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1 w» wz, 7«4y(2005) Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 7, No. 4, (2005), pp. 265~273 skÿ m yw w» 1 Á 2 Á x 3 Á½ 4 1 w y w, 2 œ œ, 3 w w, 4 w w ( ; ) Chemical Properties and Heavy Metal Content of Forest Soils around Abandoned Coal Mine Lands in the Mungyeong Area Jae-Gee Min 1, Eun-Hee Park 2,GHyun-Shik Moon 3 and Jong-Kab Kim 4 1 Department of Forest Resources and Environment, Sangju National University, Sangju , Korea 2 Korea National Park Service, Tongyeong , Korea 3 Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju , Korea 4 Division of Forest Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju , Korea (Received November 1, 2005; Accepted December 6, 2005) ABSTRACT Chemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of forest soils of four abandoned coal mine lands affected by coal mining activities in the Mungyeong area were investigated to provide basic information for revegetation of abandoned coal mine lands. Soil ph in abandoned coal mine lands ranged from 5.30 to 6.76 it in the control site was Contents of organic matter and total N in abandoned coal mine lands were 4.46~7.19% and 0.07~0.15%, respectively. Available P contents were 6.54 for A (Samchang), 6.52 for B (Bongmyeong), 3.94 for C (Kabjung), 5.45 mg/kg for D (Danbong coal mine land) and 5.25 mg/kg for the control site, which had a positive correlation with soil ph. Contents of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na in abandoned coal mile lands averaged 196.1, 88.7, 88.2 and 10.2 cmol + /kg, with a range of 132.1~242.1, 24.2~ ~120.8 and 8~12.2 cmol + /kg, respectively. Those of the control site were 192.8, 95.8, 104 and 21.2 cmol + /kg, respectively. Heavy metals such as Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn of forest soil in abandoned coal mine lands have a larger content than those of the control site. Al, Mn and Pb content was especially high in abandoned coal mine lands. The Al content of forest soil in abandoned coal mine lands ranged from 397 to 917 ppm, which was considered to be high enough to inhibit tree growth. Therefore, it is suggested that soils of abandoned coal mine lands contaminated by mining activities need to be properly treated for remediation of environmental problems. Key words : Abandoned coal mine, Forest soil, Heavy metal, Soil chemical properties I. m k ƒ w w wš, w y y w w xk Á š, mw,», m sww y g. m j w, ƒ ƒw k z sÿ Ÿ, w Ÿ w e e k w Corresponding Author : H. S. Moon (hsmoon@gsnu.ac.kr)

2 266 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 7, No. 4 Ÿ, s, Ÿ s w m jš. skÿ xy š w w Ÿ s m, w, w jš, s Ÿ Ÿ e š s» m yy y «y š (Alloway, 1990). x ü 900 Ÿ, 380 kÿ 1,200 Ÿ sww 2,500 jš Ÿ, 80%ƒ {Ÿ sÿ Ÿ Ÿ {/sÿ z w y k w m w ƒ š. p s Ÿ Ÿ ù ŸÁ Ÿ y w Ÿ s» (s, Ÿ, Ÿ Ÿ, Ÿ s ) Ÿ e, m k ù t w w w ù Ÿ w y š. m š w ª w ƒw»w (Jung, 1996; Kim and Chon, 1993; Park et al., 1995). w, m w wƒ wš s Ÿ» y w. Kelly(1988) Ÿ e s Ÿ Ÿ yw ty, w sww y y, ¾ ww w e š šw. w s ü w yÿ (y ) yw ty mw y ù w w, m y y»w (Cidu et al., 1997; Jung and Thornton, 1997). y w,»,, û wš 32 s Ÿ m k w ù, Ÿ ù s e w š, l xy, m» e, š ƒ. s e š skÿ m p w š skÿ mw w y w ƒ š (Kim et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2000; Lee et al., 2002; Min et al., 2004), k Ÿ y w skÿ w m yw p ù w (Min et al., 1997; Kim et al., 1998). skÿ» m s w m w š w m» w ûš z ƒ w w y š, k wù m p q w w š w. skÿ w» œwš ew 4 skÿ m yw p xy w šw. II y 4 skÿ (,,, kÿ) skÿ w w (Fig. 1). skÿ l 3 km, ù ƒ ù, ù, ù ù ƒ yz œ w. y, {/sÿ m, k w, sƒ Ÿ w Ÿw š, m w w. k û ù ewš û z e p x y r ƒ. kÿ ù (Betula platyphylla var. japonica), kÿ ¾ ù (Robinia pseudoacacia), ù (Alnus hirsuta), kÿ kÿ ¾ ù

