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1 Printed in the Republic of Korea "/"-:5*$"- 4$*&/$& 5&$)/0-0(: Vol. 25, No. 6, , Characteristics of heavy metals's exposure from playground flooring Yoon A Cho,G Woo Il Kim, Sun Kyoung Shin, Young Yeul Kang, Min Sun Kim, Seong Kyoung Jeong, Jin Mo Yeon, Na Jin and Ji Young Lee Resource Recirculation Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research Environmental Research Complex Kyungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon , Korea (Received August 7, 2012; Revised October 30, 2012; Accepted November 27, 2012) ll p Á½ Á Á Á½Á ÁÁ½ ùá y w y Abstract: The increasing use of recycling products results in the need for assessing the risk to human health. In this study heavy metals's contents of playground flooring were compared with rubber powder which is row material. And it is reviewed characteristics of heavy metals's exposure from absorption of skin, checking amount of dermal uptake for each heavy metal. Despite its high content, Zn had a very low migration rate with 0.1 mg/cm 2. This indicates that Zn is not easily released by surface contact. However, the contents of Fe and Al in flooring were 12 times higher than that of Zn and Fe, and Al showed migration rate 5 times higher than that of Zn. This implies that Fe and Al were derived from pigment in flooring. The measurement of dermal exposure to heavy metals at 6 playgrounds found higher level of exposure in Ba than in other heavy metals. It is assumed that despite high content of Zn, Ba had a higher exposure rate because five times as much Ba as Zn was darmal absorptionactor (AF darmal ). : y t ƒw w w sƒƒ vw. y t y š w l w š w w. w ƒƒ v yw v p r. w w 0.1 mg/cm 2 û t ù ùkü. ù, w 12 ùkûš, 5 ùkû.»w w. l 6 v w w, Ba k w. Zn w wš Ba Ba v Zn w 5» q. Key words: recycling, assessing, exposure, playground flooring, rubber powder Corresponding author Phone : +82-(0) Fax : +82-(0) woo1r@korea.kr 416

2 Characteristics of heavy metals's exposure from playground flooring 417 x w yt š sw skƒ t š, l, t šp, šm, y. w w w t y z š š, s» y w z, y t w y ƒ»š. ü w» y š l w ƒ ù, 1 w w sƒ w ¾ w. ù ATSDR w v w» w,» ƒƒ w sƒƒ vw. w v d(in vitro)wš Health Canada ƒ v w w v mw p rš w. Fig. 1. Sampling equipment (CPSC staff). Fig. 1. w ü w KS M 6956 y š w d w w g PTFE» š, 7 ml HNO 3, 1.5 ml 50% HBF 4, 1.5 ml H 2 O 2, 1 ml ƒw z, PTFE» swš j w e w ww.» þƒk z w 25 ml vj»š, x x l l œ ƒx qxk w q» š w. l 6 œ w w, š 9 16 t w. š ƒ w, þƒw w. d w v tz (CPSC Staff analysis and assessment of synthetic Turf Grass Blades ) šw e 2»p k w e(1.3 kg Disk, 323 cm 2 sampling surface area) Ghost wipe (ASTM E-1792) 3 w CPSC Staff wipe sampling t w. e ³ Fig. 2. Heavy metals analysis method. Vol. 25, No. 6, 2012

3 418 Yoon A Cho et al. Table 1.G ICP-OES heavy metals analysis condition ICP-OES condition Items Conditions Model HORIBA JOBIN YVON US/ULTIMA 2 Forward power 1200W Plasma gas flow 15 L/min Auxiliary flow 0.5 L/min Nebulizer Glass Concentric type 0.8 L/min Sheath gas flow 1.5 L/min Pump rate 20 rpm ¾ w z x w (Fig. 2). x ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer) w. ICP-OES HORIBAJOBIN YVON, Ultima2, Table 1. v v SW-846 method 3051 and 3052 xw US EPA vp z 2 w w. 5 10% HNO 3 30 ml wipeƒ» nwš 95 Hotblock 1 ƒ w z, 5 š 100 ml vj z (wipe) ü.» vj wš w z, 10% HNO 3 20 ml w z 100 ml w x w(fig. 2). x ICP-OES w. ICP-AES HORIBAJOBIN YVON, Ultima2, Table 1. š š ü w š ü w Zn 18,416 mg/kg, Cr 6.8 mg/kg, Ba 23 mg/kg, Pb 25 mg/kg, Mn 9.3 mg/ kg, Cu 82 mg/kg ùkû, Zn 16,243 mg/kg, Cr 4 mg/kg, Ba 60 mg/kg, Pb 15 mg/ kg, Mn 10 mg/kg, Cu 110 mg/kgs. Fe Al wš w. Fe, š 707 mg/ kgš 8,895 mg/kg 12.6 ùkû, Al, š 780 mg/kg š 8,674 mg/kg 11.1 e ùkû(fig. 3). wr w Fig. 3. Playground flooring/ruber powder contents (mg/kg). š w B. Bocca 6 ùkù Zn 10,229 mg/kg, Cr 6.2 mg/kg, Ba 22 mg/kg, Pb 22 mg/kg, Fe 305 mg/kg, Al 755 mg/kg w w ùkûù e š. Lim 1 w ƒ ù w eƒ, w eƒ q. w w v r, Zn wš w ùkü. Zn w w w 0.1 mg/cm 2 û ùkû. w x Zn w l ù» q. wr w š 12 Fe Al Zn w w ùkû(fig. 4). Fe Al t ú»w.» w w» w w» w» w» ƒw,» š šw. 1 v w sƒ l 6 v w wsƒ ƒ 9 šw w. v w e Analytical Science & Technology

