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1 농약과학회지 (Korean J. Pestic. Sci.) Vol. 19, No. 2, pp (2015) Open Access Online ISSN Print ISSN ORIGINAL ARTICLES / RESIDUE 포도 (Vitis vinifera L.) 중 Pyrimethanil 및 Methoxyfenozide 의생산단계잔류허용기준설정 김지윤 우민지 허경진 마노하란사라바난 권찬혁 1 허장현 * 강원대학교농업생명과학대학바이오자원환경학과, 강원대학교친환경농산물안전성센터, 1 식품의약품안전처식품기준과 Establishment of Pre-Harvest Residue Limit for Pyrimethanil and Methoxyfenozide during Cultivation of grape Kim Ji Yoon, Min Ji Woo, Kyung Jin Hur, Manoharan Saravanan, Chan-Hyeok Kwon 1 and Jang Hyun Hur* Department of Biological Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon , Environment Friendly Agricultural Products Safety Center, Chuncheon , Korea 1 Food Standard Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Chungbuk , Korea (Received on March 6, Revised on June 9, Accepted on June 23, 2015) Abstract The present study was aimed to predict the pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs) of pyrimethanil (fungicide) and methoxyfenozide (insecticide) in grape, and to estimate their biological half-lives and residual characteristics. The pesticides were sprayed once on grape in two different fields 10 days before harvest. At the end of 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after application, samples were harvested for further analysis. The residual pesticides were extracted with acetonitrile and partitioned with dichloromethane, and the highperformance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC/DAD) was employed for the residue analysis. The results obtained in the present study show that the limit of detection of both pesticides were found to be 0.01 mg kg 1. The recoveries of these pesticides were ranged between 80.6% and 102.5% with coefficient of variation lower than 10%. The biological half-lives of both pesticides were observed in field 1 and field 2 which shows 7.7 and 7.4 days for pyrimethanil and 5.1 and 6.1 days for methoxyfenozide, respectively. Further, the PHRL of pyrimethanil and methoxyfenozide was found to be 8.90 mg kg 1 and 5.51 mg kg 1, respectively at 10 days before harvest. Consequently, the present study suggests that the residual amounts of both pesticides will be lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) when grape is harvested. Key words Grape, Pre-Harvest Residue Limit, Maximum Residue Limit, Pyrimethanil, Methoxyfenozide 서 론 농약은병해충및잡초로부터농산물을보호하고생산량증대와품질향상에기여하는중요한농자재이다. 살포된농약은수확시기까지분해및소실되어작물에잔류하지않는것이가장이상적이지만여러형태의화학구조를가지고있는특성상사용이끝난후에도농작물이나환경중에잔류되는경우가있다 (Kim et al., 2009). *Corresponding author jhhur@kangwon.ac.kr 이에국가에서는농산물중농약잔류허용기준 (Maximum Residue Limit, MRL) 을설정하여잔류농약에대한관리를하고있다. 그러나유통단계중시행되는잔류농약검사는잔류량이최대잔류허용기준량을초과할경우이미유통되었을가능성이높아농산물의회수가어려우며, 부적합농산물은용도전환또는폐기처분되어농민들에게경제적손실을발생시킨다. 이와같은문제를방지하고, 생산단계농산물의안전관리를위하여국가에서는생산단계잔류허용기준 (Pre-harvest Residue Limit, PHRL) 을설정하였다. 생산단계잔류허용기준은생산단계농산물에대한안전성을평가하는기준으로수확전일정시점의기간동안농약의잔류량을 81
