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1 2016 년도한국철도학회추계학술대회논문집 KSR2016A252 Pagani Cone Test을이용한철도노반조사기법연구 A study on the ground investigation technique of railway using Pagani cone test 강성욱 *, 조국환 Sung-Wook Kang *, Kook-Hwan Cho Abstract Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Cone Penetration Test are widely used in geotechnical investigation methods for railway roadbed. However, the standard penetration test cannot be used on the track in electric lines, since the equipment may contact to the electric lines. On the other hand, in order to avoid electric hazard, portable equipment, drop cone penetrometer (DCP), can be used. A normal portable DCP has usually not enough hitting energy and the rigidity of cone-rod, so it is impossible to required penetration depth. In this study, Pagani cone test which is one of portable drop cone penetrometer is compared with SPT data. As a result of this study, the correlation between Pagani cone test and SPT is proposed. Keywords : Ground investigation, Pagani cone test, DCPT, SPT 초록철도노반에대한지반조사방법은표준관입시험 (SPT), Cone 관입시험등이널리이용되고있다. 그러나표준관입시험은시험장비가크기때문에운행선주변의전철주등에접촉위험이있어적용에어려움이있다. 반면에휴대용장비인 DCP(Drop Cone Penetrometer) 의경우타격에너지가부족하고관입되는 Cone-rod 의강성이부족하므로필요깊이까지관입이불가능하게되는등사용에제한을받고있다. 이에본연구에서는휴대용장비이면서타격에너지와강성이큰 Pagani Cone Test 를표준관입시험과동일한지반에서실시하여 N 값을비교 분석하였다. 그결과 Pagani Cone Test 의 N 값과표준관입시험의 N 값과의상관관계를제안하였다. 주요어 : 지반조사, 파가니콘, 동적콘관입시험, 표준관입시험 1. 서론 최근국내에서는철도경쟁력확보를위하여기존자갈도상궤도구간에대해열차의고속화를추진중이다. 하지만열차가운행되고있는기존선에자갈의노후화, 시공불량등노반및원지반의침하가발생하고있다. 철도분야에서지반조사는일반적으로성토가이루어지기전원지반을대상으로이루어지며, 성토시평판재하시험및반복평판재하시험을통한다짐기준에의해시공되고있다. 그럼에도불구하고일부기존선에서는여러가지요인으로인하여지속적인침하가발생하고있으며, 이에대해정확한지반조사없이침하의 * 서울과학기술대학교철도전문대학원철도건설공학과 서울과학기술대학교철도전문대학원교수 (khcho@seoultech.ac.kr)
2 원인을추측하여보강및복원공사가이루어지고있는실정이다. 그러므로궤도하부구조물의유지보수비용을최소화하기위하여도상및노반의정확한상태를평가한후보강및복원공사가실시되는것이필수적이다. 현재도상과노반에관련된많은문제점이발생하고있으나, 이를평가할수있는신뢰할만한체계는구축되어있지않은실정이다. 이러한문제를해결하고자최근다양한지반조사방법을적용한연구가진행되어왔다. Park et al.(2009c) 과 Kim et al.(2004) 은 GPR(Ground penetrating radar) 을적용하여철도지반을검사하고자하였으며, 이후 Kim et al.(2005) 과 Kim et al.(2008) 은 PBS(Portable ballast sampler), LFWD(Light falling weight deflectometer), PBT(Plate bearing test) 를추가적용하여궤도하부의상태를평가하고자하였다. GPR은적은비용으로넓은지역에대한탐사가가능한반면, 층두께, 함수비, 세립분함량만을측정하므로직접적인궤도하부구조물의강도및강성평가에어려움이있다. LFWD와 PBT는직접적으로강성과처짐량을평가할수있는방법이나, 평가범위가제한적이기때문에노반을평가하고자할경우침목과도상자갈층을제거해야하므로적용성에한계가있다. 