Transcription

1 저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우, 이저작물에적용된이용허락조건을명확하게나타내어야합니다. 저작권자로부터별도의허가를받으면이러한조건들은적용되지않습니다. 저작권법에따른이용자의권리는위의내용에의하여영향을받지않습니다. 이것은이용허락규약 (Legal Code) 을이해하기쉽게요약한것입니다. Disclaimer

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15 1) 아시아 태평양지역경제의통합을목적으로출범한다자간무역협정으로 2015 년까지회원국간모든무역장벽을철폐하는것을목표로한다 년기준미국, 캐나다, 일본, 호주를포함하여총 12 개국가가회원으로참여하고있다

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19 2) Bound et al.(1994) 은교육변수의측정오차로인한하향편의는평균 10% 수준으로나타난다고밝혔다. 3) Card(1993) 와 Lang(1993) 은이를할인율편의 (discount rate bias) 로설명했다

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26 4) 분모의경우 2 계조건에의해항상음 (-) 의부호를갖는다

27 ln 5) Griliches(1977) 등은교육년수한단위의증가가소득의자연대수값의증가로이어지는것을교육투자수익률이라고정의했다. 이하본연구에서는교육년수의소득에대한한계효과를 교육투자수익률 이라고통칭한다

28 6) 이러한결론에는 i) 개인의 능력 은정확하게계측된교육투자수익률에더하여소득과정 (+) 의관계를나타내며, ii) 누락된 능력 은교육과양 (+) 의상관관계를갖고, iii) 능력 변수를제외한누락변수는없으며, 통상최소자승법의가정들이성립한다는세가지가정을필요로한다 (Griliches, 1977). 7) 가을 (9 월 ) 학기에신입생들이입학을하지만신입생들은모두같은해에태어난학생들이다. 예를들어의무교육연령이 12 세이면, 9 월이전에태어난학생들은 9 월이후태어난학생들보다한학년일찍학교를떠날수있다

29 8) Lang(1993) 은이를할인율편의 (discount rate bias) 라고설명한다

30 9) Schultz(1975) 에의하면, 경제적환경의변화, 즉, 외부충격에대해불균형을해소하는능력의차이는개인의자원배분능력에기인하며, 이는빠른기술진보환경에서더크게나타난다고한다

31 10) 2 개의연구는교육지표를특정하지않았다. 11) Kremer(1993) 는생산함수에투입되는노동의질이이질적임을반영하여질이가장낮은노동력이생산을결정한다는약점연결 (weak-link) 생산함수이론을주장했다

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34 12) 능력이더좋은개인은교육에대한낮은한계비용혹은더높은교육투자수익률을가진다

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36 13) 통계청, 농가경제조사통계설명 (

37 100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 농업소득비중농외소득비중이전소득비중비경상소득비중 [ 그림 1] 농가소득의소득원별구성비율 출처 : 통계청, 농가경제조사 년자료 14) 통계청, 가계동향조사, 농가경제조사원자료를사용하여재가공 15) 본연구의마지막분석년도인 2012 년까지의소득을비교시, 농가소득은 3,100 만원으로연평균약 1.61% 증가, 도시근로자가구의가계소득은 5,390 만원으로연평균약 4.86% 증가하였다 년도시근로자가구가계소득대비농가소득의비율은 57.6% 까지하락한다

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39 [ 표 1] 농가소득원별소득격차지표 : 상 하위 20% 소득격차및 Gini 계수 평균농가소득 단위 : 천원 2008년 2009년 2010년 2011년 2012년 상위 20% 75,067 79,615 82,487 87,875 84,693 하위 20% 10,442 10,148 10,144 9,353 9,634 소득격차 Gini 계수 64,625 69,467 72,343 78,521 75, 평균농업소득 상위 20% 40,763 47,176 49,799 54,431 51,265 하위 20% ,036 1,097 소득격차 Gini 계수 39,765 46,184 48,820 53,396 50, 평균농외소득 상위 20% 36,221 35,998 37,715 39,727 41,314 하위 20% 소득격차 Gini 계수 35,997 35,740 37,504 39,563 41, 가계동향조사 및 농가경제조사 년자료 16) Gini 계수는인구의누적비율과소득의누적점유율사이의차이를계수와한것으로 0 은평등분배, 1 은완전불평등을의미한다. 일반적으로 Gini 계수가 0.4 이상의값을가질때, 소득분배가상당히불평등한것으로볼수있다

40 ln β 17) Mincer(1958) 에의하면교육은인적자본을증가시키며, 개인은교육의소득효과의절대값이아닌수익률이할인율을상회할때, 교육에투자한다. 이러한소득과교육년수의로그 - 선형함수의적합성은 Heckman and Polachek(1974), Fortin and Lemieux(1998) 등에의해검증되었다

41 τ τ ln ln 18) 본연구에서교육투자수익률은교육의직접비용을고려하지않고기회비용만을포함한사적투자수익률 (private rate of return) 을의미한다

42 β τ τ β τ τ ln ln ln ln ln ln α τ β τ

43 arg ln 19) Yang(1997) 은농가의작물선택의사결정은경영주단독의결정이아닌교육수준이가장높은자의의견이많이반영됨을밝혔다. 20) 년도 농가경제조사 는농가의영농형태를미곡, 전작, 채소, 과수, 화훼, 축산, 특작, 기타, 및 2 종겸업, 총 9 가지형태로농가를분류하고있다. 본연구에서는 2 종겸업농가는더미변수로사용하고, 2 종겸업농가의농업총수입자료

44 [ 표 2] 변수설명및기초통계량 변수명 정의및측정방법 평균 ( 표준편차 ) 종속변수 농가소득 농가소득의로그값 (0.74) 농업소득 농업소득의로그값 (1.43) 농외소득 농외소득의로그값 (3.46) 도구변수 가구원수 농가의구성원수 2.71 (1.14) 설명변수 경영주연령 경영주의연령 (9.97) 경영주연령제곱 경영주의연령제곱 / (12.56) 성별 경영주의성별더비 ( 남성 =1) 0.94 (0.24) 토지소유형태 농가의토지소유형태더미 ( 자작지 =1) 0.60 (0.49) 총노동시간 농가의연간총농업노동시간의로그값 6.79 (0.91) 농지면적 농가의토지소유면적로그값 8.51 (2.13) 농기계평가액 농가소유농기계평가액로그값 (3.40) 가축평가액 농가의가축평가액로그값 8.33 (6.85) 2종겸업 2종겸업농가더미 (2종겸업농가 = 1) 0.25 (0.43) 미곡농가 농업총수입중미곡수입이가장많은농가 0.34 (0.47) 전작농가 농업총수입중밭작물수입이가장많은농가 0.04 (0.21) 채소농가 농업총수입중채소수입이가장많은농가 0.31 (0.46) 과수농가 농업총수입중과수수입이가장많은농가 0.14 (0.35) 화훼농가 농업총수입중화훼수입이가장많은농가 0.02 (0.14) 축산농가 농업총수입중축산수입이가장많은농가 0.09 (0.28) 특작농가 농업총수입중특작수입이가장많은농가 0.04 (0.20) 기타농가 농업총수입중기타수입이가장많은농가 0.02 (0.14) 지역1 농가의지리적위치더미 ( 서울및광역시 =1) 0.04 (0.20) 지역2 농가의지리적위치더미 ( 경기도 =1) 0.10 (0.30) 지역3 농가의지리적위치더미 ( 강원도 =1) 0.10 (0.30) 지역4 농가의지리적위치더미 ( 충청도 =1) 0.22 (0.41) 지역5 농가의지리적위치더미 ( 전라도 =1) 0.24 (0.43) 지역6 농가의지리적위치더미 ( 경상도 =1) 0.24 (0.43) 지역7 농가의지리적위치더미 ( 제주도 =1) 0.06 (0.23) 조사년도 _2008 조사년도더미 (2008년 =1) 0.21 (0.41) 조사년도 _2009 조사년도더미 (2009년 =1) 0.21 (0.41) 조사년도 _2010 조사년도더미 (2010년 =1) 0.20 (0.40) 조사년도 _2011 조사년도더미 (2011년 =1) 0.19 (0.40) 조사년도 _2012 조사년도더미 (2012년 =1) 0.18 (0.39) 가구원최고교육년수 농가내성인구성원중최고교육년수 9.48 (4.16) 전체농가수 10,634 를사용하여, 영농형태분류기준인농업총수입중해당작물수입이가장많은농가로영농형태를재분류했다. 예를들어, 농업총수입중미곡수입이가장많은농가는미곡농가로영농형태를재분류했다

