/ : ",,,. 1. - 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. - 1. -,. 1891 Poul la Cour [1]. 1 2, 1950 Prototype. 1970 10 2 10 2
/, Chernobyl. 1970.,,,. Boeing, General Electric MAN R &D,, (Bottom-Up). 1980, Wind Rush., Los Angeles 7,000. Wind Rush,.., Taper (Tower), [2].,. 1981 : Poul la Cour 1956 : Gedser ( ) 1973 : 1976 : 1978 : Risø 1981 : 2000 1,000MW 1985 : 10 3 ETIS 23 10 3
1991 : Vindeby 1993 : 500MW, 3% 1995 : Tunø Knob 1998 : 1,200MW, 7%, 2030 5,500MW( ) 1991. National Action Plan 2030 40% 4,000MW.,. - - - - - - (Power Rate) - - (Green market incentive),,. ( CA- OWEE : Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in Europe) [3], CA- OWEE 13,, 17. 10 4 10 4
/ [ 1] CA-OWEE CA- OWEE [4]. 2. 1950.. 3, [5]. 10 5 ETIS 23 10 5
[ 2].,,.,,. [ 3] Prototype 10 6 10 6
/ Prototype. [ 4] Prototype. [6]. [ 5] 10 7 ETIS 23 10 7
(GBS :Gravity Based Structure), (Pile)..,.,.. [7].. [ 6] US$850 ~ $1,350 US$1,230 ~ $1,900 [8].. 10 8 10 8
/ [ 7] 51%, 16% 18%.. 23%. [ 8] 10 9 ETIS 23 10 9
, Vindeby Tunø Knob. Vindeby 1991. 11 Bonus 450 kw Lolland 1.5 km ~ 3 km. Vindeby, Tunø Powergen Renewables Scroby [9]. < 1> Vindeby, Tunø Scroby Vindeby 1991 11 Bonus @450kW [MW] [m/ s] / [GWh] [GWh] [ ] [ / MWh] 4.95 7.9 11.2 11.73 6.8 607 Tunø 1996 10@500kW 5.00 7.4 12.5 12.70 8.9 712 Scroby 25@1500kW 37.5 8.0 98.0-35.0 357 260 ~ 300/ MWh. Vindeby 85%, 20%,.. Tunø Knob 1993, 1995 9.. Scroby Sands Powergen 25 Vestas 63m/ 1.5MW. Yarmouth Norfolk 3km. Powergen,. 35 Tuno, Vindeby., 1 10 1 10
/. WindStat,.,........,.,... (Wake Effect )..,.. 1 1 1 ETIS 23 1 1 1
. 3.. 20% 70%...,,..,,. (leisure). 7 ~ 10km.,. Tunø Knob. Vindeby., 230TWh... 5km 1 12 1 12
/, 10m 50m 3... 10m.,. 10 m 25 m 50 m 100 m 200 m ms - 1 Wm - 2 ms - 1 Wm - 2 ms - 1 Wm - 2 ms - 1 Wm - 2 ms - 1 Wm - 2 > 8.0 > 600 > 8.5 > 700 > 9.0 > 800 > 10.0 > 1100 > 11.0 > 1500 7.0-8.0 350-600 7.5-8.5 450-700 8.0-9.0 600-800 8.5-10.0 650-1100 9.5-11.0 900-1500 6.0-7.0 250-300 6.5-7.5 300-450 7.0-8.0 400-600 7.5-8.5 450-650 8.0-9.5 600-900 4.5-6.0 100-250 5.0-6.5 150-300 5.5-7.0 200-400 6.0-7.5 250-450 6.5-8.0 300-600 < 4.5 < 100 < 5.0 < 150 < 5.5 < 200 < 6.0 < 250 < 6.5 < 300 [ 9] 10km 1 13 ETIS 23 1 13
[ 10],,,., (Capacity Factor : ). 5MW 27.7%(Wind Force 12 2020 ), 2020 12% 1,942 km 2 (44 44 km). 1 14 1 14
/ [ 11] 2020 12% 4. 10. 2001. [ 12] 2001 1 15 ETIS 23 1 15
( ). Blyth 2000. Horns Rev. 2002 [ 10]. < 2> [MW] Vindeby Denmark 1991 4.95 11 Bonus 450kW Lely ( Ijsselmeer) Holland 1994 2.00 4 NedWind 500kW Tunø Knob Denmark 1995 5.00 10 Vest as 500kW Dront en ( Ijsselmeer) Holland 1996 11.40 19 Nordt ank 600kW Got land ( Bockst igen) Sweden 1997 2.50 5 Wind World 500kW Blyt h Offshore UK 2000 3.80 2 Vest as 2MW Middelgrunden, Copenhagen Denmark 2001 40.00 20 Bonus 2MW Ut t grunden, Kalm ar Sound Sweden 2001 10.50 7 Enron 1.5MW Yt t re St engrund Sweden 2001 10.00 5 NE G Micon NM72 Horns Rev Denmark 2002 160.00 80 Vest as 2MW T ot als 250.15 163 Vindeby. : Vindeby( ) : 1991 : Bonus Wind Turbines 450kW x 11 : 1 16 1 16