3 Min et al.: Chemical Properties and Heavy Metal Content of Fig. 1. Location map of the survey area in Mungyeong (A: Samchang, B: Bongmyeong, C: Kabjung, D: Danbong coal mine and E: Control). Table 1. Site description of the investigated site Site Altitude(m) Aspect Topography Slope ( o ) Soil depth Samchang(A) 210 SW piedmont 25 shallow Bongmyeong(B) 250 SW piedmont 29 shallow Kabjung(C) 320 WN piedmont 27 medium Planted species Betula platyphylla var. japonica Robinia pseudoacacia, Alnus hirsuta R. pseudoacacia. A. hirsuta, Pinus rigida, P. koraiensis Planted year Danbong(D) 280 WN piedmont 31 medium R. pseudoacacia. A. hirsuta, Pinus rigida, P. koraiensis 1991 Control(E) 220 SW piedmont 26 medium , ù,» ù (Pinus rigida), ù (P. koraiensis)ƒ s³» 6.7 o C, 1,401 mm ùkû, y Table m kÿ, k Ÿ, kÿ, kÿ skÿ ù d w z 0~10 cm ¾ tm ƒ 7 w t z 20 mesh e z w. m yw w w m ph ph meter,» w Tyurin, z (available P 2 O 5 ) Lancaster, H 2 SO 4 w z Kjeldahl w. ey (Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K +, Na ) + 1N ammonium acetate(ph 7.0) e w. ƒ 7 m w m w 0.1N HCl e w 10 (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) w v Ÿ (Atomscan25, USA) d w. III. š 3.1. skÿ m yw sÿ kÿ, kÿ, kÿ, kÿ tm w m yw w r (Fig. 2), m ph, kÿ(a) 6.76, kÿ(b) 6.16, kÿ(c) 5.30, kÿ(d) 5.63 š (E) 5.23 ùkû. sÿ m y ùkû. Kim et al.(1999) w 16 {ÁsŸ w m

4 268 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 7, No. 4 Fig. 2. Soil ph and contents of organic matter, total N and available P 2 O 5 from the abandoned coal mine lands in Mungyeong. yw p phƒ y e ùkü 9 š šw, Ok et al.(2003)» Ÿ wš Ÿ w m ph 7.5~8.3 ùkü š šw. sÿ m phƒ m ph ùkû, m y w w w w q, m w z ³ ƒ».» w A 7.19, B 6.81, C 4.52, D 4.46%, š D 5.77%» w wš ùkù ù m s³» w 4.49%(Jeong et al., 2002) w ù. Kim et al.(1999) 19 {ÁsŸ m» w 0.29~11.51% ƒ w, 8%» w ùkü k w» w Ÿ šw. p A B m» w ùkù k y w» w s l»k ƒ w. m w skÿ 0.20% û 0.07~0.15% ùkü. skÿ ù m s³ w 0.19%(Jeong et al., 2002) û. w k,, x, kÿ 0.18~0.27%(Min et al., 2004), wkÿ 0.17% kÿ 0.27%(Min, 2004) û ùkû. m w w Tilman(1987) m w ƒ g p w ƒ ƒw š šw, Aber et al.(1989) m w kƒ wš ƒ nw ƒ š šw. 0.20% w w ùkü m w w vw q. z w C ( kÿ) 3.94 mg/kg ƒ û ùkû ù 5.25~6.54 mg/kg. m z w m ph w ƒ phƒ û y w z w û š ( x, 1994). skÿ m ph z r=0.83(p<0.01) ùkü z w m ph w ƒ w ew ùkû. k Ÿ z sÿ m s³ z w 1.19~20.83 mg/kg(kim et al., 1999) ü ùkû ù, Lee

