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The Journal of Digital Policy & Management 2013 Jul; 11(7): 237-242 유리선량계를이용한 128-MDCT 검사시생식선차폐선량감소효과 김창규 * 김천대학교방사선학과 * Radiation dose reduction effectiveness of a male gonadal during 128-MDCT using Glass Detector Chang-Gyu Kim * Dept. of Raiological Science, Gimcheon University * 요약최근임상에서사용하고있는 128채널 MDCT의복부및골반부촬영시생식선차폐선량관리자료로활용하기위하여생식선의피폭선량과생식선차폐시피폭선량을측정하고획득영상을평가하였다. 평가한결과복부 MDCT 검사시생식선차폐기구를사용하지않았을경우에서 16.5±0.5 mgy를나타냈으며, 대 (650 m 2 ) 크기의차폐체를사용하였을경우 7.5±0.3 mgy로측정되어 54% 의생식선피폭선량감소효과를보였다. 골반부 MDCT 검사시생식선차폐기구를사용하지않았을경우에서 9.5±0.3 mgy, 대 (650 m 2 ) 크기의차폐체를사용하였을경우 2.8±0.2 mgy 로나타나 70% 의생식선피폭선량감소효과를보였다. MDCT를이용한검사시생식선차폐기구사용유, 무에따라영상을획득하여 Likert 5점척도로분석한결과복부영상에서는 4.1점으로동일한결과를보였다. 또한골반부검사에서는생식선차폐기구사용하였을때 1.2점, 생식선차폐기구사용하지않았을때 4.1점으로나타났다. 이상의결과에서복부 128-MDCT 검사시생식선차폐기구를사용하여영상의질저하없이영상을획득하고피폭선량을감소하여야할것으로사료된다. 주제어 : MDCT, 피폭선량, 생식선차폐, 유리선량계, 영상평가 Abstract When abdomen and pelvic were scanned with 128 channel MDCT, the gonadal exposure dose was measured with and without gonadal and the obtained images were evaluated. As a result, during abdominal MDCT scan, the gonadal exposure dose was measured 16.5±0.5 mgy when the gonad was not used, and it was 7.5±0.3 mgy when the large gonad (650 m 2 ) was used, which showed the effect of reduction in the gonadal exposure dose by 54%. During pelvic MDCT scan, the gonadal exposure dose was 9.5±0.3 mgy when the gonad was not used, and it was 2.8±0.2 mgy when the large gonard (650 m 2 ) was used, which showed the effect of reduction in the gonadal exposure dose by 70%. The images were obtained when using the gonad and when not using it during MDCT scan, and as a result of analyzing them with 5-point Likert scale, in the abdominal image, it was 4.1 points irrespective of whether using the gonad or not. And also, in pelvic scan, it was 1.2 points when the gonad was used, and 4.1 points when it was not used. With the results above, it is considered that during the abdominal 128-MDCT scan, by using the gonad, the images should be obtained without being degraded and the exposure dose must be reduced. Key Words : MDCT, Radiation dose, Gonadal, Glass detector, Image quality Received 28 April 2013, Revised 25 May 2013 Accepted 20 July 2013 Corresponding Author: Chang-Gyu Kim(Gimcheon University) Email: radkcg@hanmail.net ISSN: 1738-1916 C The Society of Digital Policy & Management. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.otg/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Journal of Digital Policy & Management 237