김은일 / 풍력 유체기기연구센터 [그림 13] 세계 최초 덴마크 Vinde by 해상풍력단지 덴마크 Frederikshaven에 2002년 12월에 한 3MW급 풍차가 설치되지만 아직 완전 히 준공검사를 마친 단계는 아니다. 이 프로젝트는 총 12MW 규모로 2003년에야 완 공될 것이다. 다음 그림은 2002년 말 기준 현재 완공되었거나 건설이 추진되고 있 는 해상풍력단지의 위치를 보여 준 것이다 [그림 14] [ 11]. 2002년 말 기준 현재 완공 및 건설 추진 중인 해상풍력단지 위치 1 17 ETI S 분석지 제23권 1 17
. Ijselmeer 2. 100. 100,000. 500kW Gotland. Malmo 48MW, 750MW.,. 2001 [ 12]. Utgrunden. [ 15] Utgrunden,,.. Mouth of the Western Scheldt River, Holland, 100MW Ijmuiden, Holland, 100MW Laeso, Denmark, 150MW Omo St algrunde, Denmark, 150MW 1 18 1 18
/ Gedser Rev, Denmark, 15MW R odsand, Denmark, 600MW Lillgrund Bank, Sweden, 48MW Barsebank, Sweden, 750MW Kish Bank, Ireland 250MW+ Arklow Bank, off County Wicklow, Ireland 200MW+ Cape Cod [ 13]. MW,. (EWEA :European Wind Energy Association) 2010 60GW 5GW. EWEA Greenpeace Wind Force 12 [14] 2020 12%. 53,000TWh/ year 2020 2, (, 1993 5 )., 2020 20%, 2020 25,800(2001 15,578) TWh/ year 12% 3,000(2001 54.5) TWh/ year.., 1998 2010 1990 1.1% 3.1%, 300MW [ 15]., 2001 100MW, 2002 51MW 2002 351MW [ 16], 2002 2010 300MW 10 3,000MW [ 17]. 1 19 ETIS 23 1 19
.. 1997 E C [18].,,. [ 18] ( ) 5.., kw 2,200/ kw Horns Rev 1,650/ kw. Horns Rev EU 4.9/ kwh. IJmuiden 1,990/ kw EU 12 0 12 0
/ 6.4/ kwh. 5 ~ 10 m/ s 700 ~ 1000/ kw EU 3 ~ 8/ kwh.( 5% 20% ), 9.0 m/ s EU 4.4/ kwh 8.4 m/ s EU 5.1/ kwh... [ 17] DTI(Department of Trade and Industry) 2010 750( 1,200)/ kw, l p/ kwh (EU 1.6). DTI 98% 95%. 12 1 ETIS 23 12 1
1,466 ~ 2,050/ kw EU 4.7 ~ 6.8/ kwh. 30/ kw EU 0.5/ kwh. Danish Energy Agency Elsam and Elkraft. National Action Plan 4. 80 ~ 100. 2008 750MW( 500 ), 2015 2,300MW, 2030 4,000MW. 670MW 5 78 DKK(1,157 USD). EU.... Smart., -.. (Foundation) (Tower)..,. Prototype 12 2 12 2
/. EU. University College V (Barge). ( Cable).. < 3> Top 11, / kwh [ ] 10 0.057($0.051) ( ) 15 0.07($0.063) 0.091 ($0.082) 0.06 ($0.054) 3 MW 15 0.048/ kwh 3 MW 15 0.048 ($0.043) ( 25% ) 2001 8 0.124/ 8 0.124($0.11), kwh 0.069/ kwh 0.069 2002 ($0.062) ( ) 2001 0.077($0.07) 0.06 ($0.054) 0.0626/ kwh 0.028/ kwh 0.0626 or + 0.028( $0.057 or + $0.025) 0.046/ kwh 2003 0.046($0.042) ( ) 0.047/ kwh 0.047( $0.042) 12 3 ETIS 23 12 3
. (Yaw).. 8 1MW.... 6. -. British Isles,. 9.5 m/ s 5 km 8.3 9 m/ s.. 0.5 ~ 1 m/ s... /,.. 1 ~ 2%...,. Vindeby Tunø Knob. 12 4 12 4
/.,,.,.,.,. ( ).. EU. : ( ). : ( ). : (NFFO : Non- Fossil Fuel Obligation) ( ). : 12 5 ETIS 23 12 5
, ( ).,. 2002 5 [19]..,,, ( ) R &D., 40m..,,.,, ( ) 12 6 12 6