45 21) 농림축산검역본부

46 [ 표 3] 품목군별기초통계량 종속변수 변수명 미곡 전작 채소 특작 과수 화훼 기타 평균 ( 표준편차 ) 평균 ( 표준편차 ) 평균 ( 표준편차 ) 농가소득 (0.69) (0.73) (0.73) 농업소득 (1.25) (1.51) (1.29) 농외소득 (3.43) (3.54) (3.38) 도구변수 가구원수 2.66 (1.14) 2.70 (1.13) 2.79 (1.14) 설명변수 경영주연령 (9.50) (9.92) (10.45) 경영주연령제곱 (12.11) (12.56) (12.94) 성별 0.95 (0.22) 0.91 (0.28) 0.95 (0.23) 토지소유형태 0.63 (0.48) 0.52 (0.50) 0.65 (0.48) 총노동시간 6.37 (0.84) 6.98 (0.90) 7.18 (0.78) 농지면적 8.70 (1.90) 8.22 (2.34) 8.70 (2.10) 농기계평가액 (3.42) (3.76) (2.65) 가축평가액 7.86 (6.66) 7.66 (6.42) 6.52 (6.58) 2종겸업 0.32 (0.47) 0.24 (0.43) 0.17 (0.38) 지역 (0.19) 0.05 (0.22) 0.04 (0.19) 지역 (0.33) 0.09 (0.29) 0.07 (0.26) 지역 (0.30) 0.12 (0.33) 0.03 (0.18) 지역 (0.42) 0.22 (0.41) 0.18 (0.38) 지역 (0.45) 0.25 (0.43) 0.18 (0.38) 지역 (0.41) 0.21 (0.41) 0.34 (0.47) 지역 (0.12) 0.06 (0.23) 0.16 (0.37) 조사년도 _ (0.43) 0.18 (0.39) 0.20 (0.40) 조사년도 _ (0.41) 0.19 (0.39) 0.19 (0.39) 조사년도 _ (0.38) 0.21 (0.41) 0.21 (0.41) 조사년도 _ (0.39) 0.21 (0.41) 0.21 (0.41) 조사년도 _ (0.37) 0.21 (0.40) 0.19 (0.39) 가구원최고교육년수 9.07 (4.14) 9.38 (4.18) (4.12) 전체농가수 4,040 3,776 1,

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49 [ 표 4] 농가소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액 변수 통합OLS 2SLS 1단계 2단계 상수항 *** *** (0.190) (1.099) (0.215) 경영주연령 0.033*** 0.244*** 0.039*** (0.006) (0.034) (0.006) 경영주연령제곱 / *** *** *** (0.005) (0.028) (0.005) 성별 *** 0.068*** (0.024) (0.165) (0.024) 농가유형 0.508*** 1.271*** 0.379*** (0.016) (0.096) (0.018) 토지소유형태 *** *** (0.013) (0.076) (0.014) 총노동시간의로그값 0.263*** *** (0.008) (0.051) (0.010) 농지면적의로그값 0.042*** 0.145*** 0.034*** (0.003) (0.018) (0.004) 농기계평가액로그값 0.022*** 0.043*** 0.018*** (0.002) (0.012) (0.002) 가축평가액로그값 *** *** *** (0.001) (0.005) (0.001) 가구원최고교육년수 0.038*** (0.002) 가구원최고교육년수 ( 추정치 ) 0.098*** (0.004) 가구원수 ( 도구변수 ) 1.318*** (0.032) N 10,634 10,634 10,634 R B-P test 59.72*** Hausman test *** F-test ***

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52 [ 표 5] 농가소득결정요인분석결과 : 농업소득 변수 통합OLS 2SLS 1단계 2단계 상수항 8.776*** *** (0.339) (1.099) (0.388) 경영주연령 0.064*** 0.244*** 0.067*** (0.010) (0.034) (0.011) 경영주연령제곱 / *** *** *** (0.008) (0.028) (0.009) 성별 0.096** *** 0.114*** (0.042) (0.165) (0.043) 농가유형 *** 1.271*** *** (0.028) (0.096) (0.033) 토지소유형태 (0.023) (0.076) (0.024) 총노동시간의로그값 0.821*** *** (0.015) (0.051) (0.017) 농지면적의로그값 0.044*** 0.145*** 0.040*** (0.005) (0.018) (0.006) 농기계평가액로그값 0.022*** 0.048*** 0.021*** (0.003) (0.012) (0.004) 가축평가액로그값 *** *** *** (0.002) (0.005) (0.002) 가구원최고교육년수 0.009*** (0.003) 가구원최고교육년수 ( 추정치 ) 0.035*** (0.008) 가구원수 ( 도구변수 ) 1.318*** (0.032) N 10,634 10,634 10,634 R B-P test 69.04*** Hausman test 13.71*** F-test ***

53 [ 표 6] 농가소득결정요인분석결과 : 농외소득 변수 통합OLS 2SLS 1단계 2단계 상수항 *** *** (1.027) (1.099) (0.967) 경영주연령 *** 0.074*** (0.031) (0.034) (0.029) 경영주연령제곱 / *** *** *** (0.024) (0.028) (0.023) 성별 *** *** ** (0.128) (0.165) (0.095) 농가유형 2.825*** 1.271*** 2.316*** (0.085) (0.096) (0.075) 토지소유형태 *** *** (0.070) (0.076) (0.070) 총노동시간의로그값 *** (0.045) (0.051) (0.049) 농지면적의로그값 0.160*** 0.145*** 0.127*** (0.017) (0.018) (0.019) 농기계평가액로그값 0.036*** 0.043*** 0.018* (0.010) (0.012) (0.010) 가축평가액로그값 *** (0.005) (0.005) (0.005) 가구원최고교육년수 0.078*** (0.008) 가구원최고교육년수 ( 추정치 ) 0.315*** (0.017) 가구원수 ( 도구변수 ) 1.318*** (0.032) N 10,634 10,634 10,634 R B-P test *** Hausman test *** F-test ***