유리선량계를이용한 128-MDCT 검사시생식선차폐선량감소효과 1. 서론우리나라전산화단층촬영 (CT: Computed Tomography) 검사는 1972년영상의학에도입된이후기술적성능과임상적사용모두에서비약적인발전을이루었다. CT검사로인한환자의이익이의심할여지가없고, 의료기술과컴퓨터의발전과더불어 3차원영상과시간해상도의단축이가능하여 CT 검사의빈도가폭발적으로증가하고있다 [1]. ICRP(International Commission on Radiological Protection) 보고에의하면 CT검사의건수는전체영상의학검사의 11% 비중을차지하고있지만방사선피폭은영상의학검사 67% 를차지하는것으로나타났다 [2]. 1990년대후반의 MDCT(Multi-Detector Computed Tomography) 의출현과 2000년대들어서사용의보편화는검사시간의단축과고해상능의얇은단면을이용한재구성영상을획득할수있는장점때문에 CT 검사의정밀성을높이기는하였지만 over-radiation의발생과 3D 재구성의일반화에의해시행되는얇은단면의겹침스캔은환자선량을증가시키는요인이되고있다 [3, 4]. 우리나라에서의 CT 검사건수는건강보험심사평가원발표에따르면 2006년 2,833천건, 2007년 3,439천건, 2008년 4,112천건, 2009년 4,785천건, 2010년상반기 2,619천건으로해마다검사건수가증가되는추세에있으며 [2] 2006년에비하면 2010년에는약2배의검사건수가증가하였다. 이런검사건수의증가는방사선량의점유율뿐아니라전체환자선량을증가시키고있다. CT검사를시행하는건수중방사선감수성에민감한연령인 0세에서 15세까지의비중이전체검사건수의약 11% 비중을차지하고있어서 CT검사시방사선감수성이높은생식선에있어서의피폭선량관리는매우중요하다고인식되어생식선의피폭선량감소를위한여러연구가진행되어왔다 [5-8]. 이러한연구들은방사선피폭시선량을측정하기위해물리적인체조직등가팬텀과열형광선량계를활용하여흡수선량을측정하고유효선량을평가하였다. 그러나한번의판독만을할수밖에없는단점을가지고있어서최근에는유리선량계를사용하여피폭선량을측정하는추세에있다 [9-11]. 유리선량계는유리소자의은활성인산염에전리방사 선이조사되면전자와정공PO 4 가생성되고생성된전자는유리소자내의 Ag + 에포획되어 Ag o 가되며정공은 PO + 4 에포획되거나시간이경과함에따라서 Ag + 로이행되어 Ag ++ 를형성한다. 이들 Ag o 와 Ag ++ 는보다안정한상태인 RPL(Radio Photo Luminescence) 중심을형성하고, 이 RPL 중심에자외선을조사하면에너지를받아여기상태가되었다가안정상태로돌아오면서주황색의형광을방출하게된다. 이때형광을방출하는 RPL 중심의수는일정하며주위환경과판독과정에서소멸되지않으므로반복재생판독이가능하다는특징을갖는다 [12, 13] 또한유리선량계에서방출되는형광량의정도는조사된방사선량과비례하며 400 o C에서 1 시간간단한열처리과정을통해축적된선량이리셋 (RESET) 되어재사용이가능한특징을가지고있다 [13]. 이에본연구에서는인체조직등가팬텀과유리선량계를활용하여최근임상에서사용되고있는이용 128채널 MDCT 의복부촬영시생식선의피폭선량과생식선차폐시피폭선량을측정하고타연구와의피폭선량감소를비교하여피폭선량관리자료로서활용하고자한다. 2. 연구대상및방법 2.1 재료및장비본연구는 CT장치는한번회전으로 128슬라이스영상획득이가능한 CT Aquilion - CX(Thoshiba Medical system, Japan) 을이용하여스캔조건은 [Table. 1] 과같이사용하였다. 피검자의피폭선량을측정하기위하여인체등가물질로구성된전신용인체팬텀 (Model PBU-31, Kyoto Kagaku, Japan) 과유리선량계인 Dose Ace(Model GD-352M and FGD-1000, Asahi Techno Glass Cooperation, Shizuoka, Japan) 를사용하였다 [Fig. 1]. 생식선차폐효과를실험하기위하여한국에서제작시판하고있는 1 mm납으로제작하여고무재질로피복을한제품으로크기별로대 (650 m 2 ), 중 (420 m 2 ), 소 (180 m 2 ), 3가지크기로구별하여실험을실시하였다. [Fig. 2]. 238 The Journal of Digital Policy & Management 2013 Jul; 11(7): 237-242

Radiation dose reduction effectiveness of a male gonadal during 128-MDCT using Glass Detector <Table 1> 128- MDCT scan parameter Parameter Value Technique Adult-Helical kvp 120 ma Auto Time per rotation(sec) 0.6 mas eff 109 Scan Field of View 400(Large) exposure time(sec) 10.9 Table speed(mm/rot) 26.5 Pitch 0.828 Reconstructed Scan Width(mm) 5 생식선피폭선량분포의측정은생식선중심을기준으로하여오른쪽방향과왼쪽방향으로각각 2 개의소자를배치하여부위별피폭선량분포를측정하였다 [Fig. 3]. 