1992 6 1996 12 1998 10 EU 2008 CO2 140g/ km 2012 120g/ km CO2. CO2 3L Car Program, Super Car Project. 1/ 3 3 100km (3L/ 100km ; 33.3km/ l) 3L. Super Car Project 1/ 3 80mpg (34.5km/ l) (N ew Generation Vehicle) 3L 800kg., (GDI),,,,,.
l 1995 2000 2005 +EGR +( =1.0) Pre- Heat Cat. Lean Burn + Lean NOx Cat. GDI(DISI) + Lean NOx Cat. (FIE ) + T CI DOC CR (Piezo) Lean NOx + E - EGR DPF CNG LNG CNG LPG HEV ( ) DME Miller Cycle HCCI OBD- II OBD - III IT S < 1> 1. GD I (g as oline direction injection ) GDI (PF I; port fuel injection ) (gasolin e direction injection ). 1995 (GDI), 1996 GDI 2000.
. GDI,., PF I 25%,., GDI 50:1.,. NOx lean NOx. H C,.,. PFI GDI 2000 GDI. 2. (H S D I) 1). Com m on rail comm on rail,,,. 3 (three - w ay v alv e) comm on rail (sharp cut ), 2. 3. CR Bosch, Nipponden so. 2000. F iat 2 CR. CR pilot pilot, pre, m ain, post, delay ed 5, 30-40%, 6-7%. 2 ). E U I (ele ctronic unit injector ) (UI).
(EUI) (heav y - duty ).. EUI EUI,,,. 3 ). T ICS (tim in g injection c ontrol s y s t em ) (Zex el) (plun ger barrel), (pilot injection ). pre - stroke. EUI comm on rail. 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Fuel and Timing Electronic control DP F EGR(Electronic Control) Plas ma Afte rtreatme nt 4- V/V HS DI Multi V/V HSDI Pa ss ive De NOx Active De NOx VGT Va ria ble Are a Nozzle High Press ure Fue l Pumps VVT < 2> (Ricardo) 3.. CO, H C, NOx ULEV L e an N Ox. (EHC),, HC Adsorber, Close
Coupled Cat aly st (CCC), 2. (PM ) NOx, PM (D P F T rap ) NOx L e an N Ox. Lean burn GDI (T W C) T W C N Ox. 1) NO decomposition cataly st (N O ) : Cu/ ZSM5 2) S electiv e catalytic r eduction (S CR ) w ith hy dr ocarbon s : Lean NOx Cataly st (LNC) 3) SCR w ith nitrog en containing compoun ds (amm onia, urea ) 4) NOx T rap :, 30ppm (D i e s el Ox idat i on Cat aly s t ; DOC) H C CO 80% PM SOF (soluble org anic fraction ) 50-80%. PM SOF T PM 20-40%. CO2 PM NOx. EU 2005 EURO 4 PM 2008 EURO 5 NOx. 2007 PM NOx. (D P F ; di e s el p art ic ul at e f ilt er t rap ). PM PM. 2000 ( ),. (D P F T rap )., PM soot 550-600 o C,,., soot 250 o C,,,. PM N Ox.GM, AEA, EEC (Environ - m ental Elem ent s Corporation ).
( Ricardo ) < 3 > < 1> DPF - ORT E C - - KHD - - Z E U N A - Starker - N.Y. 450 - Don aldson -, - Hino - MM C - - R h o n e - 2 Plen c - - Degu ssa - - Eng elh ard - J.M.
< 4> ( Ricardo ) < 5> ( Ricardo ) < 6> PM ( Ricardo )
4.,,, DME,. 1)..,,,.. CO2 (NGV ; natural ga s v ehicle). CN G. CNG CN G (pilot ). CNG (retrofit ) CN G (conv er sion ). CN G.,. CNG (LN G; liquified n atural g as ). (LNG; liquified n atural g as ) - 162 C (CNG; compressed natural g as ). 2 ). (LP G ) LPG,,,,. LPG 40% 60%. LPG CNG,. LP G. 70% - 75%. LPG LPG.. LPG LPG.
3 ). D M E (D im ethy l Eth er ) DME H aldor T opsoe. DME,. (boilin g point ) LPG.. AVL Am oco, Navistar, HT AS, Haldor T opsoe, 1998 2. 5. (HE V ), hybrid electric v ehicle (HEV ).. (series type), (parallel type). (HEV ) (EV ).. (CARB ) 1998 ZEV (zero emission v ehicle)., CARB 1996 ZEV 2003...