또한탄성파를발생시켜노반을평가하는표면파 (Surface-wave) 기법과품질관리에대한연구도진행되고있으나, 아직실용화단계에는이르지못하였다. 이와같은이유로비파괴시험방법들은신뢰성이떨어지며노반상태를평가하는데참고자료로사용하고있으며, 심도에따라직접적으로철도궤도하부구조물을평가할수있는원위치관입시험에대한연구가필요하다. 원위치관입시험에는 SPT(Standard penetration test), CPT(Cone penetration test), DMT(Flat plate dilatometer test), PMT(Pressuremeter test) 그리고 VST(Vane shear test) 등이있다. SPT의경우가장일반적인지반조사방법이지만 Fig.1과같이운행선상장비의크기및전철주와의접촉위험성등의이유로적용하기가까다로운단점이있다. Height of electronic pole near the rail 3m Fig. 1 Height of electric pole near the rail
3 따라서원위치관입시험법중별도의시추공을필요치않으며, 연속적으로신뢰할만한데이터를획득할수있는 CPT의비중이증가하고있다. 특히 CPT에사용되는관입장비를철도현장에적용하기에는공간적제약이있으며, 국내에서적합한장비확보에어려움이있다. 이에 Lee et al.(2008) 은교란을최소화하기위하여표준콘 ( 직경 35.7mm) 보다작은다양한직경을갖는콘의개발및검증에대한연구가수행된바있다. 특히 Byun et al.(2013) 은스크류롯드에체결된소형콘관입기를개발하여철도지반에적용하고자하였다. 그러나도상자갈층의상태에따라스크류롯드의회전관입에어려움이있으며, 도상자갈층에대한상태평가를수행할수없다는한계가있다. 하지만일반적으로이용되는콘관입시험기의해머는관입에너지가너무적어자갈및강화노반을통과하여원지반을조사하는데는한계를가지고있다. 또한장비의크기, Cone-rod의강성부족등의이유로기존선에적용이불가능하다. 본연구에서는휴대가가능한콘관입시험기인 DCP에비하여비교적타격에너지가큰 Pagani cone의제원과계측자료분석방안을제시하였으며, 기존의지반조사방법, 특히표준관입시험과비교 분석하여철도노반의적용성을검증하고새로운노반상태평가기법과관계식을제시하고자한다. 2. 기존철도노반에서의지반조사 2.1 기존철도노반에서의지반조사방법 표준관입시험 (SPT : Standard Penetration Test) 은 Fig. 2(a) 와같이원위치에서의지반조사의보편적인방법으로로드끝에외경 5.1cm, 내경 3.5cm, 길이 81cm의스플릿스푼샘플러를부착한후소정의깊이까지굴착하고외경 5.1cm, 내경 3.5cm, 길이 81cm의분리형원통샘플러 (split spoon sampler) 를시추공바닥까지밀어넣는다. 그후샘플러에연결된굴착로드 (rod) 의상단을 63.5kg의해머로 76cm의높이에서낙하타격하여샘플러를 45cm 관입시키고, 마지막 30cm 관입에필요한타격횟수를그깊이에서의표준관입시험치 (N값) 라고한다. 표준관입시험의성과를신뢰할수있는최대깊이는 30cm 정도이고, 표준관입시험을 1 회시행하는데필요한최소깊이는 50cm 정도이나실제로는 1m 간격으로실시하는것이표준이다. 사질토의경우에는 N값에서전단강도나모래의압축성등을판정할수있으며, 지반지지력의추정에쓰인다. 점성토의경우에도가늠을할수있으나토질자료의채취를목적으로한다. N값을통해해당지반에대한기초구조나적용공법의판단을위한기초자료를얻을수있다. 철도에서는설계시지반조사방안으로주로쓰이며, 기존선에지반조사를하는경우에는열차및전차선차단을한후지반조사를실시하여열차운행에장애가되며, 및전철주와의접촉위험성을향시내포하고있는단점이있다. 반면동적콘관입시험 (DCPT : Dynamic Cone Penetration Test) 은 Fig. 2(b) 와같이타격횟수를기록하는기록원및시험원 2명등총 3명이필요하며 10kg 중량의해머를 50cm 높이에서하강시켜 Rod를 10cm 하강시키는데필요한타격치를기록하는방식으로시험을수행한다. 하지만철도노반에적용시키기위해서는타격에너지너무작아자갈도상을통과할수가없으며, 보링기계