2 82 김지윤 우민지 허경진 마노하란사라바난 권찬혁 허장현 조사하고, 생물학적반감기를산출하여수확시잔류량을예측함으로써 MRL을초과할가능성이있는부적합농산물의유통을사전에차단하는데목적이있다 ( 농림수산식품부, 2009). 5대과수중하나인포도는갈매나무목포도과에속하는낙엽성덩굴식물로미네랄, 비타민, 철분등의영양분이풍부하다고알려져있다. 또한포도의폴리페놀성분이심혈관질환, 암, 동맥경화등의질병예방에효과적이라는연구결과가보고되면서포도의생산량과소비량이점차증가하고있다 (Kim et al., 2012). 그러나포도에대한생산단계잔류허용기준은 2014년기준 42개성분에대해서만설정되어있어적용농약품목의확대가필요한실정이다 ( 식품의약품안전처, 2014). 본연구는포도생산단계중 pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide의잔류량을분석하여약제별잔류특성및반감기산출을통해생산단계잔류허용기준설정에기여하고자수행하였다. 미토스, 바이엘크롭사이언스 ( 주 )) 및 methoxyfenozide 21% 유제 ( 상표명 : 런너, 동부팜한농 ( 주 )) 는시중에서구입하여사용하였다. 두약제의화학구조식및이화학적성질은 Table 1과같다. 시약, 재료및기구잔류농약의분석을위해사용한 dichloromethane, acetonitrile, n-hexane, methanol 및 ethyl acetate는 GR급을사용하였으며, sodium sulfate anhydrous 및 sodium chloride는 EP 급을사용하였다. 정제에사용한 SPE Florisil 1 g cartridge는 Phenomenex (USA) 사의제품을구입하였다. 또한약제살포시동력식분무기를사용하였으며, 잔류농약분석시시료균질기 (AM-10, Nissei, Nihonseiki Kaisha Ltd., Japan) 와진공회전증발농축기 (EYELA NE-1001, Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd., Japan) 를사용하였다. 포도중 pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide의잔류량은 DIONEX UltiMate 3000 (Thermo scientific, USA) 을이용하여분석하였다. 재료및방법 시험농약본연구에사용된 pyrimethanil (99.9%, Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH, Germany) 및 methoxyfenozide (99.6%, Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH, Germany) 의표준품은원제사로부터구입하여사용하였고, 살포용농약 pyrimethanil 37% 액상수화제 ( 상표명 : 시험작물및시험포장시험작물인포도는경기도가평군북면소법리의포도재배지 2 포장을임차하여 10일간 (2013년 9월 10일 ~2013년 9 월 20일 ) 시험을진행하였다. 포장 1, 2의시험구획은 24 m 2 으로약제처리별 3반복배치하였으며, 각각의처리구사이에 1m의완충구를두고시험을수행하였다 (Fig. 1). Table 1. Physicochemical properties of the pesticides used Pesticides Pyrimethanil Methoxyfenozide Chemical structure IUPAC name N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)aniline N-tert-butyl-N'-(3-methoxy-o-toluoyl)-3,5-xylohydrazide Mol.wt Vapor pressure 2.2 mpa (25 o C) < mpa (20 o C) K ow logp 2.84 (ph 6.1, 25 o C) 3.7 (shake flask) Fig. 1. Field design in this study area.
3 포도 (Vitis vinifera L.) 중 Pyrimethanil 및 Methoxyfenozide 의생산단계잔류허용기준설정 83 약제처리및시료채취 포도에대한시험농약의살포는작물보호지침서 (KCPA, 2012) 의안전사용기준에준하여희석한후동력식분무기를사용하여 1회살포하였고, 시험농약살포 2시간후를 0일차로하여 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10일차에약 1.5~2 kg의시료를채취하였다. 채취한시료는밀봉한후즉시분석장소로운반하였으며, 처리구별로세절및혼합하여 -20 o C 이하의냉동고에서보관후분석시사용하였다. 본시험에서포도에살포한약제의안전사용기준및잔류허용기준 (Maximum Residue Limits, MRL) 은 Table 2에제시하였다. 