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대한안과학회지 2017 년제 58 권제 10 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2017;58(10):1122-1130 ISSN 0378-6471 (Print) ISSN 2092-9374 (Online) https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2017.58.10.1122 Original Article 각막콜라겐교차결합술, 스마일수술병합수술과단독스마일수술의초기임상성적비교 Comparison of the Early Clinical Outcomes between Combined SMILE and Collagen Cross-linking versus SMILE 김부기 문수정 최현태 양영훈 정영택 Buki Kim, MD, Sujoung Mun, MD, PhD, Hyuntae Choi, MD, Younghoon Yang, MD, Youngtaek Chung, MD, PhD 온누리스마일안과 Onnuri Smile Eye Clinic, Seoul, Korea Purpose: To compare the clinical outcome of combined small incision lenticule extraction and collagen cross-linking (SMILE Xtra) with SMILE. Methods: This study included 30 eyes from 15 patients who had undergone SMILE Xtra and a random sample of 30 eyes from 15 patients receiving SMILE alone during the same period. We obtained the following parameters from all patients: uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), spherical equivalent (SE), efficacy and safety index, and corneal high-order aberrations. Results: The SMILE Xtra group had higher preoperative SE and thinner central corneal and residual stromal bed thickness and optic zone diameter compared to the control group (p < 0.001). At 6 months, there was no significant difference in UDVA or CDVA between the two groups. The efficacy indices were 0.97 ± 0.16 and 1.05 ± 0.17 in the SMILE Xtra and control groups, respectively (p = 0.044), and there was no significant difference in safety index between the two groups during the follow-up period. Total corneal high-order aberrations numbered 2.59 ± 0.56 and 2.02 ± 0.41 in the SMILE Xtra and control groups, respectively (p <0.001), and there was significant increase in spherical aberration and horizontal corneal aberration in both groups compared to preoperative results. Corneal haze was observed in 20% of eyes in the SMILE Xtra group, and no complication such as corneal ectasia was observed during the follow-up period. Conclusions: SMILE Xtra had good early clinical outcome compared to SMILE alone. It appears that SMILE Xtra can be a good modality when the cornea is thin or SE is high. However, postoperative corneal haze should be considered. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2017;58(10):1122-1130 Keywords: Cross linking, Small incision lenticule extraction, Small incision lenticlue extraction (SMILE), SMILE Xtra Received: 2017. 