54 22) 각품목군별농가의수는미곡 전작농가가 4,040 호, 채소 특작농가가 3,776 호및과수 화훼 기타농가가 1,912 호로구성되었다. 축산농가 906 호는 2010 년발생한구제역으로인해정상적인축산활동이불가능하였기에분석대상에서제외하였다

55 - 41 -

56 [ 표 7] 품목군별소득결정요인 : 농가소득총액 ( 미곡 전작, 채소 특작 ) 미곡 전작 채소 특작 변수 통합OLS 2SLS 2SLS 통합OLS 1단계 2단계 1단계 2단계 상수항 *** *** *** *** (0.299) (1.797) (0.375) (0.317) (1.748) (0.335) 경영주연령 0.029*** 0.313*** 0.030*** 0.043*** 0.293*** 0.049*** (0.009) (0.055) (0.011) (0.010) (0.055) (0.010) 경영주연령제곱 / *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.007) (0.045) (0.009) (0.008) (0.045) (0.008) 성별 0.116*** *** *** (0.038) (0.306) (0.044) (0.035) (0.227) (0.033) 농가유형 0.542*** 1.210*** 0.387*** 0.508*** 1.260*** 0.413*** (0.021) (0.149) (0.028) (0.027) (0.163) (0.029) 토지소유형태 *** *** *** ** (0.020) (0.130) (0.022) (0.021) (0.123) (0.022) 총노동시간의로그값 0.209*** *** 0.212*** 0.296*** 0.172** 0.274*** (0.012) (0.082) (0.014) (0.014) (0.083) (0.016) 농지면적의로그값 0.051*** 0.214*** 0.038*** 0.037*** 0.129*** 0.032*** (0.005) (0.034) (0.006) (0.005) (0.027) (0.005) 농기계평가액로그값 0.015*** 0.057*** 0.009*** 0.024*** 0.038** 0.021*** (0.003) (0.019) (0.003) (0.003) (0.018) (0.003) 가축평가액로그값 *** ** *** *** ** *** (0.001) (0.009) (0.002) (0.002) (0.009) (0.002) 가구원최고교육년수 0.037*** 0.036*** (0.002) (0.003) 가구원최고교육년수 ( 추정치 ) 0.108*** 0.079*** (0.007) (0.006) 가구원수 ( 도구변수 ) 1.248*** 1.556*** (0.051) (0.052) N 4,040 4,040 4,040 3,776 3,776 3,776 R B-P test 3.21* 9.03*** Hausman test *** 62.11*** F-test *** 909.7***

57 [ 표 8] 품목군별소득결정요인 : 농가소득총액 ( 과수 화훼 기타 ) 2SLS 변수통합OLS 1단계 2단계상수항 *** *** (0.447) (2.552) (0.497) 경영주연령 ** 0.034** (0.013) (0.081) (0.014) 경영주연령제곱 / ** *** ** (0.011) (0.067) (0.011) 성별 (0.066) (0.449) (0.068) 농가유형 0.483*** 1.419*** 0.321*** (0.046) (0.244) (0.052) 토지소유형태 * * (0.034) (0.193) (0.038) 총노동시간의로그값 0.269*** 0.391*** 0.224*** (0.023) (0.126) (0.029) 농지면적의로그값 0.054*** 0.088** 0.043*** (0.008) (0.043) (0.011) 농기계평가액로그값 0.028*** *** (0.006) (0.031) (0.007) 가축평가액로그값 가구원최고교육년수 0.033*** (0.002) (0.012) (0.002) (0.004) 가구원최고교육년수 ( 추정치 ) 0.108*** 가구원수 ( 도구변수 ) 1.301*** (0.071) (0.011) N 1,912 1,912 1,912 R B-P test 4.49** 과수 화훼 기타 Hausman test 52.00*** F-test ***

58 - 44 -

59 - 45 -

60 - 46 -

61 [ 표 9] 품목군별소득결정요인 : 농업소득 ( 미곡 전작, 채소 특작 ) 미곡 전작 채소 특작 변수 통합OLS 2SLS 2SLS 통합OLS 1단계 2단계 1단계 2단계 상수항 8.342*** *** 5.968*** *** (0.562) (1.797) (0.725) (0.574) (1.748) (0.643) 경영주연령 0.064*** 0.313*** 0.064*** 0.102*** 0.293*** 0.104*** (0.017) (0.055) (0.021) (0.018) (0.055) (0.019) 경영주연령제곱 / *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.013) (0.045) (0.016) (0.014) (0.045) (0.015) 성별 * 0.118* *** 0.131** (0.071) (0.306) (0.063) (0.063) (0.227) (0.064) 농가유형 *** 1.210*** *** *** 1.260*** *** (0.040) (0.149) (0.046) (0.049) (0.163) (0.057) 토지소유형태 * * 0.070* * (0.037) (0.130) (0.038) (0.038) (0.123) (0.039) 총노동시간의로그값 0.722*** *** 0.723*** 0.950*** 0.172** 0.942*** (0.023) (0.082) (0.026) (0.026) (0.083) (0.028) 농지면적의로그값 0.067*** 0.214*** 0.063*** 0.033*** 0.129*** 0.031*** (0.009) (0.034) (0.010) (0.008) (0.027) (0.009) 농기계평가액로그값 0.013** 0.057*** 0.011** 0.022*** 0.038** 0.021*** (0.005) (0.019) (0.005) (0.005) (0.018) (0.005) 가축평가액로그값 *** ** *** * ** * (0.002) (0.009) (0.002) (0.003) (0.009) (0.003) 가구원최고교육년수 0.014*** (0.004) (0.005) 가구원최고교육년수 ( 추정치 ) 0.036*** (0.013) (0.011) 가구원수 ( 도구변수 ) 1.248*** 1.556*** (0.051) (0.052) N 4,040 4,040 4,040 3,776 3,776 3,776 R B-P test 29.75*** 66.46*** Hausman test 3.73* 2.00 F-test *** 909.7***

62 [ 표 10] 품목군별소득결정요인 : 농업소득 ( 과수 화훼 기타 ) 변수 과수 화훼 기타 2SLS 통합OLS 1단계 2단계 상수항 *** *** (0.722) (2.552) (0.803) 경영주연령 ** (0.022) (0.081) (0.023) 경영주연령제곱 / *** (0.017) (0.067) (0.018) 성별 (0.107) (0.449) (0.125) 농가유형 *** 1.419*** *** (0.074) (0.244) (0.092) 토지소유형태 (0.056) (0.193) (0.060) 총노동시간의로그값 0.777*** 0.391*** 0.733*** (0.037) (0.126) (0.042) 농지면적의로그값 0.059*** 0.088** 0.049*** (0.013) (0.043) (0.018) 농기계평가액로그값 0.031*** *** (0.009) (0.031) (0.010) 가축평가액로그값 (0.004) (0.012) (0.004) 가구원최고교육년수 (0.007) 가구원최고교육년수 ( 추정치 ) 0.070*** (0.019) 가구원수 ( 도구변수 ) 1.301*** (0.071) N 1,912 1,912 1,912 R B-P test 27.47*** Hausman test 18.50*** F-test ***