분석검출한계 Pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide의분석검출한계는최소검출량, 최종부피, 시료주입량, 시료량등을고려하여산출하며아래의식과같이산출하였다. - 산출식 : 최소검출량 (ng) 최종부피 (ml) 1 = mg kg 1 시료주입량 (µl) 시료량 (g) - Pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide 의 MDL: 1.0 ng 2 ml 1 10 µl 20 g = 0.01 mg kg 1 표준검량선작성시험농약의표준물질인 pyrimethanil (99.6%) mg 및 methoxyfenozide (99.6%) mg을 100 ml acetonitrile 에녹여 1,000 mg L 1 stock solution을조제한후단계별로희석하여 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 및 5.0 mg L 1 의 working solution을조제하였다. 그후각각일정량을 HPLC 에주입하여나타난 chromatogram상의 peak면적을기준으로검량선을작성하였다. 포도중잔류농약분석포도중잔류된 pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide를추출하기위하여세절한시료 20 g에 acetonitrile 100 ml를가하여 homogenizer로 10,000 rpm에서 3분간마쇄 추출하였다. 추출액중 acetonitrile을감압여과및농축한후증류수 100 ml, 포화식염수 50 ml를첨가하여 dichloromethane 80, 70 ml로 2회분배하였으며, 감압농축후 dichloromethane 5mL로재용해하였다. Pyrimethanil의정제는 SPE Florisil 1 g cartridge에 dichloromethane 5 ml로 pre-washing한후추출액 5mL를모두 loading하여버린후전개용출용매 (dichloromethane:methanol = 95:5, v/v) 5 ml로용출시켰다. Methoxyfenozide의경우 SPE Florisil 1 g cartridge에 dichloromethane 5 ml로 pre-washing한후추출액 5mL를모두 loading하고전개용출용매 1 (n-hexane:dichloromethane Table 2. Pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) guidelines for the safe use of the test pesticides and their maximum residue limits (MRLs) Pesticides Formulation A.I. a) (%) MRL b) (mg kg 1 ) LAD c) (day) Safe use guideline MNA d) (time) Dilution Pyrimethanil SC e) ,000 Methoxyfenozide SC ,000 a) A.I.: Active ingredient, b) MRL: Maximum residue limit, MFDS, c) LAD: Last application day, d) MNA: Maximum number of application, e) SC: Suspension concentrate Table 3. HPLC/DAD operating conditions for the analysis of pyrimethanil and methoxyfenozide in grape Instrument HPLC (DIONEX UltiMate 3000) Detector Diod array detector (DAD), 210 nm Oven temperature 40 o C Column Shiseido C (4.6 mm I.D. 250 mm, 5 µm) Flow rate 1.0 ml min. 1 Injection volume 10 µl Pyrimethanil Methoxyfenozide Min. Acetonitrile Water Mobile phase Acetonitrile:Water = 65:35 (v/v)
4 84 김지윤 우민지 허경진 마노하란사라바난 권찬혁 허장현 = 50:50, v/v) 10 ml로세정하였다. 이후전개용출용매 2 (dichloromethane:ethyl acetate = 80:20, v/v) 6 ml를이용하여용출시켰다. 두약제모두용출액을감압농축한건고물을 acetonitrile 2 ml로재용해하여필터링여과 (0.2 µm membrane filter) 한후 HPLC/DAD에 10.0 µl 주입하여최종분석하였으며, 분석조건은 Table 3과같다. 포도중회수율분석무처리포도시료 20 g을각각칭량하여표준용액 1mg kg 1 표준용액 2 ml, 10 mg kg 1 표준용액 1mL를가한후, 분석검출한계의 10배 (0.1 mg kg 1 ), 분석검출한계의 50배 (0.5 mg kg 1 ) 수준이되도록균일하게혼합하여 30분간방치한후상기의분석과정을수행하여회수율을산출하였다. 시험농약의생물학적반감기및생산단계농약잔류허용기준포도의생산단계중시험약제의잔류량은표준검량선을사용하여산출하였으며, 생물학적반감기및생산단계농약잔류허용기준 (PHRL) 은식품의약품안전처에서제공하는잔류성시험성적회귀분석검정표를이용하여산출하였다. 결과및고찰 시험기간중기상조건과포도의중량 2013년 9월 10일부터 2013년 9월 20일까지의시험기간중포장 1, 2 시설내의평균기온범위는 20.0~23.0 o C이었 으며, 평균습도의범위는 79.4~99.6% 이었다 (Fig. 2). 시험약제살포후포장 1, 2에서수확한포도의평균무게는 g이었으며, 첫번째수확일대비마지막수확일까지대상작물의평균증체율은 114.8% (Fig. 3) 로비대생장에의한잔류농약의희석효과는적을것으로판단된다. 