8. 10. Revised: 2017. 8. 25. Accepted: 2017. 9. 21. Address reprint requests to Youngtaek Chung, MD, PhD Onnuri Smile Eye Clinic, #Gangnam-daero 65 gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06614, Korea Tel: 82-2-6913-0000, Fax: 82-2-532-5406 E-mail: ytchungc@daum.net * Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts to disclose. 각막굴절교정수술시술전각막이얇거나교정량이많으면수술후합병증인각막확장증의발생가능성이높아진다. 1,2 각막콜라겐교차결합술은리보플라빈이각막의기질층에흡수가되게한뒤, 자외선 A에노출시킴으로써각막의물리적인강도를증가시켜서원추각막과각막굴절교정수술후발생한각막확장증의진행을억제하는치료법이다. 3,4 또한이각막콜라겐교차결합술은예방적으로사용될수도있는데, 비교적각막이얇거나교정량이많 c2017 The Korean Ophthalmological Society This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1122

- 김부기외 : 엑스트라스마일수술 - 은환자또는각막형태검사상경계성안전성을보인환자에서라식수술이나 photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) 수술과함께진행해서각막확장증을예방할수있다는것이여러연구에서확인되었다. 5,6 스마일수술은각막절편을만들지않고펨토초레이저를이용하여각막기질에서절삭하고자하는양만큼각막실질조각을만들어서그것을소절개부위를통해제거해서근시성난시를교정하는수술방법이다. 7 스마일수술은라식수술과비교하였을때각막절편을생성하지않아앞기질을보존하기때문에기계적안정성이높아서각막확장증의위험성이적다고알려져있으나불완전원추각막 (forme frust keratoconus) 환자나초기원추각막환자에서스마일수술후각막확장증발생이보고된바있다. 8,9 최근 Ganesh and Brar 10 는수술전각막이얇거나각막형태검사에서약간의이상이있는환자를대상으로스마일수술을하면서각막콜라겐교차결합술을병합하여시행하여서좋은결과를보고하였다. 그러나아직국내에서각막콜라겐교차결합술과스마일수술을동시에진행한연구결과는발표된바없다. 따라서저자들은스마일수술을하면서각막콜라겐교차결합술을병행하여시행받은군 ( 엑스트라스마일 ) 과스마일수술을단독으로시행받은대조군의임상결과를비교해보고자하였다. 대상과방법 2016년 8월 1일부터 2016년 12월 31일까지온누리스마일안과의원에서엑스트라스마일수술을시행받고 6개월이상경과관찰이가능하였던환자 15명 30안을대상으로하였고, 같은기간동안스마일수술단독으로시행받은환자중 6개월이상경과관찰하였던환자들가운데임의추출방식으로 15명 30안을대조군으로하여후향적으로비교하였다. 연구에앞서보건복지부지정공용기관생명윤리위원회 (institutional review board, IRB) 의승인을받았다 ( 승인번호 : P01-201706-21-024). 대상환자포함기준으로는만 18세이상의나이, 근시도수 10.0D 이하, 난시도수 4.0D 이하, 예상되는술후잔여각막두께가 250 µm 이상으로하였고약시, 망막질환, 백내장, 녹내장등의안과적질환이나당뇨, 결체조직질환과같은전신질환이있는경우는연구에서제외하였다. 수술전나안시력, 최대교정시력, 현성굴절검사, 조절마비굴절검사, 세극등현미경검사, 안압검사, 산동후안저검사, 자동굴절검사기 (Topcon KR-8900, Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan), 각막내피세포검사 (Noncom Robo-ca, Konan Medical Inc., Tokyo, Japan), 중심부각막두께검사 (Corneal pachymeter SP-3000, Tomey Co., Nagoya, Japan), 이중샤임플러그전안부분석기 (Galilei, Ziemer Ophthalmic System, Port, Switzerland) 등을시행하였다. 각막확장증의위험요소는 Randleman et al 11 이제시한점수체계를이용하였는데, 각막형태검사, 나이, 술전중심부각막두께, 예상술후잔여각막두께등을기준으로하였고, 4점이상을고위험군, 3점을중등도위험군, 2점이하를저위험군으로분류하였다. 나이를제외한기준에서각막확장증위험인자점수가하나라도 3점이상일때는엑스트라스마일수술을시행하였는데, 그기준은각막형태검사상아래가파름형태 (inferior steepening) 를보이거나, 술전중심부각막두께 480 µm, 또는예상술후잔여각막두께 <260 µm인경우였다. 