4 를이용하여천공을할경우많은비용이소요되며, 전철주와의접촉위험성을표준관입시험과같이내포하고있는단점이있다. 따라서본연구에서는휴대가가능한콘관입시험기인 DCP에비하여비교적타격에너지가커자갈도상과강화노반을지나원지반까지조사할수있는장비인 Pagani cone test기를표준관입시험과동일한위치에서시험하였다. (a) Specification of SPT (b) Specification of CPT Fig. 2 Specification of geotechnical investigation equipment 3. 파가니콘시험 (Pagani Cone Test) 3.1 Pagani cone 제원 Pagani cone은지반의특성을파악하는장비로지반의종류, 지반의동정사항, 지반층두께등을파악할수있다. Pagani cone test는 30kg의추를 20cm 높이에서낙하하여 10cm 관입시낙하횟수 (N) 을측정하며, 일반적으로사용하는표준관입시험 (SPT) 과원리는동일하나낙하높이및낙하추의무게가다른차이점이있다. Fig.3와같이시험기기의구성요소는 hammer, rods, cone tips등으로구성되며제원은 Table 1와같다. 동적원추관입시험기보다상대적으로무거운 hammer를사용한다. Pagani cone test에서얻어진타격횟수 (N) 를 SPT N 값으로환산하여기초지반을형성하는각지층의상대밀도 (Relative Density) 및 Consistency를판정한다. N값의조사결과로판별또는추정할수있다. Fig. 3 Components of Pagani cone
5 Table 1 Specifications of Pagani cone and DCP Item Specifications of Pagani cone Specifications of Light weight DCP Hammer weight 30kg 10kg Cone tips area 10cm 2 10 cm2 Cone tips diameter 3.56cm 3.56cm Cone tips angle Rods lengh 1m 1m Rods diameter 2cm 2 cm Height of hammer hit 20cm 50cm 3.2 Pagani cone 과표준관입시험 (SPT), 동적콘관입시험 (DCPT) 와의상관관계 Pagani cone과표준관입시험 (SPT), 동적콘관입시험 (DCPT) 의상관관계를파악하기위하여관입에너지 (Q) 를산정하고비교분석하였다. 관입에너지 (Q) 는다음과같은식 (1) 으로정의된다. M H 2 Q ( kg / cm ) (1) A 여기서, M = 질량 (Mass) H = 낙하높이 (Falling Height) A = 단면적 (Base Area) = 관입깊이 (Penetration Length) 식 (1) 에의거하여 Pagani cone() 의제원과표준관입시험 (SPT), 동적콘관입시험 (DCPT) 의제원을이용하여각각의관입에너지 (Q) 를산정하면 Q SPT = 7.87kg/cm 2, Q = 6.0 kg/cm 2, Q DCP = 5.0kg/cm 2 으로나타났다. 이에 SPT와 DCPT의관입에너지를 Pagani cone test의관입에너지와비교하면다음식 (2), 식 (3) 과같다. 6 NSPT N 0. 76N (2) NDCPT N 1. 2N (3) 5 Lee et al.(2000) 에따르면빠르게타격하는자동해머를장착한 SPT의에너지효율은 72.3%, ISMES에서실시한 Pagani cone의에너지효율은 73% 로나타났고, 같은낙하방식의 DCP도 Pagani cone의에너지효율을적용하면. 각각의에너지효율을적용한이론식은식 (5), 식 (6) 과같다.
6 N 1. 3 (5) N SPT N (6) N DCPT 4. 파가니콘시험 (Pagani Cone Test) 과표준관입시험 (SPT) 의상관성분석 4.1 Pagani cone 현장시험 Pagani cone 현장시험개요본연구에서 Pagani cone test와표준관입시험의상관관계를파악하기위하여쉴드공법을실시한서울시지하철 9호선의현장 A공구와 B공구의터널상부구간에서 Fig.4와같이 Pagani cone test와표준관입시험을실시하였다. 총 8곳에걸쳐 Pagani cone test와표준관입시험이서로지반교란에따른영향이없도록 2m 이상떨어진지점에서시험하였다. Fig. 4 Pagani cone test on the ground above the tunnel Pagani cone test와표준관입시험의결과비교서울지하철 9호선에서쉴드공법이적용된시공구간중 A공구와 B공구에서 Pagani cone test와 SPT를실시하였고, Pagani cone의 10cm 관입시타수와 SPT의 30cm 관입시타수를비교하였다. 데이터분석결과, A공구에서는아스콘하부기층, 보조기층에의해상부에서는비교적높은 N치가나왔다. 그밑으로점토와사질토로구성되어있다고파악하였다. B공구에서는지장물조사에의한굴착후되메우기로인하여 2m가량연약한매립층으로구성되어있었고, 그밑으로는점토와사질토로파악되었다. A공구와 B공구에서 Pagani cone과 SPT의 N치의비교를 Fig.5와 Fig.6으로나타내었다.