5 Min et al.: Chemical Properties and Heavy Metal Content of Fig. 3. Contents of exchangeable cation of soil from the abandoned coal mine lands in Mungyeong. Table 2. Heavy metal contents of forest soil in investigated sites Site* A B C D E Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn ppm (45.2) (29.8) (56.7) (42.5) (31.9) 2.20 (0.38) 2.28 (0.45) 1.25 (0.29) 1.83 (0.61) 1.25 (0.57) 0.19 (0.05) 0.19 (0.02) 0.16 (0.06) 0.14 (0.04) 0.10 (0.02) 0.11 (0.02) 0.14 (0.02) 0.18 (0.04) 0.25 (0.03) 0.10 (0.01) *Refer to Table 1 for A, B, C, D and E of locations 7.9 (0.59) 18.4 (1.42) 16.6 (1.29) 19.6 (2.41) 6.3 (1.31) (4.19) (3.46) (3.57) (3.59) (3.14) (4.51) (6.82) (5.94) (3.27) (2.59) 0.96 (0.16) 2.01 (0.24) 0.41 (0.13) 0.39 (0.08) 0.24 (0.04) 7.16 (1.53) 7.84 (2.21) 4.68 (1.30) 6.84 (0.89) 2.82 (0.46) 9.92 (1.67) 4.69 (1.14) 1.98 (0.31) 2.93 (0.59) 1.50 (0.48) (1981) w z w ƒ j š ew ùk û. w skÿ m ü z w j ƒ Finkelman (1981) k Pƒ w w skÿ w š ew ùkû. z w ƒ m ph w ƒ š ey (Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K +, Na ) 2+ + r (Fig. 3), Ca C cmol /kg ƒ + û, A 229 cmol /kg ƒ w + ùkü. m Ca w k sk 2+ Ÿ 370.6~388.7 cmol + /kg(min et al., 2004) w û w ùkü. m ph Ca w 2+ r=0.76(p<0.01) ƒ w ùkû. ey + w A B Ca 2+ >Mg 2+ >K + >Na ùkù m ey w Ca 2+ >Mg 2+ >K + >Na w + š(ª, 1989) ew ùkû ù, C, D, E + K Mg w ùkù 2+ m w ew skÿ m w skÿ m w

6 270 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 7, No. 4 Table 2 ùkü. x ù m» Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, Cr, Hg w w š Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn ƒ w. m Al skÿ 397.3~916.5 ppm ƒ j ùkû, ppm d. w m phƒ û C( kÿ) E( ) m Al w m ü w Al w m yƒ w ƒw š(lindsay, 1979) ew w. Ilvesniemi(1992) Thornton et (1989) w Al w m ü ƒ Al ƒ w ƒ ù, w w Al ƒ û Al ùkù š šw, m phƒ û ƒ Al w ƒw w g ƒ w w (Hutchinson et al. 1986). p Al Ca Mg w» w j w j ƒ ƒ w š (Stienen and Bauch, 1988), z m Al w ƒ v w. Cd w D 0.10 ppm ù skÿ 0.14~0.19 ppm. skÿ Cd w m Cd w 0.35 ppm Bowen(1979) š m m 1ppm w Cd w w š (Alloway, 1990) û ùkù skÿ Cd q. w s Ÿ Cd w 0.8 ppm( zk, 1997) û. Cu w ƒ 6.3~19.6 ppm ü. Cu w Min et al.(1997) û skÿ w m Cu w 21 ppm š û e ùkü. w, m Cu w 30 ppm(bowen, 1979) Ÿ al. m Cu w 26.4 ppm(jung, 1999) û, Cu yw d ƒ û w» l m w q. Fe w E 23.9 ppm, sk Ÿ A~D 39.2~49.1 ppm skÿ m Fe w ùkû. Fe w Ok et al.(2003) s Ÿ w w Fe w 140 ppm, 30.6 ppm s³ 91.5 ppm š û w ùk ü. Mn w E ppm, s kÿ 29.1~99.9 ppm ùkù œ (shales) w m Mn w 7.97`45 ppm(lee et al., 2004) w ù s Ÿ Mn w 56.1~95.1 ppm(ok et al., 2003) w ùkû. Mn Mg» m ü w Mg w j (Duncan et al., 1991), w j ƒ w š» (Alva and Edwards, 1990; Ohno et al., 1988) Mn w Mg w x w. Ni Pb w ƒƒ 0.24(E)~2.01 ppm(b), 2.82(E)~7.84 ppm(b). Ni w û skÿ 44 ppm(min et al., 1997) s Ÿ 1.80 ppm(ok et al., 2003) û. Zn w E 1.50 ppm, skÿ 1.98~9.92 ppm ƒ j ùkû. Kim et al.(1999) Min et al.(1997) skÿ m Zn w ƒƒ 4.50~344.4 ppm, 81 ppm š w m Zn w û. w w xk w w w š š (Yoo et al., 1985; Lim et al., 1991). w de Matos et al.(2000) m ü m y w w Cd Zn w m ü Ca w š Cu Pb w CEC» w w ƒ š šw, Martinez and Motto(2000) m ph m ü w