표준검량선작성포도중잔류농약분석을위한표준검량곡선을작성한결과, 두약제모두상관계수 (R 2 ) 가 0.99이상으로높은직선성을확인하였다 (Table 4). 분석검출한계및회수율포도중 pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide의분석검출한계는모두 0.01 mg kg 1 이었으며, pyrimethanil의회수율은 85.5~88.8%, methoxyfenozide의경우 80.6~102.5% 로두약제모두식품의약품안전처의단성분분석회수율범위인 70~120%, 변이계수 10% 이내의기준을만족하여 (Table 5) 잔류특성을구명하기에효율적인분석방법이라판단된다. 상기분석방법에의한 pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide의머무름시간은각각 8.41분과 7.12분이었다. HPLC/DAD로분석한시험약제의무처리, 회수율및처리구의대표적크로마토그램은 Fig. 4와같다. 포도생산단계중잔류량변화에따른생물학적반감기포도생산단계중 pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide를안전사용기준에준하여포장 1, 포장 2에각각 1회기준량살포하여일자별잔류량을분석하였다. Pyrimethanil 기준량처리시초기농도는포장 1에서의초기농도는 2.50 mg kg 1, 포장 2에서의초기농도는 2.77 mg kg 1 이었고, methoxyfenozide의경우포장 1에서 0.67 mg kg 1, 포장 2 에서 0.74 mg kg 1 으로시험포장간의초기잔류량은큰차 Table 4. A linear equation of calibration curve for the quantification of the pesticide residues in grape Fig. 2. Climatic conditions during cultivation period. Pesticides Linear equation R 2 Pyrimethanil y=0.1261x Methoxyfenozide y=0.1271x Fig. 3. Rate of gain of grape during cultivation period. Table 5. Recoveries rate and MLOQ for pyrimethanil and methoxyfenozide in grape Pesticides Pyrimethanil Methoxyfenozide Fortification (mg kg 1 ) Recovery ± SD (%, average ± SD) ± ± ± ± 0.4 a) MLOQ: Method Limit of Quantification MLOQ a) (mg kg 1 )
5 포도 (Vitis vinifera L.) 중 Pyrimethanil 및 Methoxyfenozide 의생산단계잔류허용기준설정 85 Fig. 4. Chromatogram of pyrimethanil (A: control, B: recovery 0.5 mg kg 1, C: 0 day sample) and methoxyfenozide (D: control, E: recovery 0.5 mg kg 1, F: 0 day sample). Fig. 5. Dissipation curves of pyrimethanil (A) and methoxyfenozide (B) in grape during cultivation period. 이가없었다 (Fig. 5). 두약제의초기잔류량모두 MRL (pyrimethanil: 5.0 mg kg 1, methoxyfenozide: 2.0 mg kg 1, MFDS, 2014) 이하로나타났다. 이는 Han 등 (2003) 의연구에서같은약제를살포한결과표면이울퉁불퉁한딸기에서의초기잔류량이포도보다높은것을보면, 표면이매끄럽고과실이뭉쳐져있는포도의특성상초기잔류량이낮게나온것이라판단된다. 포도중 pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide의잔류량은약제살포후시간이지남에따라감소하는경향을보였다. 잔류농약의감소경향은농약자체의이화학적특성, 제제형태, 대사및분해, 처리후수확일까지의경과일수, 환경조건등에의한영향을받은것으로사료된다 (Lo et al., 2004). 식품의약품안전처에서제공한시험농약의잔류성시험성적회귀분석검정표를통해각각시험포장의잔류량에따른 잔류감소회귀식을산출한결과, pyrimethanil의경우포장 1에서 y=2.0678e x (R 2 =0.9112), 포장 2에서 y=2.5160e x (R 2 =0.9138) 이었으며, methoxyfenozide의경우포장 1 에서 y=0.6717e x (R 2 =0.9850), 포장 2에서 y=0.7746e x (R 2 =0.9921) 이었다 (Fig. 5). 잔류감소회귀식에의해산출된두농약의생산단계중생물학적반감기는 pyrimethanil의경우포장 1에서 7.7일, 포장 2에서 7.4일이었으며, methoxyfenozide의경우각각 5.1, 6.1일로나타났다. 포장간의반감기차이는크지않았으나단감중 pyrimethanil의반감기는 15.6일 (Lee et al., 2012), 배추중 methoxyfenozide의반감기는 3.5일 (Lee et al., 2009) 인선행연구결과와비교하였을때차이를보였다. 이는약제의반감기가농약자체의특성과환경조건은물론대상작물의종류에도영향을받기때문이라판단된다.