7 (a) A-1 (b) A-2 (c) A-3 (d) A-4 Fig. 5 Comparing N-value of Pagani cone with N-value of SPT (A site) (a) B-1 (b) B-2 (c) B-3 (d) B-4 Fig. 6 Comparing N-value of Pagani cone with N-value of SPT (B site)
8 Pagani cone test와 SPT의비교를통하여지반의종류에따른관계식을 Fig.7과같이나타내었다. 데이터를분석한결과 N 값은사질토에서 N SPT 의 1.43배, 점토에서 N SPT 의 1.36배로앞서추론한이론식과유사하게나타났다. (a) Correlation between Pagani cone and SPT (Sand) (b) Correlation between Pagani cone and SPT (Clay) Fig. 7 Correlation between Pagani cone and SPT according to the type of soil 5. 결론본연구는통하여 Pagani Cone의철도노반적용성평가하기위하여 DCP와타격에너지를비교하고 SPT와의상관관계를분석하여관계식을제안하였다. 이에대한결론은다음과같다. 1. Pagani cone test는자갈층을통과할수있는충분한관입에너지를가졌으나, SPT의 N 값과는상관관계가드러나지않았다. 2. DCPT에비해 120% 의관입에너지를가진 Pagani Cone Test를통하여원지반상태를 10cm마다평가할수있었으며, 비교적큰에너지가발휘되어하부 13m까지관입시켜도문제가없음을알수있었다. 3. N 값은사질토에서 N SPT 의 1.43배, 점토에서 N SPT 의 1.36배로앞서추론한이론식 (N =1.3N SPT ) 과유사하게나타났다 4. Pagani cone test은 SPT보다이동이편리하고궤도주변전철주에대한접촉위험이없으며, DCPT에비해강한관입에너지를가지고있어철도노반에적합한지반조사법으로판단된다.
9 참고문헌 [1] Byun, Y. H., Kim, J. H. and Lee, J. S. (2013), Cone penetrometer with a helical-type outer screw rod for evaluation of the subgrade condition, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 139, pp. 115~122. [2] De Lima, D. C. and Tumay, M. T. (1991), Scale effects in cone penetration tests, Proceedings of the Geotechnical Engineering Congress, Boulder, Colorado, 1, pp. 38~51. [3] Kim, D. S., Hwang, S. K., Shin, M. H. and Park, T. S. (2005), Evaluation on the condition of track substructure using GPR/PBS/LFWD, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, 21(5), pp. 163~170 (in Korean). [4] Kim, D. S., Lee, S. H., Kang, S. G. and Son, K. H. (2004), Research for assessing railway trackbed condition, 2004 Spring Conference of Korean Society for Railway, Korea, pp. 54~60 (in Korean). [5] Kim, D. S., Park, S. Y. and Kim, S. I. (2008), Evaluation of correlation between subgrade reaction modulus and strain modulususing plate loading test, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, 24(6), pp. 57~67 (in Korean). [6] Kim, M. C., Park, Y. G., Lim, H. J., Park, S. H. and Ryu, J.Y. (2013), A study on the condition assessment of ballasted tracks of various substructure types of in-service railway line, 2013 Autumn Conference of Korean Society for Railway, Korea, pp. 178~186 (in Korean). [7] Lee, J. S., Shin, D. H., Yoon, H. K. and Lee, W. (2008), Development and application of ultra small micro-cone penetrometer, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, 24(2), pp. 77~86 (in Korean). [8] Lunne, T., Robertson, P. K. and Powell, J. J. M. (1997), Cone penetration testing in geotechnical practice, Blackie Academic & Professional, London, 352p. [9] Mohammadi, S. D., Nikoudel, M. R., Rahimi, H. and Khamehchiyan, M. (2008), Application of the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) for de-termination of the engineering parameters of sandy soils, Eng. Geol., 101(3-4), pp. 195~203. [10] Park, C. S., Mok, Y. J., Hwang, S. K. and Park, I. B. (2009a), A methodology for quality control of railroad trackbed fills using compressional wave velocities: 1. preliminary investigation, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, 25(9), pp. 45~55 (in Korean). [11] Park, C. S., Mok, Y. J., Hwang, S. K. and Park, I. B. (2009b), A methodology for quality control of railroad trackbed fills using compressional wave velocities: 2. verification of applicability, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, 25(9), pp. 57~66(in Korean). [12] Lee, B. J., Lee, J. K. (2014), Correlation Analysis between DCPT Value and SPT Value, Journal of the Korean Geo-Environmental Society,15(8):23~30(August, 2014) [13] Lee, K. S., Park, Y. H., Cho, K.H. A study on the Application of railway using Pagani cone test: Journal of the Korean Society for Railway.(October, 2015) [14] Park, Y. W., Lee, H. C., Park, J. H., Kim, S. H.(1993) Hammer energy measurement of Standard Penetration Test, Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers. 573~576(October, 1993) [15] Lee, W. J., Lee, C. H., Measurements of SPT Hammer Energy and Calculation of Dynamic Efficiency, Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers.3695~3700(October, 2003)
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