모든스마일수술은 VisuMax 500 khz 펨토초레이저 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) 를이용하여두명의술자에의해시행되었다. 수술은양안에이루어졌으며술전 0.5% Proparacaine hydrochloride (Alcain, Alcon. Purrs, Belgium) 로점안마취하였다. 우선환자의각막중심에마킹펜으로표시를한다음조이스틱을이용하여침대를이동시켜환자의눈을콘택트유리 (contact glass) 에접촉하였고, 70% 이상접촉하였을때흡입을시행하였다. 흡입이완료후광파괴 (photo disruption) 에의해각막실질조각 (lenticule) 의후면이만들어졌고, 옆면이만들어지고, 전면이만들어진후 11시방향에각막절개창이만들어졌다. 레이저세팅으로는 500 khz, 140 nj laser pulse, 3.5 µm spot spacing으로하였고, 각막절개창은 2.0 mm 폭으로만들었다. 각막실질조각지름은 6.0-6.7 mm였고, 각막뚜껑지름은각막실질조각지름에 0.8 mm 크게하였으며, 각막두껑두께는 110-120 µm로하였다. 모든수술은정시를목표로하였다. 레이저시술이끝난뒤에는미세둥근주걱으로각막실질조각의전면과후면을박리하고, 포셉으로실질조각을꺼냈다. 각막실질주머니는평형용액 (BSS, Alcon, Purrs, Belgium) 으로세척한뒤수술을마무리하였다. 엑스트라스마일군에서는평형용액으로세척하기전에추가적으로각막콜라겐교차결합술을시행하였다. 각막실질조각을제거한후 0.22% riboflavin (VibeX Xtra, Avedro Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) 을각막실질주머니에주사하고각막기질에흡수시키기위해 60초를기다린뒤평형용액으로세척하였다. 수술베드를옮겨서아베드로콜라겐교차결합기 (Avedro Inc., Boston, MA, USA) 를이용하여각막중심부에자외선 A를 30 mw/cm 2 의강도로 60초동안노출시켰고, 총에너지노출량은단안에 1.8 J/cm 2 였다. 두군모두에서술후환자는점안항생제 0.5% moxifloxacin (Vigamox, Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA) 을 5일 1123

- 대한안과학회지 2017 년제 58 권제 10 호 - 간하루에 4회, 0.1% fluorometholone (Opti-V, Reyon Pharm, Seoul, Korea) 은하루 4번 5주동안사용하도록하였고, 0.1% sodium hyaluronate (Tearinfree, DHP Korea, Seoul, Korea) 를수시로점안하도록하였다. 환자는술후 1주, 1 개월, 3개월, 6개월에외래에내원해서나안시력, 최대교정시력, 굴절력등을검사하였고, 이중샤임플러그전안부분석기를측정하여서각막확장증발생여부를검사, 세극등현미경검사를통해서각막혼탁등의합병증유무를검사하였으며각막혼탁의정도는 Nakamura et al 12 이제시한척도로등급을매겼다. 술후 6개월째이중샤임플러그전안부분석기로측정한각막고위수차를술전과비교하였는데 Zernike 공식을이용하여계산된수차는 root mean square (RMS) 값으로표현하였고, 엑스트라스마일군에서전안부빛간섭촬영기 (Visante, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) 를이용하여서각막기질부에생기는경계선 (demarcation line) 깊이를측정하였다. 시력은용이한분석을위해 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logmar) 으로환산하였고, 효율성지수를술후나안시력 / 술전최대교정시력으로, 안전성지수를술후최대교정시력 / 술전최대교정시력으로정의하여평가하였다. 통계학적분석은 SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) 을사용하였으며, 술전과경과관찰시측정된시력, 굴절력등의변화분석에는 paired t-test를이용하였고, 수술전후두군간의차이는 Mann-Whitney U-test를이용하였다. 모든수치는평균 ± 표준편차의형식으로나타내었고, p값이 0.05보다작은경우에통계학적으로유의한것으로간주하였다. 결과 엑스트라스마일군과대조군모두각 15 명 (30 안 ) 이었고, 평균나이는 27.07세와 27.47세였다. 술전구면렌즈대응치는엑스트라스마일군에서 -7.06 ± 2.17D, 대조군에서 -5.03 ± 1.78D로통계적으로유의한차이를보였고 (p<0.001), 중심부각막두께는엑스트라스마일군에서 515.03 ± 23.79 μm, 대조군에서 544.87 ± 26.46 μm로역시유의한차이를보였다 (p<0.001). 예상잔여각막두께는엑스트라스마일군에서 281.43 ± 24.29 μm, 대조군에서 328.27 ± 33.69 μm 로통계적으로유의하게엑스트라스마일군에서얇았고 (p<0.001), 스마일수술시광학부직경은엑스트라스마일군에서 6.18 ± 0.25 mm, 대조군에서 6.47 ± 0.14 mm로엑스트라스마일군에서통계적으로유의하게좁았다 (p<0.001). 