6 86 김지윤 우민지 허경진 마노하란사라바난 권찬혁 허장현 Fig. 6. Recommended PHRL (Pre-harvest Residue Limit) of pyrimethanil (A) and methoxyfenozide (B) in grape during cultivation period. 생산단계잔류허용기준설정생산단계잔류허용기준 (PHRL) 은수확전일정시점에잔류허용량을설정하여수확시농약의잔류량이 MRL을초과하지않도록설정한기준으로생산단계포도의일자별잔류량을이용하여 pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide의생산단계잔류허용기준을산출하였다. 포도중 pyrimethanil의 MRL은 5.0 mg kg 1 이고, methoxyfenozide의경우 2.0 mg kg 1 으로 pyrimethanil의수확 10일전생산단계잔류허용기준은포장 1에서 8.90, 포장 2에서 9.16 mg kg 1 이었으며, methoxyfenozide의수확 10일전생산단계잔류허용기준은포장 1에서 6.45 mg kg 1, 포장 2에서 5.51 mg kg 1 로나타났다. Pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide의수확 10일전잔류량이각각 8.90 mg kg 1, 5.51 mg kg 1 이하로나타나면수확시잔류량이 MRL 이하로잔류할것으로예측된다 (Fig. 6). 본연구결과는부적합농산물의유통을사전에방지하여소비자는안전한농산물을섭취하고, 생산자는불필요한경제적손실을최소화할수있는농산물안전관리에기여할수있을것으로판단된다. 감사의글 본성과물은식품의약품안전처에서시행한 2013년생산단계농산물중농약의잔류허용기준설정연구의지원에의해이루어졌으며, 이에감사드립니다. Literature Cited Korea Crop Protection Association (2012) 2012 Guideline of Pesticides Use. Korea Crop Protection Association. Kim, J. H., S. K. Choi, Y. S. Yu, K. S. Yoon and J. S. Seo (2012) Physiologically Active Components and Antioxidant Capacity of Grapevine Leaves at Growth Stages. The Korean Journal of Food Science. 44(6): Kim, S. W., E. M. Lee, Y. Lin, H. W. Park, H. R. Lee, M, J. Riu, Y. R. Na, J. E. Noh, Y. S. Keum, H. H. Song and J. H. Kim (2009) Establishment of pre-harvest residue limit(phrl) of insecticide bifenthrin during cultivation of grape, The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science. 13(4): Han, S. S., S. C. Lo, W. J. Kim, P. J. Park and I. K. Kim (2003) Residual Characteristics of Etofenprox and Methoxyfenozide in Chinese Cabbage. Analytical Science & Technology. 16(1): Lee, D. Y., Y. J. Kim, S. J. Lee, K. S. Cho, S. G. Kim, M. H. Park and K. Y. Kang (2012) Establishment of Pre-Harvest Residue Limit of Fungicides Pyrimethanil and Trifloxystrobin during Cultivation of Persimmon. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture. 31(1): Lee, E. Y., H. H. Noh, Y. S. Park, K. Y. Kang, J. K. Kim, Y. D. Jin, S. S. Yun, C. W. Jin, S. K. Han and K. S. Kyung (2009) Residual Characteristics of Etofenprox and Methoxyfenozide in Chinese Cabbage. The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science. 13(1): Lo, S. C., C. H. Hwang, M. S. Kim, S. Y. Ma and S. S. Han (2004) Residue analysis of insecicide thiodicarb in sweet persimmon and its safety evaluation. The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science. 8(3): Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (2014) Toxic substances residue standard such as pre-harvest agricultural products. Tomlin, C. D. S (2009) The Pesticide Manual. British Crop Production Council, UK. pp Tomlin, C. D. S (2009) The Pesticide Manual. British Crop Production Council, UK. pp
7 포도 (Vitis vinifera L.) 중 Pyrimethanil 및 Methoxyfenozide 의생산단계잔류허용기준설정 87 포도 (Vitis vinifera L.) 중 Pyrimethanil 및 Methoxyfenozide 의생산단계잔류허용기준설정 김지윤 우민지 허경진 마노하란사라바난 권찬혁 1 허장현 * 강원대학교농업생명과학대학바이오자원환경학과, 강원대학교친환경농산물안전성센터, 1 식품의약품안전처식품기준과 요약본연구는포도에대한 pyrimethanil 과 methoxyfenozide 의잔류량변화를측정하여약제별잔류특성을파악하고, 잔류량감소추이를산출함으로써생산단계잔류허용기준 (Pre-Harvest Residue Limit, PHRL) 설정을위한기초자료로활용하고자수행하였다. Pyrimethanil 및 methoxyfenozide 농약을안전사용기준에준하여각각포장 1, 포장 2 지역으로나누어기준량처리하였으며, 약제처리 2 시간후를 0 일차로하여 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 일차에시료를채취하여분석하였다. 두약제모두 HPLC/DAD 를이용하여분석하였으며, 분석정량한계 (Method Limit of Quantitation, MLOQ) 는 0.01 mg kg 1 이었다. 분석결과, 분석법의회수율은 80.6~102.5% 이었으며, 표준편차는모두 10% 미만이었다. 포도중각농약에대한생물학적반감기는 pyrimethanil 의경우 7.7 일 ( 포장 1), 7.4 일 ( 포장 2) 이었으며, methoxyfenozide 의경우 5.1 일 ( 포장 1), 6.1 일 ( 포장 2) 이었다. 잔류회귀감소식을이용한 pyrimethanil 과 methoxyfenozide 의생산단계잔류허용기준은각각수확 10 일전 8.90 과 5.51 mg kg 1 으로제안하였다. 색인어 포도, 생산단계잔류허용기준, 잔류허용기준, pyrimethanil, methoxyfenozide
Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Korean J Environ Agric (2013) Online ISSN: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp
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