63 [ 표 11] 품목군별소득결정요인 : 농외소득 ( 미곡 전작, 채소 특작 ) 미곡 전작 채소 특작 변수 통합OLS 2SLS 2SLS 통합OLS 1단계 2단계 1단계 2단계 상수항 *** *** *** *** (1.721) (1.797) (1.593) (1.760) (1.748) (1.464) 경영주연령 0.094* 0.313*** 0.098** *** (0.052) (0.055) (0.048) (0.054) (0.055) (0.046) 경영주연령제곱 / *** *** ** *** (0.041) (0.045) (0.039) (0.043) (0.045) (0.037) 성별 ** *** *** (0.218) (0.306) (0.186) (0.193) (0.227) (0.127) 농가유형 2.871*** 1.210*** 2.385*** 2.831*** 1.260*** 2.465*** (0.121) (0.149) (0.110) (0.151) (0.163) (0.124) 토지소유형태 *** *** * * (0.113) (0.130) (0.110) (0.118) (0.123) (0.114) 총노동시간의로그값 0.236*** *** 0.245*** ** * (0.070) (0.082) (0.070) (0.080) (0.083) (0.085) 농지면적의로그값 0.093*** 0.214*** 0.052** 0.174*** 0.129*** 0.154*** (0.029) (0.034) (0.025) (0.026) (0.027) (0.030) 농기계평가액로그값 *** *** 0.038** 0.036** (0.015) (0.019) (0.014) (0.015) (0.018) (0.017) 가축평가액로그값 ** ** (0.008) (0.009) (0.008) (0.008) (0.009) (0.009) 가구원최고교육년수 0.067*** 0.096*** (0.013) (0.014) 가구원최고교육년수 ( 추정치 ) 0.293*** 0.265*** (0.023) (0.026) 가구원수 ( 도구변수 ) 1.248*** 1.556*** (0.051) (0.052) N 4,040 4,040 4,040 3,776 3,776 3,776 R B-P test *** *** Hausman test 41.92*** 30.14*** F-test *** 909.7***

64 [ 표 12] 품목군별소득결정요인 : 농외소득 ( 과수 화훼 기타 ) 변수 과수 화훼 기타 2SLS 통합OLS 1단계 2단계 상수항 *** *** (2.232) (2.552) (2.066) 경영주연령 ** (0.067) (0.081) (0.063) 경영주연령제곱 / *** (0.054) (0.067) (0.052) 성별 (0.330) (0.449) (0.252) 농가유형 2.547*** 1.419*** 1.892*** (0.230) (0.244) (0.204) 토지소유형태 ** ** (0.172) (0.193) (0.181) 총노동시간의로그값 *** 0.391*** *** (0.114) (0.126) (0.132) 농지면적의로그값 0.171*** 0.088** 0.129** (0.041) (0.043) (0.052) 농기계평가액로그값 0.053* (0.029) (0.031) (0.027) 가축평가액로그값 (0.011) (0.012) (0.012) 가구원최고교육년수 0.060*** (0.020) 가구원최고교육년수 ( 추정치 ) 0.361*** (0.050) 가구원수 ( 도구변수 ) 1.301*** (0.071) N 1,912 1,912 1,912 R B-P test *** Hausman test 34.02*** F-test ***

65 τ 23) 본연구에서는소득분위를총다섯개분위 (τ=0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.9) 로나누어살펴보았다

66 τ τ τ

67 [ 표 13] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액 변수 통합 OLS 분위회귀 (Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.190) (0.393) (0.312) (0.219) (0.209) (0.380) 경영주연령 0.033*** 0.031*** 0.035*** 0.034*** 0.033*** 0.030*** (0.006) (0.012) (0.009) (0.006) (0.006) (0.011) 경영주연령제곱 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.005) (0.009) (0.007) (0.005) (0.005) (0.009) 성별 * * (0.024) (0.044) (0.032) (0.025) (0.032) (0.043) 농가유형 0.508*** 0.619*** 0.567*** 0.490*** 0.425*** 0.424*** (0.016) (0.027) (0.021) (0.018) (0.020) (0.029) 토지소유형태 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.013) (0.025) (0.018) (0.016) (0.018) (0.020) 총노동시간의로그값 0.263*** 0.284*** 0.272*** 0.259*** 0.250*** 0.255*** (0.008) (0.018) (0.013) (0.011) (0.010) (0.012) 농지면적의로그값 0.042*** 0.044*** 0.045*** 0.045*** 0.042*** 0.036*** (0.003) (0.006) (0.004) (0.004) (0.005) (0.005) 농기계평가액로그값 0.022*** 0.016*** 0.019*** 0.022*** 0.022*** 0.024*** (0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002) 가축평가액로그값 *** ** *** *** *** *** (0.001) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) 가구원최고교육년수 0.038*** 0.029*** 0.035*** 0.037*** 0.040*** 0.046*** (0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) N 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 R Pseudo R

68 [ 표 14] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액 ( 도구변수 ) 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.215) (0.379) (0.297) (0.269) (0.285) (0.357) 경영주연령 0.039*** 0.057*** 0.036*** 0.040*** 0.040*** 0.041*** (0.006) (0.011) (0.009) (0.008) (0.008) (0.011) 경영주연령제곱 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.005) (0.009) (0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.008) 성별 0.068*** *** 0.099*** 0.110*** 0.091** (0.024) (0.046) (0.036) (0.032) (0.034) (0.043) 농가유형 0.379*** 0.503*** 0.425*** 0.318*** 0.317*** 0.291*** (0.018) (0.030) (0.024) (0.021) (0.023) (0.028) 토지소유형태 *** *** *** *** *** ** (0.014) (0.025) (0.019) (0.018) (0.019) (0.023) 총노동시간의로그값 0.245*** 0.224*** 0.236*** 0.225*** 0.242*** 0.245*** (0.010) (0.016) (0.013) (0.011) (0.012) (0.015) 농지면적의로그값 0.034*** 0.036*** 0.037*** 0.034*** 0.032*** 0.028*** (0.004) (0.006) (0.005) (0.004) (0.004) (0.006) 농기계평가액로그값 0.018*** 0.014*** 0.017*** 0.018*** 0.015*** 0.021*** (0.002) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.003) (0.003) 가축평가액로그값 *** * *** *** *** *** (0.001) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) 가구원최고교육년수 0.098*** 0.116*** 0.112*** 0.107*** 0.093*** 0.090*** (0.004) (0.011) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.010) N 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 R Hausman test *** *** *** *** τ τ