그외난시, sim K, 동공크기등에서두군간의유의한차이는보이지않았다 (Table 1). 각막확장증위험점수는엑스트라스마일군중 16안 (53.3%) 에서고위험군, 14안 (46.7%) 에서중등도위험군이었으며, 대조군에서는 2안 (6.7%) 에서고위험군, 6안 (20%) 에서중등도위험군, 22안 (73.3%) 에서저위험군에속하였다. 술후엑스트라스마일군의나안시력 (logmar) 은 1주, 1 개월, 3개월, 6개월째각각 -0.03 ± 0.05, -0.05 ± 0.07, -0.06 ± 0.05, -0.06 ± 0.04였으며, 대조군의나안시력은각각 -0.06 ± 0.06, -0.09 ± 0.05, -0.08 ± 0.04, -0.09 ± 0.05 로경과관찰동안두군의유의한차이를보이지않았고, 최대교정시력역시엑스트라스마일군에서각각 -0.04 ± 0.05, -0.06 ± 0.06, -0.08 ± 0.05, -0.08 ± 0.06, 대조군에서각각 -0.05 ± 0.05, -0.09 ± 0.04, -0.10 ± 0.05, -0.10 ± 0.05로유의한차이를보이지않았다 (Table 2). 효율성지수는엑스트라스마일군에서술후 3개월과 6개월에각각 0.97 ± 0.13, 0.97 ± 0.16, 대조군에서각각 1.01 ± 0.14, 1.05 ± 0.17로 6개월째두군간유의한차이를보였고 (p=0.044), 안전성지수는엑스트라스마일군에서각각 1.01 ± 0.19, 1.01 ± 0.21, 대조군에서각각 1.08 ± 0.17, 1.09 ± 0.20으 Table 1. Preoperative demographics SMILE Xtra SMILE alone p-value * Age (years) 27.07 27.47 N/A Gender (male) (n, %) 9 (60) 5 (33.3) N/A Sphere (diopter) -6.44 ± 2.07-4.42 ± 1.67 <0.001 Cylinder (diopter) -1.24 ± 0.85-1.22 ± 0.84 0.537 Spherical equivalent (diopter) -7.06 ± 2.17-5.03 ± 1.78 <0.001 Flat sim K (diopter) 42.76 ± 1.35 42.25 ± 1.13 0.247 Steep sim K (diopter) 44.43 ± 1.90 44.06 ± 1.43 0.214 Central corneal thickness (μm) 515.03 ± 23.79 544.87 ± 26.46 <0.001 Planned residual stromal bed (μm) 281.43 ± 24.29 328.27 ± 33.69 <0.001 Scotopic pupil size (mm) 6.24 ± 0.71 6.39 ± 0.59 0.720 Intended optic zone (mm) 6.18 ± 0.25 6.47 ± 0.14 <0.001 Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. N/A = not applicable; sim K = simulated keratometry. * p-valued on Mann-Whitney U-test. 1124

- 김부기외 : 엑스트라스마일수술 - 로 3개월과 6개월째모두에서두군간유의한차이를보이지않았다 (Table 3). 예측성의비교에서, 술후 6개월의구면렌즈대응치는엑스트라스마일군에서 87% 에서 ±0.5D, 100% 에서 ±1.0D 이내에있었으며, 대조군에서는 100% 에서 ±0.5D 내에있었고 (Fig. 1), 결정계수 (R 2 ) 는엑스트라스마일군에서 0.9957, 대조군에서 0.9934였다 (Fig. 2). 굴절력의안정성비교는 Fig. 3에표시하였다. 구면렌즈대응치는술후 1주, 1개월, 3개월까지는두군간의유의한차이를보이지않았으나, 6개월째엑스트라스마일군에서 -0.16 ± 0.15D, 대조군에서 -0.06 ± 0.15D로유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.006). 각막고위수차는술전두군간유의한차이를보이지않았으나, 술후 6개월에서총수차의 RMS 값 (RMS total) 이엑스트라스마일군에서 2.59 ± 0.56, 대조군에서 2.02 ± 0.41로유의한차이를보였고 (p<0.001), 구면수차가 0.52 ± 0.2와 0.32 ± 0.12로역시유의한차이를보였으며 (p<0.001), 코마수차나세조각수차에서는두군간유의한차이를보이지않았다. 그리고술전과술후의각막수차를비교하였을때두군모두에서구면수차와수평코마수차가유의하게증가하였고, 엑스트라스마일군에서총각막고위수차는유의하게증가하였으나 (p<0.001), 대조군은유의한차이를보이지않았다 (p=0.307) (Table 4). 