/ 1. History of Wind Turbines, 2003, ht tp :/ / www.windpower.org/ pictures/ index.ht m. 2. Denmark- Birthplace of Modern Wind P ower, http :/ / archive.greenpeace.org/ ~ climate/ renewables/ report s/ brief1.ht ml. 3. Offshore Wind Energy Ready t o Power a Sust ainable Europe, Final Report, Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in Europe, Dec. 2001, http :/ / owe.st arforze.net/ ca- owee/ indexpages/ downloads/ CA- OWEE_ Complete.p df. 4. Offshore wind, Ready t o power a sustainable Europe, Renewable E NE R GY World, January- February 2002 Volume 5 Number 1, http :/ / www.jxj.com/ magsandj/ rew/ 2002_ 01/ ca- owee.ht ml. 5. Wind P ower, 2003, http :/ / www.eere.energy.gov/ der/ wind_ power.html. 6. Offshore Wind Energy in Europe, Oct. 2001, ht tp :/ / www.windenergy.cit g.tudelft. nl/ content/ research/ pdfs/ bwea01_ arh.pdf. 7. Review of Offshore Wind Energy, Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in Europe, Andrew Henderson, May 2002, http :/ / www.eureka.tu.chiba-u.ac.jp/ windmill/ 2002_ 5.html. 8. Introduction :What is Offshore Wind Energy Development?, OFFSHOR E WIND MEET ING 2002, Sep. 2002, US National Wind Coordinating Com m it t ee ( N W C C ), h t t p : / / www.n a t i on a lwin d.or g/ even t s/ offsh or e/ presentations/ Smith.pdf. 9. An overview, 2003, http :/ / www.offshorewindfarms.co.uk/ report s/ overview.html. 10. Offshore wind energy worldwide, 2003, ht tp :/ / www.offshorewindfarms.co.uk/ else.html. 11. Large Offshore Windpower Project s in Belgium, the SEANER GY project, T. Saegeman, 2002, http :/ / www.bns-org.be/ documenten/ pres6.pdf. 12. P ower From The Sea- The Offshore Revolution, 2002, http :/ / archive.greenpeace. org/ ~ climate/ renewables/ reports/ brief4.html. 12 7 ETIS 23 12 7
13. Offshore Harvest of Wind Is Proposed for Cape Cod, 2002, ht tp :/ / www.st olaf. edu/ people/ welchb/ courses/ es137/ articles/ articles/ cape_ cod_ windmills.htm. 14. WIND FOR CE 12, A blue print t o achieve 12 percent of the world s electricity from wind power by 2020, E WEA and Greenpeace, 2002, http :/ / a520.g.akamai.net/ 7/ 520/ 1534/ release1.0/ www.greenpeace.org/ multimedia/ d ownload/ 1/ 14637/ 0/ wind-force-12-2002.pdf. 15. IEA Wind Energy Annual Report 2000, International Energy Agency ( IE A), May 2001. 16. LE BAROMÈ TRE É OLIEN 2003, EUR OBSERV' ER, Feb. 2003, http :/ / www.observ-er.org/ eurec/ baro153.pdf. 17. IEA Wind Energy Annual Report 2001, International Energy Agency( IE A), May 2002. 18. A PLAN FOR ACTION IN EUR OPE, WIND ENER GY-T HE FACTS, E C, 1997, http :/ / www.agores.org/ Publications/ Wind_ Energy.htm. 19., 2002-108, 2002. 5. 29., http :/ / www.mocie.go.kr/ news/ paper/ download/.hwp. 12 8 12 8