69 τ τ τ τ

70 [ 표 15] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농업소득 변수 통합 OLS 분위회귀 (Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 8.776*** 4.151*** 7.666*** 9.300*** *** *** (0.339) (0.910) (0.593) (0.358) (0.402) (0.483) 경영주연령 0.064*** 0.121*** 0.067*** 0.055*** 0.042*** 0.035** (0.010) (0.028) (0.016) (0.010) (0.012) (0.015) 경영주연령제곱 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.008) (0.023) (0.012) (0.008) (0.009) (0.011) 성별 0.096** * 0.111** 0.098** 0.165*** (0.042) (0.115) (0.068) (0.046) (0.044) (0.046) 농가유형 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.028) (0.072) (0.048) (0.032) (0.032) (0.032) 토지소유형태 * (0.023) (0.061) (0.034) (0.024) (0.025) (0.026) 총노동시간의로그값 0.821*** 1.012*** 0.872*** 0.805*** 0.769*** 0.704*** (0.015) (0.035) (0.025) (0.018) (0.019) (0.018) 농지면적의로그값 0.044*** 0.045*** 0.052*** 0.055*** 0.046*** 0.047*** (0.005) (0.016) (0.009) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006) 농기계평가액로그값 0.022*** *** 0.021*** 0.025*** 0.031*** (0.003) (0.008) (0.005) (0.004) (0.003) (0.004) 가축평가액로그값 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.002) (0.004) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) 가구원최고교육년수 0.009*** *** 0.018*** (0.003) (0.008) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) N 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 R Pseudo R

71 [ 표 16] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농업소득 ( 도구변수 ) 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 8.373*** 4.102*** 7.198*** 8.869*** *** *** (0.388) (0.620) (0.483) (0.443) (0.484) (0.612) 경영주연령 0.067*** 0.114*** 0.073*** 0.054*** 0.042*** 0.041** (0.011) (0.018) (0.014) (0.013) (0.014) (0.018) 경영주연령제곱 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.009) (0.015) (0.011) (0.010) (0.011) (0.014) 성별 0.114*** * 0.124** 0.120** 0.184** (0.043) (0.074) (0.058) (0.053) (0.058) (0.073) 농가유형 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.033) (0.049) (0.039) (0.035) (0.039) (0.049) 토지소유형태 ** 0.060* (0.024) (0.041) (0.032) (0.029) (0.032) (0.040) 총노동시간의로그값 0.813*** 0.982*** 0.863*** 0.805*** 0.763*** 0.709*** (0.017) (0.026) (0.021) (0.019) (0.021) (0.026) 농지면적의로그값 0.040*** 0.042*** 0.044*** 0.051*** 0.042*** 0.041*** (0.006) (0.010) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.009) 농기계평가액로그값 0.021*** *** 0.021*** 0.024*** 0.030*** (0.004) (0.006) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.006) 가축평가액로그값 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.003) 가구원최고교육년수 0.035*** 0.049*** 0.032** 0.032** 0.033** 0.029* (0.008) (0.018) (0.014) (0.013) (0.014) (0.017) N 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 R Hausman test *** 28.26***

72 [ 표 17] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농외소득 변수 OLS 분위회귀 (Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 *** 7.874*** *** *** *** *** (1.027) (1.230) (0.567) (0.440) (0.450) (0.394) 경영주연령 ** 0.063*** 0.057*** 0.070*** 0.042*** (0.031) (0.036) (0.017) (0.014) (0.014) (0.012) 경영주연령제곱 / *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.024) (0.030) (0.014) (0.012) (0.011) (0.010) 성별 *** * (0.128) (0.095) (0.065) (0.054) (0.048) (0.051) 농가유형 2.825*** 4.430*** 2.917*** 1.884*** 1.356*** 1.159*** (0.085) (0.107) (0.053) (0.037) (0.029) (0.030) 토지소유형태 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.070) (0.068) (0.046) (0.035) (0.031) (0.031) 총노동시간의로그값 ** (0.045) (0.056) (0.034) (0.020) (0.017) (0.020) 농지면적의로그값 0.160*** 0.199*** 0.106*** 0.062*** 0.036*** 0.042*** (0.017) (0.040) (0.014) (0.009) (0.007) (0.008) 농기계평가액로그값 0.036*** 0.024* 0.027*** 0.030*** 0.029*** 0.031*** (0.010) (0.013) (0.007) (0.005) (0.003) (0.004) 가축평가액로그값 * 0.009*** (0.005) (0.006) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) 가구원최고교육년수 0.078*** 0.078*** 0.081*** 0.071*** 0.079*** 0.080*** (0.008) (0.011) (0.006) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) N 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 R Pseudo R

73 [ 표 18] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농외소득 ( 도구변수 ) 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 9.053*** 6.968*** *** *** *** *** (0.967) (2.018) (1.503) (1.378) (1.503) (1.898) 경영주연령 0.074*** * 0.083* (0.029) (0.060) (0.045) (0.041) (0.045) (0.056) 경영주연령제곱 / *** ** ** (0.023) (0.047) (0.035) (0.032) (0.035) (0.045) 성별 ** (0.095) (0.242) (0.180) (0.165) (0.181) (0.228) 농가유형 2.316*** 3.104*** 2.220*** 1.534*** 1.159*** 0.997*** (0.075) (0.161) (0.120) (0.110) (0.120) (0.151) 토지소유형태 *** ** *** ** (0.070) (0.132) (0.098) (0.090) (0.098) (0.124) 총노동시간의로그값 *** (0.049) (0.086) (0.064) (0.059) (0.064) (0.081) 농지면적의로그값 0.127*** 0.128*** 0.068*** 0.039* (0.019) (0.031) (0.023) (0.021) (0.023) (0.029) 농기계평가액로그값 0.018* (0.010) (0.019) (0.014) (0.013) (0.014) (0.017) 가축평가액로그값 * (0.005) (0.010) (0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.009) 가구원최고교육년수 0.315*** 0.450*** 0.296*** 0.244*** 0.190*** 0.167*** (0.017) (0.057) (0.043) (0.039) (0.043) (0.054) N 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 10,634 R Hausman test *** 67.79*** 26.90***

74 τ τ τ τ τ

75 [ 표 19] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액 ( 미곡 전작 ) 미곡 전작 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.375) (0.643) (0.496) (0.441) (0.468) (0.577) 경영주연령 0.030*** 0.062*** 0.036** 0.024* 0.030** (0.011) (0.019) (0.015) (0.013) (0.014) (0.017) 경영주연령제곱 / *** *** *** ** *** ** (0.009) (0.015) (0.012) (0.010) (0.011) (0.013) 성별 0.163*** 0.171** 0.213*** 0.169*** 0.232*** 0.156** (0.044) (0.079) (0.061) (0.054) (0.057) (0.070) 농가유형 0.387*** 0.474*** 0.366*** 0.329*** 0.367*** 0.347*** (0.028) (0.044) (0.034) (0.030) (0.032) (0.040) 토지소유형태 *** ** *** ** *** ** (0.022) (0.041) (0.031) (0.028) (0.030) (0.037) 총노동시간의로그값 0.212*** 0.185*** 0.188*** 0.196*** 0.217*** 0.207*** (0.014) (0.025) (0.020) (0.017) (0.019) (0.023) 농지면적의로그값 0.038*** 0.047*** 0.046*** 0.033*** 0.040*** 0.027*** (0.006) (0.010) (0.008) (0.007) (0.008) (0.009) 농기계평가액로그값 0.009*** 0.010* 0.011*** 0.012*** *** (0.003) (0.005) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.005) 가축평가액로그값 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) 가구원최고교육년수 0.108*** 0.132*** 0.125*** 0.114*** 0.105*** 0.098*** (0.007) (0.017) (0.013) (0.011) (0.012) (0.015) N 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 R Hausman test *** *** *** ***