안전성측면에서는엑스트라스마일군에서최대교정시력이 73.3% 에서변화가없거나한줄이상의상승이있었고, 16.7% 에서한줄, 10% 에서두줄이저하되었고, 대조군에서는 86.7% 에서변화가없거나한줄이상의상승, 13% 에서한줄이저하되었으며두줄이상의저하는없었다 (Fig. 4). 수술중합병증은두군모두에서관찰되지않았고, 수술후 6개월의경과관찰중엑스트라스마일군에서 Grade Figure 1. Refractive outcomes for small incision lenticlue extraction (SMILE) and SMILE Xtra at 6 months postoperatively. Percentages of eyes within different diopter ranges of the intended correction in spherical equivalent refraction in both groups. Table 2. Comparison of uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity of both groups POD 1 week 1 month 3 months 6 months UDVA (logmar) SMILE Xtra -0.03 ± 0.05-0.05 ± 0.07-0.06 ± 0.05-0.06 ± 0.04 SMILE alone -0.06 ± 0.06-0.09 ± 0.05-0.08 ± 0.04-0.09 ± 0.05 p-value * 0.091 0.219 0.217 0.095 CDVA (logmar) SMILE Xtra -0.04 ± 0.05-0.06 ± 0.06-0.08 ± 0.05-0.08 ± 0.06 SMILE alone -0.05 ± 0.05-0.09 ± 0.04-0.10 ± 0.05-0.10 ± 0.05 p-value * 0.874 0.171 0.344 0.146 Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. POD = postoperative day; UDVA = uncorrected distance visual acuity; CDVA = corrected distance visual acuity. * p-valued on paired t-test. Table 3. The efficacy indices (postoperative UDVA/preoperative CDVA) and the safety indices (postoperative CDVA/preoperative CDVA) of both groups POD 3 months 6 months Efficacy index SMILE Xtra 0.97 ± 0.13 0.97 ± 0.16 SMILE alone 1.01 ± 0.14 1.05 ± 0.17 p-value * 0.249 0.044 Safety index SMILE Xtra 1.01 ± 0.19 1.01 ± 0.21 SMILE alone 1.08 ± 0.17 1.09 ± 0.20 p-value * 0.180 0.102 Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. UDVA = uncorrected distance visual acuity; CDVA = corrected distance visual acuity; POD = postoperative day. * p-valued on Mann-Whitney U-test. 1125

- 대한안과학회지 2017 년제 58 권제 10 호 - Table 4. Preoperative and 6-month postoperative corneal aberrations measured by Galilei Preoperative 6-month postoperative Difference pre/post p-value SMILE Xtra SMILE alone p-value * SMILE Xtra SMILE alone p-value * SMILE Xtra SMILE alone RMS total 1.84 ± 0.76 2.1 ± 0.9 0.287 2.59 ± 0.56 2.02 ± 0.41 <0.001 <0.001 0.307-1 Vertical Coma, Z 3-0.01 ± 0.15-0.06 ± 0.34 0.739 0.02 ± 0.32-0.02 ± 0.31 0.889 0.447 0.421 1 Horizontal Coma, Z 3 0.01 ± 0.19 0.05 ± 0.38 0.371-0.22 ± 0.3-0.16 ± 0.32 0.409 <0.001 <0.001-3 Vertical Trefoil, Z 3-0.13 ± 0.12-0.03 ± 0.22 0.133-0.07 ± 0.21-0.08 ± 0.19 0.827 0.073 0.352 3 Oblique Trefoil, Z 3-0.03 ± 0.19-0.07 ± 0.34 0.222-0.05 ± 0.23-0.02 ± 0.15 0.161 0.476 0.280 0 Spherical aberration, Z 4 0.22 ± 0.1 0.22 ± 