,.... super car project 80mpg.,,. GM., 100km 5 1,000cc (Yaris ), 1997 (Priu s ) 66mpg (3.6L/ 100km ) CO2. 3L Car 1 1.5. 3 HIMR (Hybrid Inverter - controlled Motor and Ret arder sy stem ) 15%,. 6. (F CV ) 1839 W illiam Grov es 1980 DOE.,. 90%. 1 0.55-0.75V 0.8-1.2 A/ cm 2 (stack ). 5,
Ballard PEM (proton ex chang e m embrane). " + (ox idant ) H 2O + + ".,. 1).., 1996 NECAR - 2 140 250bar 250km. (rev er sible metal hy dride), (cry ogenic liquid ), (low temperature adsorption on carbon ). 2 ). (v aporizer ), (reform er ), gas clean - up sy stem, start - up heater reform er. 1997 A - clas s NECAR - 3. 80% (en ergy - to- road ) 31% 24%. 40%. 3 ).. 30%.. 50% 1 640km.. $ 200/ kw ($30/ kw ). PN GV 2010-2015.
< 2> M ark 900, PEM, Daimler Chry sler NE CAR4 Ballard Pow er den sity : 1.31kW/ L (hy drogen ) F ord P2000HF C Pow er Continuou s m ax. pow er : 75kW (meth anol) Honda F CX V 1 Sy stem 80kW (hy drog en ) Nissan F CEV Puden z DBB Fu el Cell En gine In c. Proton Enegy high - pressure hy drog en (13.8Mpa ) Sy stem s GM (- 20 o C) Delphi and SOF Cs solid - ox ide fuel- cell- stack Microtechn ology ultra - compact fu el reform er Epyx Syntr oleum synthetic fu el an d a Plu g Pow er fu el cell stack F ord an d M obil g asoline reform er (POX ) 7. S uper Car Proje ct 1997 3 Super Car (Declaration of Intent ). USCAR (U.S. Council for A utom otiv e Research ) PNGV (Partner ship for a New Generation V ehicles ) (DOE ), (DOC), (DOT ), (DOD ), DOI, EPA, NA SA, NSF. Super Car Project 10 1/ 3 80mpg (34.5km/ l) (New Gen eration Vehicle), (1),,, (2),, (3).,,,,,,, ultra - capacitor,,,, fuel cell, fu el reform er. 7 1994 1997 PNGV.
(concept v ehicle) 2000., (production prototype) Super Car Project 2004 PNGV. 80mpg Chry sler Con corde, F ord T auru s, Ch evrolet Lumina. T ier - II FMV SS, 80%, 12 0-60mph, (m etro- highw ay rang e) 610km, 100,000. 1994,,,,,, (NVH ),,. < 7> Super Car Project 45%, 30%, 60%, 90%, 20%, 20% 30%. 1 80mpg Super Car. 4. (fu el cell),. DME (dim ethyl eth er ) F ischer T ropsch.,,,,.
8. 3L Car Prog ram. Super Car Project, 3L (/ 100km ) Car Program. 90 CO2,. 3L Car 90 7.5L 2005 5.0L, CO2 (VW ) 2000 3L. CO2 170-180g/ km 120g/ km., CO2 90g/ km (3L Car ) 50% 120g/ km. 1998 10 EU 2008 CO2 140g/ km 2012 120g/ km,,. CO2 200g/ km 160g/ km EU 140g/ km. 3L 800k g. 3L Car (H SDI). 250-300cc 3-4 1.0-1.2 / 4 Comm on rail. (2 4 ) (3 4 ),,. 2- strok e. 4- stroke
.,, CVT. VW 1 98 3L Car Lupo, BMW,,. 9. (DT I) 1994 2000 20 F oresight F oresight Vehicle 2020. 2004. F oresight 2010 2020,,,. 10. " " (A dv an ced Clean En ergy V ehicle Project : A CE ) (NEDO), 1997 2003 7. A CE hybrid.,,, ( ) ( ) 1996 9 (JCAP ; Japan Clean Air Program ).,.,.
11. 1 ). GD I (g a s olin e dire ct i on inj e ct ion ) (GDI) G7. 4.5L. 2 ). (H S D I ), CO2 H SDI 2000. G7. 3 ). (DPF ), ( ),, 2005, ( ), ( ), ( ).. 4 ). LPG, CNG 2007 2, LPG 100, DME. 5 ). (H E V ). G7. ( Capstone T urbine Corp.). 6 ). (F CV ) G7,,,, '97. 8, 9.
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