7 Min et al.: Chemical Properties and Heavy Metal Content of z w ƒ j š šw. m phƒ w û C m w ù w w ùkù C w z ƒ xk w w e. m xk s p m w, w m ph,» w, yy œ (Lim et al., 1991). x ù m» As, Cd, Cu, Pb w m y m» As 6, Cd 1.5, Cu 50, Pb 100 mg/kg w, w w w ù skÿ m w ùkû. m w 0.1N HCl e» m kù w z ùkü. m w yw xk wš k w ƒ» ùkù skÿ m y w ywš w m kù z ƒ w m y w ü w w ƒ w w. w skÿ w ¾ m w vw w m yw p y n w q. skÿ m w m vw w vw ù kù q ù w s kÿ m ü w ùkù wz w m e vw w w. IV. skÿ w» œwš ew skÿ 4 Ÿ m yw p xy w šw. skÿ m ph 5.30~6.76, m ph skÿ m» w ƒƒ 4.46~7.19%, 0.07~0.15%. s³ z w kÿ 6.54, kÿ 6.52, kÿ 3.94, kÿ 5.45 š 5.25 mg/kg m ph ƒ ùkû. skÿ ey s³ w Ca 196.1, Mg 88.7, K 88.2 š Na 10.2 cmol /kg ùk + û, Ca 132.1~242.1, Mg 24.2~138.6, K 64.9~120.8 š Na 8~12.2 cmol /kg +. Ca, Mg, K, Na s³ w ƒƒ 192.8, 95.8, 104 and 21.2 cmol + /kg. skÿ m (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) w m. p, Al, Mn š Pb w w skÿ ƒ ùkû. skÿ m Al w 397~917 ppm ùkù w e. k y w skÿ w y yw» w m w w ƒ v w. x x,,, ½,, 1994: m w. w, 325pp. ª, 1989: Š ª., 399pp. zk,,, 1997: ü w Ÿ y p. z n», Aber, J. D., K. J. Nadelhoffer, P. Steudler, and J. M. Melillo, 1989: Nitrogen saturation in northern forest ecosystems. BioScience 39,

