna activity cause the denudation of bare patches. In particular, the needle ice action which is combined with rainwash or deflation plays a primary role in turf exfoliation due to the diurnal freeze-thaw cycles occurred over 100 days, melted snow and strong wind in the subalpine zone of Mt. Halla. Rainwash is also an important contributing process in the rainy season because Mt. Halla Associate Professor, Department of Geography Education, Cheju National University kimtaeho@cheju.ac.kr 657

2 has the highest precipitation in Korea. By contrast, rainsplash erosion has a minor effect on the bare patch denudation due to the overhanging edge of terrace risers. Recent increase in roe deer appears to be responsible for turf destruction. : turf exfoliation, frost action, deflation, rainwash, roe deer, riser retreat, subalpine grassland, Mt. Halla turf exfoliation Pérez 1992 deflation Sapper 1915 King 1971 Hastenrath and Wilkinson 1973 Troll Pérez Rost 1999 Grab m a 600m 70 5% a 9 2% cinder cone b 658

1,710m 1,600m 7 1990 970m 9 7 1 400m 7 3 4 1 1 3 711 3 5 4 2 11 4 2000 3 356 5mm 8 9 631 0mm 443 5mm 7 575 5mm 100mm 11 1 1991 1985 1985 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3 1,710m 1,600m m m mm mm 443 5mm mm 100mm mm

4 Sasa quelpaertensis 1 710m 1 600m 1 40cm 5mm 30cm cm m 1 600m m 50m cm 660

5 70cm 4 solifluction lobe 67m 52m 5 15cm terracette 1m m 12m cm cm Festuca ovina) Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum cm 661

6 2 38cm 70cm 40cm 1 6m 1 5m mm 33 3mm 39 2mm 19 6mm mm 4 662

7 131mm 4mm 88 5mm 0mm mm mm mm mm mm mm 40cm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm 1 1mm 5 1mm 8 9 Sapper 1915 Kim m

8 1 710m 1 600m King 1971 Hastenrath and Wilkinson 1973 Pérez 1992 Grab

8 8 King 1971 Troll 1973 1915 Arnalds 2000

2 8 1 810m 7 16 7214 19 34 2000c rainsplash

9 8 8 King 1971 Troll Arnalds Pérez m 60cm m c rainsplash erosion mm 7 9 1cm

38cm 4 11 rainwash sheet flow rill flow 1999 12 11

1994 Rost 1999 1988 1980 0 138 ha 1 600m 0 38 ha 2001

10 38cm 4 11 rainwash sheet flow rill flow Hastenrath and Wilkinson 1973 Pérez 1992 Watanabe 1994 Rost ha 1 600m 0 38 ha cm 10cm 5 12cm 13 Grab

11 cm

12 m 1 710m 1 600m cm 2 38cm mm 33 3mm 39 2mm 19 6mm 131mm 0mm

13 a 2000b 2000c Arnalds, O., 2000, The Icelandic rofabard soil erosion features, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25, Grab, S. W., 2002, Turf exfoliation in the High Drakensberg, southern Africa, Geografiska Annaler, 84A, Hastenrath, S. and Wilkinson, J., 1973, A contribution to the periglacial morphology of Lesotho, southern Africa, Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 22, Kim, D. J., 1967, Die dreidimensionale Verteilung der Strukturboden auf Island in ihrerklimatichen Abhangigkeit, Diss. Bonn, Math. Nat. Fak., 227S. King, R. B., 1971, Vegetation destruction in the sub-alpine and alpine zones of the Cairngorm Mountains, Scottish Geographical Magazine, 87, Pérez, F. L., 1992, Processes of turf exfoliation(rasenabschalung) in the high Venezuelan Andes, Zeit fur Geomorphologie, N.F., Suppl. Bd., 36, Rost, K. T., 1999, Observations on deforestation and alpine turf destruction in the central Wutai Mountains, Shanxi Province, China, Mountain Research and Development, 19, Sapper, K., 1915, Rasenabschalung, Geographische Zeitschrift, 21, Troll, C., 1973, Rasenabschalung(Turf Exfoliation) als periglaziales Phanomen der subpolaren Zonen und der Hochgebirge, Zeit fur Geomorphologie, N.F., Suppl. Bd., 17, Watanabe, T., 1994, Soil erosion on yak-grazing steps in the Langtang Himal, Nepal, Mountain Research and Development, 14, kimtaeho@cheju.ac.kr Correspondence Taeho Kim, Department of Geography Education, Cheju National University, Jejudaehak-Road, Jeju , Korea ( kimtaeho@cheju.ac.kr, phone ) 669

433대지03김태호

433대지03김태호 Rates and Factors of Path Widening in Seongpanak Hiking Trail of Mount Halla, Jeju Island* Taeho Kim** 875 1 400m 32 2002 10 2008 4 50 6mm 10 0mm/yr 2006 2003 18 0mm/yr 7 6mm/yr 19 3mm/yr 4 3mm/yr 5 9mm/yr