또한측정의오차를줄이기위하여 MDCT 스캔을 5 회반복측정실험하였다 [4]. [Fig. 3] CT image of Humanoid phantom showing the location of the Glass Rod Detector at the level of the pelvis. [Fig. 1] Humanoid whole body phantom [Fig. 2] 1mm lead wrap-around gonad s in three sizes 2.2 유리선량계선량측정유리선량계의 calibration은일본방사선표준원에서 137 Cs 표준선원을이용하여 6 mgy 가조사된유리소자로 calibration을시행하여측정하였다. 소자의특성을감안하여선량조사전에 Aannealing 과정을 400 o C에서 1 시간가열후냉각을거친후 background값을측정하여 10-20 μgy를측정하였으며파노라마스캔을시행한후예열과정 (pre-heating) 을 70 o C에서 1 시간가열후냉각을거친후소자에조사된선량값을리더기를통하여선량적산값을 10 회반복하여판독하여평균값과표준편차를산출하였다. 산출된값에서 background값을감산하여피폭선량값을도출하였다. 2.3 영상평가방법영상을획득, 임상의실용성을확인하기위하여정성적분석을하였다. 정성적분석으로는영상별로영상의대조도 (Contrast), 병변발견율, 경계의명확성, 에대하여다섯그룹 ( 1: 매우불량, 2: 불량, 3: 보통, 4: 우수, 5: 아주우수 ) 으로나누어방사선과과전문의 2 명, 10년이상경력을가진방사선사 3 명으로구성하여평가하였다. 2.4 통계처리및분석자료의분석은 SPSSWIN(Ver 13.0) 통계프로그램을이용하였고, 대조군과실험군의피폭선량측정치의평균값에대한유의성검증은 t-test와 ANOVA를실시하였다. 모든통계량의유의수준은 p<0.05로하였다. 3. 결과및고찰전신용인체조직등가팬텀을이용하여복부 MDCT 검사시생식선피폭선량측정을생식선차폐기구를사용하지않았을경우와생식선차폐기구크기에따라대, 중, 소의경우를측정하였다. 생식선차폐기구를사용하지않았을경우에서 5 회반복촬영하여산출한값이 16.5±0.5 mgy를나타냈으며, 대 (650 m 2 ) 크기의차폐체를사용하였을경우 7.5±0.3 The Journal of Digital Policy & Management 239

유리선량계를이용한 128-MDCT 검사시생식선차폐선량감소효과 mgy, 중 (420 m 2 ) 크기의차폐체를사용하였을경우 8.0 mgy, 소 (180 m 2 ) 크기의차폐체를사용하였을경우 9.3 mgy 선량값이나타났다 [Table 2]. 이러한결과는복부 MDCT 검사시생식선차폐체를사용하였을경우크기에따라서생식선피폭선량이감소됨을보여주는결과이며통계적으로도유의한차이가있었다 (<0.001). 또한 Lawrence 등 [9] 의연구결과와일치하는결과를보였다. 전신용인체조직등가팬텀을이용하여골반부 MDCT 검사시생식선피폭선량측정을생식선차폐기구를사용하지않았을경우와생식선차폐기구크기에따라대, 중, 소의경우를측정하였는데생식선차폐기구를사용하지않았을경우에서 5 회반복촬영하여산출한값이 9.5±0.3 mgy를나타났으며, 대 (650 m 2 ) 크기의차폐체를사용하였을경우 2.8±0.2 mgy, 중 (420 m 2 ) 크기의차폐체를사용하였을경우 3.4 mgy, 소 (180 m 2 ) 크기의차폐체를사용하였을경우 4.5 mgy 선량값이나타났다 [Table 3]. 이러한결과는골반 MDCT 검사시생식선차폐체를사용하였을경우크기에따라서생시건피폭선량이감소됨을보여주는결과이며통계적으로도유의한차이가있었다 (<0.001). 또한 Lawrence 등 [9] 의연구결과와약간상이한결과를보였는데골반 MDCT 검사시스캔 Parameter 가상이한이유에서비롯된결과라고생각되며생식선차폐체의크기에따라서피폭선량감소관찰되는것은일치하는결과를보였다. 128채널 MDCT 를이용한복부검사에서생식선차폐기구를사용하지않은영상과생식선차폐기구를사용하여영상을획득한결과는 [Fig. 4] 와같았다. 획득한영상을 Likert 5점척도로분석한결과생식선착용유무와관계없이동일하게 4.10점의결과를보였다. <Table 2> Measured Glass Rod detector readings (mgy) representing gonadal exposure from an abdominal CT scan Scan no. No Large Medium Small 1 16.9 7.1 8.0 9.3 2 16.3 7.2 3 16.4 6.9 4 16.8 7.8 5 15.9 7.6 Average 16.5±0.5 7.5±0.3 % Reduction 54% 51% 43% Reduction Factor 2.2 2.1 1.8 <Table 3> Measured Glass Rod detector readings (mgy) representing gonadal exposure from a pelvic CT scan Scan no. No Large Medium Small 1 9.2 2.6 3.4 4.5 2 9.6 3.1 3 8.9 2.9 4 9.9 2.7 5 9.4 2.8 Average 9.5±0.3 2.8±0.2 % Reduction 70% 64% 52% Reduction Factor 3.4 2.8 2.1 (A) (B) (A) Humanoid phantom both with the gonard in place. (B) Humanoid phantom both without the gonard in place. [Fig. 4] Comparison of abdominal CT images. 