76 [ 표 20] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액 ( 채소 특작 ) 채소 특작 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.335) (0.586) (0.468) (0.431) (0.461) (0.584) 경영주연령 0.049*** 0.042** 0.050*** 0.049*** 0.038*** (0.010) (0.018) (0.014) (0.013) (0.014) (0.018) 경영주연령제곱 / *** ** *** *** *** * (0.008) (0.014) (0.011) (0.010) (0.011) (0.014) 성별 (0.033) (0.062) (0.049) (0.045) (0.049) (0.062) 농가유형 0.413*** 0.586*** 0.477*** 0.359*** 0.341*** 0.300*** (0.029) (0.049) (0.039) (0.036) (0.038) (0.048) 토지소유형태 ** *** ** ** (0.022) (0.038) (0.030) (0.028) (0.030) (0.038) 총노동시간의로그값 0.274*** 0.292*** 0.269*** 0.259*** 0.287*** 0.288*** (0.016) (0.026) (0.021) (0.019) (0.020) (0.026) 농지면적의로그값 0.032*** 0.029*** 0.038*** 0.036*** 0.028*** 0.029*** (0.005) (0.008) (0.007) (0.006) (0.006) (0.008) 농기계평가액로그값 0.021*** 0.016*** 0.022*** 0.019*** 0.020*** 0.023*** (0.003) (0.005) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.005) 가축평가액로그값 *** ** *** *** *** (0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.003) 가구원최고교육년수 0.079*** 0.078*** 0.083*** 0.084*** 0.074*** 0.074*** (0.006) (0.017) (0.013) (0.012) (0.013) (0.017) N 3,776 3,776 3,776 3,776 3,776 3,776 R2 Hausman test *** *** ***

77 [ 표 21] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액 ( 과수 화훼 기타 ) 과수 화훼 기타 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.497) (0.916) (0.747) (0.638) (0.678) (0.851) 경영주연령 0.034** 0.061** (0.014) (0.027) (0.022) (0.019) (0.020) (0.025) 경영주연령제곱 / ** ** * (0.011) (0.022) (0.018) (0.015) (0.016) (0.020) 성별 (0.068) (0.130) (0.106) (0.091) (0.096) (0.121) 농가유형 0.321*** 0.478*** 0.363*** 0.326*** 0.215*** (0.052) (0.091) (0.074) (0.063) (0.067) (0.084) 토지소유형태 * *** * (0.038) (0.068) (0.055) (0.047) (0.050) (0.063) 총노동시간의로그값 0.224*** 0.158*** 0.149*** 0.219*** 0.199*** 0.235*** (0.029) (0.045) (0.037) (0.031) (0.033) (0.042) 농지면적의로그값 0.043*** 0.036** 0.039*** 0.044*** 0.060*** 0.043*** (0.011) (0.016) (0.013) (0.011) (0.012) (0.015) 농기계평가액로그값 0.023*** *** 0.027*** 0.021** (0.007) (0.012) (0.009) (0.008) (0.009) (0.011) 가축평가액로그값 (0.002) (0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003) (0.004) 가구원최고교육년수 0.108*** 0.126*** 0.142*** 0.112*** 0.100*** 0.096*** (0.011) (0.028) (0.023) (0.020) (0.021) (0.026) N 1,912 1,912 1,912 1,912 1,912 1,912 R2 Hausman test *** ***

78 τ τ

79 τ τ τ

80 [ 표 22] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농업소득 ( 미곡 전작 ) 미곡 전작 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 8.036*** 4.226*** 6.767*** 9.237*** 9.604*** *** (0.725) (1.016) (0.799) (0.732) (0.798) (1.007) 경영주연령 0.064*** 0.113*** 0.072*** ** (0.021) (0.030) (0.024) (0.022) (0.024) (0.030) 경영주연령제곱 / *** *** *** ** *** (0.016) (0.024) (0.019) (0.017) (0.019) (0.023) 성별 0.119* ** (0.063) (0.124) (0.098) (0.089) (0.097) (0.123) 농가유형 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.046) (0.070) (0.055) (0.050) (0.055) (0.069) 토지소유형태 * * * (0.038) (0.064) (0.051) (0.046) (0.051) (0.064) 총노동시간의로그값 0.723*** 0.886*** 0.777*** 0.723*** 0.710*** 0.646*** (0.026) (0.040) (0.032) (0.029) (0.032) (0.040) 농지면적의로그값 0.063*** 0.048*** 0.067*** 0.068*** 0.077*** 0.065*** (0.010) (0.017) (0.013) (0.012) (0.013) (0.016) 농기계평가액로그값 0.011** (0.005) (0.009) (0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.008) 가축평가액로그값 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.002) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.004) 가구원최고교육년수 0.036*** ** * (0.013) (0.026) (0.021) (0.019) (0.021) (0.026) N 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 R Hausman test

81 [ 표 23] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농업소득 ( 채소 특작 ) 채소 특작 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 5.769*** *** 6.448*** 8.602*** 8.411*** (0.643) (1.046) (0.813) (0.748) (0.816) (1.032) 경영주연령 0.104*** 0.225*** 0.103*** 0.095*** 0.056** 0.077** (0.019) (0.032) (0.025) (0.023) (0.025) (0.031) 경영주연령제곱 / *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.015) (0.025) (0.020) (0.018) (0.020) (0.025) 성별 0.131** ** (0.064) (0.111) (0.086) (0.079) (0.086) (0.109) 농가유형 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.057) (0.087) (0.067) (0.062) (0.068) (0.085) 토지소유형태 0.070* 0.216*** (0.039) (0.067) (0.052) (0.048) (0.053) (0.066) 총노동시간의로그값 0.942*** 1.083*** 0.967*** 0.893*** 0.846*** 0.818*** (0.028) (0.046) (0.036) (0.033) (0.036) (0.046) 농지면적의로그값 0.031*** *** 0.041*** 0.036*** 0.041*** (0.009) (0.015) (0.011) (0.010) (0.011) (0.014) 농기계평가액로그값 0.021*** * 0.030*** 0.034*** 0.041*** (0.005) (0.009) (0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.009) 가축평가액로그값 * * (0.003) (0.005) (0.004) (0.003) (0.004) (0.005) 가구원최고교육년수 (0.011) (0.030) (0.023) (0.022) (0.024) (0.030) N 3,776 3,776 3,776 3,776 3,776 3,776 R Hausman test ***

82 [ 표 24] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농업소득 ( 과수 화훼 기타 ) 과수 화훼 기타 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 9.076*** 6.626*** 6.866*** 8.812*** *** *** (0.803) (1.346) (1.072) (0.987) (1.055) (1.366) 경영주연령 (0.023) (0.040) (0.032) (0.029) (0.032) (0.041) 경영주연령제곱 / (0.018) (0.032) (0.026) (0.024) (0.025) (0.033) 성별 * (0.125) (0.191) (0.152) (0.140) (0.150) (0.194) 농가유형 *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.092) (0.133) (0.106) (0.098) (0.104) (0.135) 토지소유형태 * (0.060) (0.100) (0.079) (0.073) (0.078) (0.101) 총노동시간의로그값 0.733*** 0.830*** 0.848*** 0.708*** 0.662*** 0.617*** (0.042) (0.066) (0.052) (0.048) (0.052) (0.067) 농지면적의로그값 0.049*** 0.076*** 0.076*** 0.049*** 0.054*** (0.018) (0.023) (0.019) (0.017) (0.018) (0.024) 농기계평가액로그값 0.027*** *** 0.033** 0.031* (0.010) (0.017) (0.014) (0.012) (0.013) (0.017) 가축평가액로그값 (0.004) (0.007) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.007) 가구원최고교육년수 0.070*** ** 0.088*** 0.065** 0.090** (0.019) (0.042) (0.033) (0.031) (0.033) (0.042) N 1,912 1,912 1,912 1,912 1,912 1,912 R Hausman test *** 98.95*** ***