0.1 0.610 0.52 ± 0.2 0.32 ± 0.12 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. RMS = root mean square. * p-valued on Mann-Whitney U-test; p-valued on paired t-test. A B Figure 2. Predictability of spherical equivalent correction at 6 months, in (A) SMILE Xtra group and (B) SMILE alone group. Both groups showed a high level of refractive predictability. SMILE = small incision lenticlue extraction. Figure 3. Stability of spherical equivalent refraction in both groups after surgery. In group B, spherical equivalent was stable for 6 months after the surgery, but over time, spherical equivalent was incrased in group A. 0.5의각막혼탁이 4안 (13.3%), Grade 1의각막혼탁이 2안 (6.7%) 에서관찰되었으며, 대조군에서는관찰되지않았다 (Fig. 5). 그외상피안내증식, 각막염등의합병증은두군모두에서관찰되지않았고, 이중샤임플러그전안부분석기 Figure 4. Change in corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA). Gain and loss in Snellen lines of both groups 6 months postoperatively. 검사상각막확장증성변화역시관찰되지않았다. 술후 6개월째전안부빛간섭촬영기로엑스트라스마일군에서측정한경계선의깊이는 221.85 ± 43.68 μm였다 (Fig. 6). 1126

- 김부기외 : 엑스트라스마일수술 - 고 찰 많은연구에서스마일수술은라식수술과비교했을때굴절교정효과와술후시력의질에서비슷하거나더좋은효과를보이고, 술후건조증은덜유발시킨다고보고되었다. 13-15 그리고스마일수술은앞기질을보존하기때문에이론적으로라식에비해생체역학적으로안전성이높다고알려져있으나아직논란이있다. Wu et al 16 과 Wang et al 17 의연구에서스마일수술과라식수술전후각막이력현상 (corneal hysteresis), 각막내성인자 (corneal resistance factor) 등을측정하여비교하였는데두수술후모두각막이생체역학적으로약해졌으나스마일수술과비교했을때라식수술후약해짐의정도가더심했다고보고한반면, Pedersen et al 18, Sefat et al 19 의연구에서는스마일수술과라식수술후각막의약해짐의정도가비슷하였다고보고하였다. 실제로스마일수술후각막확장증발생이수차례보고되었는데, 대부분수술전검사에서불완전원추각막처럼각막형태검사에서이상이있는경우였으나, 8,9 술전각막형태검사상정상인경우도있었다. 20 Figure 5. Anterior segment photograph of the patient who has Grade 0.5 corneal haze after SMILE Xtra. The cornea has faint hazziness at center, but the patient dose not complained any clinical symptoms. SMILE = small incision lenticlue extraction. Figure 6. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography 6 months postoperatively. Hyper-reflection line is seen faintly (arrows). The depth of demarcation line was 210 μm (green line). 각막콜라겐교차결합술은라식또는 PRK 수술과함께시행되었을때각막확장증을예방하고, 굴절력과각막형태검사상안정성에도도움이된다는여러연구에서보고되었고, 최근까지널리사용되고있다. 5,6,21,22 그러나정상안을대상으로각막콜라겐교차결합술과스마일수술의병합수술에대한보고는 Ganesh and Brar 10 와 Ng et al 23 의연구두편밖에없고, 국내에는아직이에대한연구는없었다. 스마일수술후에각막확장증에대한위험인자분석이아직까지는존재하기않기때문에본연구에서는 Randleman et al 11 이제시한라식수술후각막확장증위험인자점수체계를사용하였다. 스마일수술만시행받은대조군에서도 6.7% 가고위험군, 20% 가중등도위험군에속하였는데, 나이가 18세에서 21세사이인경우 3점으로나이만으로중등도위험군에속하였기때문으로생각된다. 