이러한결과는복부 MDCT 검사시생식선차폐기구를착용하고 CT 스캔을하여도무방하다는것을보여주는결과이므로임상에서복부 CT 검사시반드시생식선차폐를고려하여검사를시행하여야한다는것을입증하는증례라할수있다. 128채널 MDCT 를이용한골반부검사에서생식선차폐기구를사용하여영상을획득한결과는 [Fig. 5] 와같았다. 획득한영상을 Likert 5점척도로분석한결과생식선차폐기구를착용하자않았을경우가 4.10점의결과를보였으며, 착용하였을경우는차폐체에의한빔경화에따른영상의 Artifact 가발생하여 1.20점의결과를보였다. 이것은획득한영상이 Artifact 의발생에의해병변부위를가리거나판독하기어려워진단영역에활용하는데문제점이있을것으로판단하는것을의미한다. 그러 240 The Journal of Digital Policy & Management 2013 Jul; 11(7): 237-242

Radiation dose reduction effectiveness of a male gonadal during 128-MDCT using Glass Detector <Table 4> Comparison of literature reports and present study for scattered dose reduction with the use of gonadal s during abdominal CT scans. Study Study type Scaning Protocol Hohl et al. patient 1mm capsule 16-MDCT, 1.6 1.5mm collimation 150mAs eff, 120kV Testicular Dose (mgy) Without With % Reduct ion 2.40 0.32 87 Lawrence et al. phantom 1mm wrap-around canvas 16-MDCT, 1.6 1.25mm collimation 194mAs eff, 120kV 0.62 0.26 58 Present study phantom 1mm wraparound lead rubber 128-MDCT, 1.6 1.25mm collimation 109mAs eff, 120kV 16.5 7.5 54 므로골반부 MDCT 검사시에는생식선차폐유무는병변의위치를고려하여적용하여야할것으로생각되어진다. 드시생식선차폐체를적용하여검사하여야한다. 또한장비의발전과더불어서 CT 스캔시간이줄어들고있다. CT 스캔시간의감소가피폭선량의감소와인체에미치는영향이줄어드는것이아니라는것을인식하고방사선감수성이민감한생식선이포함되는 CT 검사를시행할때는각별한주의가필요할것으로생각된다. 향후, 착용이간편하고임상에서적용하기편리한생식선차폐체의개발과연구가활발이진행될것을기대한다. [Fig. 5] Pelvic CT image with gonad in place and directly situated in the beam. 복부 MDCT 검사시생식선차폐체를사용하였을경우생식선피폭선량이감소되는결과를보인타문헌들과비교해보면 Hohl등 [6] 의연구에서는 87% 의감소효과를보였는데이결과는인체를이용하여얻은실험결과라는점과 16-MDCT 를이용하여실험한결과이므로장치의특성, 장치의스캔 parameter 의상이함으로나타난현상으로생각되어진다. Lawrence 등 [9] 의연구에서는 16-MDCT 를사용하여 인체조직등가팬텀을이용하여실험하였으며 58% 의피폭선량감소효과를보여 128-MDCT 를사용하여생식선차폐체를사용에따른파폭선량감소효과본연구의 54% 와유사한결과를나타냈다 [Table. 4]. 이러한결과들로부터복부 CT 검사를시행할때는반 4. 결론 128채널 MDCT 의복부및골반부촬영시생식선의피폭선량과생식선차폐시피폭선량을측정하고획득영상을평가한결과, 복부 MDCT 검사시생식선차폐기구를사용하지않았을경우에서 16.5±0.5 mgy를나타냈으며, 대 (650 m 2 ) 크기의차폐체를사용하였을경우 7.5±0.3 mgy로측정되어 54% 의생식선피폭선량감소효과를보였다. 골반부 MDCT 검사시생식선차폐기구를사용하지않았을경우에서 9.5±0.3 mgy, 대 (650 m 2 ) 크기의차폐체를사용하였을경우 2.8±0.2 mgy로나타나 70% 의생식선피폭선량감소효과를보였다. MDCT 를이용한검사시생식선차폐기구사용유, 무에따라영상을획득하여 Likert 5 점척도로분석한결과복부영상에서는 4.1 점으로동일한결과를보였다. 또한골반부검사에서는생식선차폐기구사용하였을때 The Journal of Digital Policy & Management 241