8 272 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 7, No. 4 Alloway, B. J., 1990: Heavy metals in soils. Blackie and Son. Glasgow., 350pp. Alva, A. K. and D. G. Edwards, 1990: Response of lupin cultivates to concentration of calcium and activity of aluminum in dilute nutrient solutions. Journal of Plant Nutrition 13, Bowen, H. J. M., 1979: Environmental chemistry of the elements. Academic Press, New York, 333pp. Cidu, R., R. Caboi, L. Fanfani, and F. Frau, 1997: Acid drainage from sulfides hosting gold mineralization. Environmental Geology 30, de Matos, A. T., M. P. F. Fontes, L. M. da Costa, and M. A. Martinez, 2000: Mobility of heavy metals as related to soil chemical and mineralogical characteristics of Brazilian soils. Environmental Pollution 111, Duncan, R. R., R. E, Wilkinson, L.M. Shuman, and E. L. Ramseur, 1991: Acid soil tolerance mechanisms juvenile stage sorghum(sorghum bicolor). In Plant-soil interactions at low ph. Kluwer Academic, Netherlands., Finkelman, R. B., 1981: models of occurrence of trace elements in coal, US Geology Survey Open-file Rep , 312pp. Hutchinson, T. C., L. Bozic, and G. Munoz-Vega, 1986: Response of five species of conifer seedlings to aluminum stress. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 31, Ilvesniemi, H., The combined effect of mineral nutrition and soluble aluminum on Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management 51, Jeong, J. H., K. S. Koo, C. H. Lee, and C. S. Kim, 2002: Physico-chemical properties of Korean forest soils by regions. Journal of Korean Forest Society 91, Jung, M. C., 1996: Cadmium, Cu, Pb and Zn contamination of stream sediments and waters in a stream around the Dalsung Cu-W mine, Korea. Economic and Environmental Geology 29, Jung, M. C., 1999: Investigation on soil contamination and its remediation system in the vicinity of abandoned Au- Ag mine in Korea. Economic and Environmental Geology 32(1), Jung, M. C., and J. Thornton, 1997: Environmental contamination and seasonal variation of metals in soils, plants and waters in the paddy fields around a Pb-Zn mine in Korea. The Science of the Total Environment 198, Kelly, M Mining and the freshwater environment. Elsevier Science Pub. London, 231pp. Kim, B. H., K. H. Kim, H. J. Kim, and D. H. Kim, 2000: Plant community survey and analysis for restoration of vegetation in coal-mined spoil lands -A case study of Hamtae coalmines spoil lands in Taebaek city, Kangwondo-. Journal of the Korea Society for Environmental Restoration and Revegetation Technology 3, Kim, H. J., B. H. Kim, and D. H. Kim, 2000: Research for development of restoration and revegetation technology in the abandoned coal-mine lands. Journal of the Korea Society for Environmental Restoration and Revegetation Technology 3, Kim, M. H., S. H. Song, E. S. Min, I. S. Jang. 1998: Alkali and metal element concentration in soil and plant from Daesung coal mine in Keumsan, Chungnam. Korean Journal of Ecology 21(5), Kim, S. H., and H. T. Chon, 1993: Contamination of heavy metals in soil in the vicinity of the Samboo Pb-Zn-Barite mine. The Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering 30, Kim, J. G., S. K. Lim, S. H. Lee, C. H. Lee, and C. Y. Jeong, 1999: Evaluation of heavy metal pollution and plant survey around inactive and abandoned mining areas for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 18(1): Lee, J. C., S. H. Han, S. S. Jang, J. H. Lee, P. K. Kim, J. S. Hur, and K. J. Yum, 2002: Selection of indigenous tree species for the revegetation of the abandoned coal mine lands in Taebaek area. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 4, Lee, S. W., 1981: Studies on forest soils in Korea( ±). Journal of Korean Forest Society 54, Lee, W. Y., J. E. Yang, C. J. Park, Y. S. Zhang, and Y. S. Kim, 2004: Characteristics of soil solution extracted from forest soils adjacent to heavy industrial complexes. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 37(3), Lim, S. K., Y. J. Lee and H. J. Choi, 1991: Effects of soil solution ph on adsorption and desorption of Cd, Cu and Zn by soils. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 10(2), Lindsay, W. L., 1979: Chemical equilibria in soils. Wiley- Interscience, New York., 420pp. Martinez, C. E. and H. L. Motto, 2002: Solubility of lead, zinc and copper added to mineral soils. Environmental Pollution 107, Min E. S., M. H. Kim, and S. H. Song, 1997: Physiochemical characteristics of soil, stream sediment and soil water contaminated by the abandoned coal mine in Keumsan, Chungnam. Journal of Korean Forest Society 86(3), Min, J. G., 2004: A study on changes of vegetation, soil and leachate in the abandoned coal mine areas. Ph. D. Dissertation, Gyeongsang National University, 91pp. Min, J. G., J. H. Lee, S. Y. Woo, J. K. Kim, and H. S. Moon, 2004: Vegetation structure of some abandoned coal mine lands in Taebaek area, Gangwon Province. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 6(4), Ohno, J., E. L, Sucoff, M. S, Erich, P. R, Bloom, C. A. Buschena, and R. K. Dixon, 1988: Growth and nutrient

9 Min et al.: Chemical Properties and Heavy Metal Content of content of red spruce seedlings in soil amended with aluminum. Journal of Environmental Quality 17, Ok, Y. S., S. H. Kim, D. Y. Kim, H. N. Lee, S. K. Lee, and J. G. Kim, 2003: Feasibility of phytoremediation for metal-contaminated abandoned mining area. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 36(5), Park, C. Y., Y. S. Park, and Y. J. Jeong, 1995: Contamination of heavy metals in soil in the Kwangyang mine area. The Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering 32, Stienen, H., and J. Bauch, 1988: Element content in tissue of spruce seedlings from hydroponic cultures simulating acidification and deacidification. Plant Soil 106, Thornton, F. E., M. Schaedle, and D. J. Raynal, 1989: Tolerance of red oak and American and European beech seedlings to aluminum. Journal of Environmental Quality 18, Tilman, D., 1987: Secondary succession and the pattern of plant dominance along experi- mental nitrogen gradients. Ecological Monographs 57, Yoo, S. H., K. H. Kim, H. N. Hyun, 1985: Sequential extraction of cadmium, zinc, copper and lead in soils near zinc-mining sites. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 3(2),

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