4 Characteristics of heavy metals's exposure from playground flooring 419 Fig. 4. Relation of playground flooring contents and migration through the skin. web-site y w, 6-7 w.» y t sƒ š w, v eù w sƒš w w. 7,8 v ssw t v w, m w w v w. Fe, Mn, Al v ƒ w. v w sƒ w»w (1) š w. ADD = M S ET ABs BW» ADD (mg/kg/day), M (mg/cm 2 /min), S v(cm 2 ), ET (min/day), ABs v, BW (kg) ùk ü. 9,11 l 6 w v (1) w Table 2. Zn ~ mg/kg/day, Pb ~ mg/kg/ day, Cu ~ mg/kg/day, Ba ~ mg/kg/day (Table 3). w Zn Ba w w û ùkü Zn Ba ù wš v Ba 1/5 û» q. BK 2-2 ùkù. z» t ùƒ ù q. (1) Table 2. Using exposure factor Pathway Factor Value Unit Reference Skin contact area cm 2 Sizekorea Contact period 0.5 min/day NIER, Skin absorption AF dermal (Dermal absorption factor) Zinc 0.02 Chromium 0.04 Barium 0.1 Lead Aluminium Health Canada, 2004 Body weight (age 6-7) kg Sizekorea 10 Table 3. Result of dermal exposure amount from playground flooring (Unit : mg/kg/day) Heavy metals Code Zn Fe Cr Ba Pb Mn Cu Al FK * a) * - * BK b) * * - * EK * * * CK * * * SK * * * MK * * - * a) 8 Exception for exposure amount of Fe, Mn, Al because of no data in AF dermal b) Not detected Vol. 25, No. 6, 2012

5 420 Yoon A Cho et al. y w t w w y ƒ» š w r. w ƒƒ v yw v p r. 1. š l w w ù, Fe Al Fe 8,895 mg/kg, Al 8,674 mg/kg š 12 e ùkû. ƒ ù w eƒ, w eƒ. 2. w v r, Zn w w û ù kû. w x Zn w l ù w. w Fe Al Zn 5»w. 3. l 6 v w w, w Zn Ba w w û ùkü Zn Ba ù wš v Ba 1/5 û» q. šx assessment of synthetic turf field and rubber powder(i), Ministry of Environment, CPSC Staff, analysis and assessment of synthetic Turf Grass Blades, CPSC, ASTM Standard E E, Standard Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 4. Korean Agency for Technology and standards No. KS M 6956:2010, Test method for estimating the toxicity of recycled rubber powder, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Coatings in Reducing Dislodgeable Arsenic, Chromium, and Copper from CCA Treated Wood, QAPP Revision 6, North Carolina 27709, B.G Bocca, G.G Forte, F.G Petrucci, S.G CostantiniG and P. Izzo, Sci. Total Environ., 407(7), (2009). 7. D. Jung, S. O. Han, K. P. Nam, Study on risk and management of waste timber from railroad, National institute environmental research, Health Canada, Federal contaminated site risk assessment in canada Part I : Guidance on human health preliminary quantitative risk assessment, Ottawa, National institute environmental research, risk assessment guidebook, Korean agency for technology and standards, Assessed 4 June Ajou university, Assessed 4 December, Y. W. Lim, Hazardous materials survey and risk Analytical Science & Technology

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