83 [ 표 25] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농외소득 ( 미곡 전작 ) 미곡 전작 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 7.733*** *** *** *** *** (1.593) (3.381) (2.499) (2.319) (2.538) (3.221) 경영주연령 0.098** (0.048) (0.100) (0.074) (0.069) (0.075) (0.096) 경영주연령제곱 / ** * (0.039) (0.079) (0.058) (0.054) (0.059) (0.075) 성별 (0.186) (0.413) (0.305) (0.283) (0.310) (0.393) 농가유형 2.385*** 3.159*** 2.356*** 1.489*** 1.156*** 1.053*** (0.110) (0.233) (0.172) (0.160) (0.175) (0.222) 토지소유형태 *** ** *** (0.110) (0.214) (0.158) (0.147) (0.161) (0.204) 총노동시간의로그값 0.245*** (0.070) (0.134) (0.099) (0.092) (0.100) (0.127) 농지면적의로그값 0.052** (0.025) (0.055) (0.041) (0.038) (0.041) (0.052) 농기계평가액로그값 (0.014) (0.028) (0.021) (0.019) (0.021) (0.027) 가축평가액로그값 (0.008) (0.014) (0.011) (0.010) (0.011) (0.014) 가구원최고교육년수 0.293*** 0.408*** 0.258*** 0.238*** 0.178*** 0.155* (0.023) (0.088) (0.065) (0.060) (0.066) (0.084) N 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 R Hausman test *** 29.53***

84 [ 표 26] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농외소득 ( 채소 특작 ) 채소 특작 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 *** 7.914** *** *** *** *** (1.464) (3.275) (2.546) (2.333) (2.560) (3.234) 경영주연령 (0.046) (0.100) (0.077) (0.071) (0.078) (0.098) 경영주연령제곱 / (0.037) (0.079) (0.061) (0.056) (0.062) (0.078) 성별 *** (0.127) (0.346) (0.269) (0.246) (0.270) (0.342) 농가유형 2.465*** 3.546*** 2.346*** 1.738*** 1.307*** 1.073*** (0.124) (0.271) (0.211) (0.193) (0.212) (0.268) 토지소유형태 * (0.114) (0.211) (0.164) (0.150) (0.165) (0.208) 총노동시간의로그값 * (0.085) (0.145) (0.112) (0.103) (0.113) (0.143) 농지면적의로그값 0.154*** 0.144*** 0.094*** 0.094*** (0.030) (0.046) (0.036) (0.033) (0.036) (0.045) 농기계평가액로그값 0.036** (0.017) (0.028) (0.022) (0.020) (0.022) (0.027) 가축평가액로그값 (0.009) (0.015) (0.012) (0.011) (0.012) (0.015) 가구원최고교육년수 0.265*** 0.327*** 0.274*** 0.207*** 0.160** (0.026) (0.094) (0.073) (0.067) (0.074) (0.093) N 3,776 3,776 3,776 3,776 3,776 3,776 R Hausman test *** 21.85***

85 [ 표 27] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농외소득 ( 과수 화훼 기타 ) 과수 화훼 기타 변수 IV 2SLS 도구변수분위회귀 (IV Quantile Regression) τ = 0.1 τ = 0.25 τ = 0.5 τ = 0.75 τ = 0.9 상수항 *** *** *** *** *** (2.066) (4.996) (3.344) (3.051) (3.294) (4.117) 경영주연령 (0.063) (0.149) (0.100) (0.091) (0.098) (0.123) 경영주연령제곱 / (0.052) (0.120) (0.080) (0.073) (0.079) (0.099) 성별 (0.252) (0.710) (0.475) (0.434) (0.469) (0.585) 농가유형 1.892*** 3.084*** 2.184*** 1.313*** 0.977*** 0.770* (0.204) (0.494) (0.331) (0.302) (0.326) (0.407) 토지소유형태 ** * ** (0.181) (0.370) (0.247) (0.226) (0.244) (0.305) 총노동시간의로그값 *** * ** ** (0.132) (0.244) (0.163) (0.149) (0.161) (0.201) 농지면적의로그값 0.129** 0.222** 0.102* (0.052) (0.087) (0.058) (0.053) (0.057) (0.072) 농기계평가액로그값 (0.027) (0.063) (0.042) (0.039) (0.042) (0.052) 가축평가액로그값 (0.012) (0.024) (0.016) (0.015) (0.016) (0.020) 가구원최고교육년수 0.361*** 0.464*** 0.348*** 0.309*** 0.257** (0.050) (0.155) (0.104) (0.095) (0.102) (0.128) N 1,912 1,912 1,912 1,912 1,912 1,912 R Hausman test *** 35.44*** 19.27**

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89 참고문헌 강혜정 권오상 (2008), 농가소득의양극화실태분석, 농업경제연구, 49(1), pp 강혜정 서종석 조규대 (2011), 농업교육참여에따른농가소득증가율추정, 농촌경제, 34(4), pp 권오상 강혜정 (2008), 농업소득, 농외소득, 농가소득의절대적수렴과상대적수렴, 농업경제연구, 49(2), pp 김제안 채종훈 (2009), 농가유형별소득결정요인분석, 산업경제연구, 22(4), pp 김홍균 문용호 (2006), 부모및부인의교육수준과교육투자수익률, 재정논집, 21(1), pp 김홍균 조정현 (2009), 형제, 자매자료를이용한교육투자수익률추정, 재정학연구, 2(3), pp 남수연 조중구 이성우 (2004), 친환경과정보화요인이농업소득에미치는영향, 농촌경제, 29(5), pp 박소현 유종순 (2013), 교육투자수익률 : 패널자료를이용한분석, 국제경제연구, 19(1), pp 박준기 문한필 김용택 (2004), 농가소득불평등도의요인분해, 농촌경제, 27(4), pp 박진환 (1959), 농업소득을결정하는요인분석, 농업경제연구, 2, pp 백일우 임정준 (2008), 도구변수를이용한여성고등교육의투자수익률분석, 교육행정학연구, 26(3), pp 서종석 조규대 강혜정 김재욱 (2011), 농업교육이농업소득증대에미치는효과분석, 농업경제연구, 52(4), pp 신동균 (2008), 외환외기이후소득분배의양극화추이, 원인및정책적시사점, 한국경제연구원연구보고서, 7(2). (2010), 교육투자수익률분석, 경제학연구, 58(3),