유리선량계를이용한 128-MDCT 검사시생식선차폐선량감소효과 1.2 점, 생식선차폐기구사용하지않았을때 4.1 점으로나타났다. 이상의결과에서복부 128-MDCT 검사시생식선차폐기구를사용하여영상의질저하없이영상을획득하고피폭선량을감소하여야할것으로사료된다. REFERENCES [1] S. E. Jung, "Radiation dose reduction method of Computed Tomography", Radiation Health Newsletter, Vol 15(3), Sep., 2009. [2] Special medical device health insurance requisition present condition, Health Korea News, 19 SEP. 2010. [3] M. C. Kim, "Doses of coronary study in 64-MDCT Reduced radiation dose according to varity of examination protocols", Radiological science, Vol 32(3), 2009. [4] Mi-young Jung, Dae- cheol Kweon, Soo-il Kwon, Effectiveness of Bismuth to Reduce Eye Lens Radiation Dose Using the Photoluminescence Dosimetry in Computed Tomography, Radiotechnological sceience, Vol. 32. No. 3, pp307-312, 2009. [5] Coles DR, Smail MA, Negus IS, et al.: Comparison of radiation doses from multislice computed tomography coronary and conventional diagnostic angiography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 47, 1840-1845, 2006. [6] C. Hohl, A. H. Mahnken, E. Klotz, R. W. Gunther, J. E. Wildberger, "Radiation dose reduction to the male gonads during MDCT: the effectness of a lead.", Ajr 184(1) 128-130, 2005. [7] F. A. Mettler, P. W. Wiest, C. A. Kelsey, "CT scanning paterns of use and dose, J Radiol Prot, 20(4) 353-359, 2000. [8] International Commission on Radiological Protection, Managing Patient Dose in Computed Tomography, in Ann ICRP 2000", ICRP Publication 87, Vol 30, Issue 4. [9] L. T. Lawrence, A. C. Kevin, E. E. Yusuf, N. R. Lawrence., Radiation dose reduction at a price: the effectiveness of a male gonadal during helical CT scans, BMC Medical Imaging 7: 5, 2007. [10] Jeong-Eun Rah, Ju-Young Hong, Gwe-Ya Kim, Yon-Lae Kim, Dong-Oh Shin, Tae-Suk Suh, "A comparison of the dosimetric characteristics of a glass rod dosimeter and a themoluminescent dosimeter for mailed dosimeter, Radiation Measurements, Vol. 44, pp18, 2009. [11] Jeong eun Ra, W.S Suh, D.O. Shin, H. S. Kim, T. S. Suh,, Determination of out factors for the Gamma-knife using a Photoluminescence Glass Rod Detector, Medical physics 18(1), 2007. [12] Technical Report, "Explanation Material of RPL Glass Dosimeter, Small Element System", Asahi Techncv Glass Corporation, 2000. [13] C. G. Kim, Measurement dose of dental panoramagraphy using a radiophotoluminescent Glass Rod Detector, The Korea Academia Industrial cooperation journal, 12(6) pp. 2624-2628, 2011. 김창규 (Kim, Chang Gyu) 2003년 8월 : 한남대학교물리학과 ( 이학박사 ) 2011년 1월 ~ 현재 : 김천대학교보건과학연구소소장 2009년 1월 ~ 현재 : 김천대학교바우처사업단단장 2001년 3월 ~ 현재 : 김천대학교방사선학과교수 관심분야 : 방사선의료영상, 방사선측정응용 E-Mail : radkcg@hanmail.net 242 The Journal of Digital Policy & Management 2013 Jul; 11(7): 237-242