90 pp 이은우 (2006), 영농형태별농가소득격차요인분석, 농촌경제, 29(1), pp 이정환 권태진 조덕래 김은순 조재환 (1987), 농가소득의결정과분배, 연구보고, 149, 서울 : 한국농촌경제연구원. 임정준 (2012), 청년층여성의노동시장진출에따른소득분위별교육투자수익실증분석, 한국여성학, 28(1), pp 임정준 백일우 (2010), 소득분위별여성의고등교육투자에대한수익분석, 교육재정경제연구, 19(1), pp 정진화 조현정 (2012), 농가소득의양극화 : 경영주연령및소득원별비교, 농업경영 정책연구, 39(3), pp (2013), 농가가구원의교육수준이농가소득에미치는영향분석, 농업교육과인적자원개발, 45(1), pp 정진화 최강식 정철영 (2011), 한국사회의양극화현상과대책 - 소득및교육격차를중심으로, 서울: 한국연구재단. 최강식 (2002), 교육투자의경제적수익률분석, 응용경제, 4(2), pp 최강식 정진욱 정진화 (2005), 자영업부문의소득분포및소득결정요인 : 분위회귀분석, 노동경제논집, 28(1), pp 최재혁 고석남 (2005), 한국의농가소득결정에미치는요인분석, 산업경제연구, 18(3), pp 한성신 조인숙 (2007), 한국의교육투자수익률및학위효과 : 남녀비교, 노동경제논집, 30(1), pp 통계청홈페이지. 가계동향조사, 농가경제조사, 경제활동인구조사, 농림어업총조사 Retrieved from

91 한국농촌경제연구원. (2012). 농업전망 2012(1). 서울 : 한국농촌경제연구원. Foster, A.D. and Rosenzweig, M.R. (1996), Technical Change and Human Capital Returns and Investments: Evidence from the Green Revolution, American Economic Review, 86(4), pp Agyeman, Asuming-Brempong, and Onumah(2014), Determinants of Income Diversification of Farm Households in the Western Region of Ghana, Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 53(1), pp Atamanov and Van den Berg(2011), Microeconomic analysis of rural nonfarm activities in the Kyrgyz Republic: What determines participation and returns?, Working Paper, World Bank. Durojaiye, B.O. and Olanloye, F.A.(1992), The Value of Education in Small-Scale Agriculture: Some Evidence from Ogun State, Nigeria, Oxford Agrarian Studies, 20(2), pp Wu, C.C. (1977), Education in Farm Production: The Case of Taiwan, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 59(4), pp Chernozhukov, V. and Hansen, C.(2006), Instrumental quantile regression inference for structural and treatment effect models, Journal of Econometrics, 132(2), pp (2008), Instrumental variable quantile regression: A robust inference approach, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), pp Card, David(1993), Using Geographic Variation in College

92 Proximity to Estimate the Return to Schooling, Working Paper, NBER. (1994), Earnings, Schooling, and Ability Revisited, Working Paper, NBER. Jolliffe, Dean(2002), Whose Education Matters in the Determination of Household Income? Evidence from a Developing Country, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 50(2), pp Jamison, D.T. and Lau, L.J.(1982), Farmer Education and Farm Efficiency, Boltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. Jamison, D.T. and Moock P.R.(1984), Farmer Education and Farm Efficiency in Nepal: The Role of Schooling, Extension Services, and Cognitive Skills, World Development, 12(1), pp Yang, D.T.(1997), Education and Off-Farm Work, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 45(3), pp (2004), Education and allocative efficiency: household income growth during rural reforms in China, Journal of Development Economics, 74(1), pp Kwak, D.W.(2010), Instrumental variable quantile regression method for endogenous treatment effect, Working Paper, Stata Journal. Fane, George(1975), Education and the Managerial Efficiency of Farmers, Review of Economics and Statistics, 57(4), pp Messinis(2013), Returns to education and urban-migrant wage differentials in China: IV quantile treatment effects, China Economic Review, 26, pp

93 Psacharopoulos(1994), Returns to Investment in Education: A Global Update, World Development, 22(9), pp Psacharopoulos and Patrinos(2002), Returns to investment in education: a further update, Working Paper, World Bank. Mwabu and Schultz, T.W.(1996), Education Returns Across Quantiles of the Wage Function: Alternative Explanations for Returns to Education by Race in South Africa, The American Economic Review, 86(2), pp Brunello, Fort, and Weber(2009), Changes in Compulsory Schooling, Education and the Distribution of Wages in Europe, The Economic Journal, 119(536), pp Zhao, J. and Barry, Peter J.(2014), Income Diversification of Rural Households in China, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62(3), pp Mincer, J.A.(1974), Schooling, experience and earnings, New York, NY: National Bureau of Economic Research. Jung, Jin Hwa(2008), Farmers education, technology adoption and income: a case of eco-friendly farming in Korean farm households, Korean Journal of Agricultural Economics, 49(3), pp Angrist, Joshua D. and Krueger, Alan B.(1990), Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Schooling and Earnings?, Working Paper, NBER. Lin, Justin Y.(1991), Education and Innovation Adoption: Evidence from Hybrid Rice in China, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(3), pp

94 Lang, Kevin(1993), Ability Bias, Discount Rate Bias and the Return to Education, MPRA Paper, Boston University. Lockheed, Jamison and Lau(1980), Farmer Education and Farm Efficiency: A Survey, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 29(1), pp Kremer, Michael(1993), The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), pp Arias, Hallock, and Sosa-Escudero(2002), Individual heterogeneity ini the returns to schooling: instrumental variables quantile regression using twins data, Economic Applications of Quantile Regression, pp Ashenfelter, Harmon, and Oosterbeek(1999), A review of estimates of the schooling/ earnings relationship, with tests for publication bias, Labour Economics, 6(4), pp Koenker, Roger and Bassett, Gilbert Jr.(1978), Regression Quantiles, Econometrica, 46(1), pp Taylor, J. E. and Yunez-Naude, A.(2000), The returns from schooling in a diversified rural economy, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 82(2), pp Schultz, T.W.(1961), Investment in human capital, American Economic Review, 51(1), pp (1975), The value of the ability to deal with disequilibria, Journal of Economic Literature, 13(3), pp Huffman, Wallace(1974), Decision Making: The Role of

95 Education, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56(1), pp Welch, F.(1970), Education in production, Journal of Political Economy, 78(1), pp (1973), Black-White Differences in Returns to Schooling, The American Economic Review, 63(5), pp Griliches, Zvi(1977), Estimating the returns to schooling: some econometric problems, Econometrica, 45(1), pp (1979), Sibling Models and Data in Economics: Beginnings of a survey, Journal of Political Economy, 87(5), pp. S37-S

96 부록 [ 부표 1] 농가소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액

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98 [ 부표 2] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액 τ τ τ τ τ

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100 [ 부표 2] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액 ( 계속 ) τ τ τ τ τ

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102 [ 부표 3] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액 ( 미곡 전작 ) τ τ τ τ τ

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104 [ 부표 4] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액 ( 채소 특작 ) τ τ τ τ τ

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106 [ 부표 5] 소득분위별소득결정요인분석결과 : 농가소득총액 ( 과수 화훼 기타 ) τ τ τ τ τ

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108 Hyung Ho Park Dept. of Agricultural Economics & Rural Development The Graduate School Seoul National University

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