그리고대조군은 3점이상의위험인자가없을때스마일수술을시행한환자중임의추출방식으로선정하여서조사하였기때문에술전두군간의비교에서구면렌즈대응치, 각막두께, 술후예상잔여각막두께등에서유의한차이를보였고, 절삭량을줄여서하기위한노력으로수술시광학부직경역시두군간에유의한차이를보였다. 이같은술전두군간의차이에도불구하고수술후 6개월까지경과관찰중나안시력과최대교정시력에는유의한차이를보이지않았고 (Table 2), 6개월째효율성지수가대조군에서유의하게높은것외에는 3개월과 6개월째안전성지수및 3개월째효율성지수에는유의한차이를보이지않았다 (Table 3). 6개월째효율성지수에서유의한차이를보인것은구면렌즈대응치가술후 3개월때까지두군간에차이를보이지않다가 6개월째에엑스트라스마일군에서 -0.16 ± 0.15D, 대조군에서 -0.06 ± 0.15D로유의하게엑스트라스마일군에서높아졌기때문이라생각된다 (Fig. 3). Wu et al 24 은고도근시와경도및중등도근시를대상으로스마일수술을하여서두군의임상양상을비교하였는데, 수술초기에는두군의구면렌즈대응치에서차이를보이지않다가경도및중등도근시군에서는수술후 1년의경과관찰동안변화가없는반면, 고도근시군에서시간이지남에따라근시퇴행이생겨서 1년후에는두군간에유의한차이를보였다고보고하였다. 본연구에서역시엑스트라스마일군에서대조군에비해술전구면렌즈대응치가높았고, 이때문에술후근시퇴행이나타나서 6개월째구면렌즈대응치가두군간에유의한차이를보였다고생각된다. 물론두군간의수술방법차이인각막콜라겐교차결합술이근시퇴행에영향을미쳤을가능성도있기때문에추후에이에대한연구가필요하리라사료된다. 1127

- 대한안과학회지 2017 년제 58 권제 10 호 - 본연구에서각막콜라겐교차결합술때사용한에너지는 1.8 J/cm 2 (30 mw/cm 2 로 60초동안노출 ) 였다. 사실라식수술과병합해서시행되는각막콜라겐교차결합술도아직까지표준화된에너지는없어서 1.35-5.4 J/cm 2 로다양하게보고되고있고, 21,22,25,26 스마일수술과병합되어시행될때역시 Ganesh and Brar 10 의연구에서 3.4 J/cm 2, Ng et al 23 의연구에서 0.8 J/cm 2 로차이를보였다. 예방적각막콜라겐교차결합술은라식수술후시행될때각막절편을젖히고각막기질부위에시행되는반면에스마일수술후시행될때는각막실질조각제거후각막실질주머니속으로리보플라빈을주사해서시행되기때문에각막실질주머니의윗기질과아랫기질에영향을미쳐서이론적으로라식수술후시행될때보다효과가더좋으리라생각되고, 상대적으로적은에너지로도충분하리라생각되나 Ganesh and Brar 10 의연구는 1년, Ng et al 23 의연구는 6개월경과관찰결과를보고하였기때문에더욱장기적인관찰과알맞은에너지에대한연구가필요하겠다. 각막콜라겐교차결합술후각막혼탁은여러연구에서보고되었고, 심지어임상적으로유의하지않은각막혼탁은매우흔하기때문에시술후나타나는정상적인반응이라고기술되기도한다. 27 Greenstein et al 28 은각막콜라겐교차결합술후각막혼탁은 1개월째가장심하고 3개월까지유지되다가 6개월-1년까지줄어드는경향을보인다고보고하였다. 그러나 Koppen et al 29 은원추각막환자에서각막콜라겐교차결합술후 1년까지임상적으로유의미한각막혼탁이 9% 에서발생하였다고보고하였다. 본연구에는 Grade 0.5의각막혼탁이 13.3%, Grade 1의각막혼탁이 6.7% 로총 20% 에서각막혼탁이발생하였다. 수치로보면많아보이나 Grade 0.5의각막혼탁을보였던모든경우에서나안시력이 20/20 이상을보였고, 환자도불편감을호소하지않아서임상적으로유의하지않았다. 그러나 Grade 1의각막혼탁을보인경우 2안은한명의환자양안에서발생하였는데나안시력이 20/20이었으나 6개월째까지흐리게보이는증상을호소하였다. 이같이대부분의각막혼탁은임상적으로유의하지는않았으나최대교정시력의 1줄이상의저하가대조군에서 13.3% 에서나타난반면엑스트라스마일군에서 26.7% 에서발생한이유일것이라생각된다. Ganesh and Brar 10, Ng et al 23 의연구모두에서각막혼탁이발생하지않았다고보고하였는데, Ganesh and Brar 10 의연구는 1년동안경과관찰해서본연구보다 6개월이길었고, Ng et al 23 의연구는에너지를 0.8 J/cm 2 로본연구보다상대적으로에너지가적었기때문으로생각되며, 실제로논문에서저자들은연구를시작하기전 1.07 J/cm 2 의에너지를사용하였는데 10% 에서각막혼 탁이발생하여서에너지를 0.8 J/cm 2 로줄였다고보고하였다. 그리고각막혼탁의정도를세극등현미경을이용하여주관적으로평가하였기때문에차이가있을수도있으리라생각된다. 본연구에서술후 6개월째엑스트라스마일군을대상으로전안부빛간섭촬영기로측정한경계선의깊이는 221.85 ± 43.68 μm였다. 이는 Kymionis et al 30 의연구에서각막콜라겐교차결합술을 3 mw/cm 2 의강도로 30분간노출, 9 mw/cm 2 의강도로 10분간노출의두가지방식으로시행한후경계선의깊이가 350.78 ± 49.34 μm, 288.46 ± 42.37 μm가나온것을보았을때상대적으로깊이가얇은것을알수있다. Kymionis et al 30 의연구에서각막콜라겐교차결합술시사용한에너지가 5.4 J/cm 2 로본연구의 1.8 J/cm 2 에비해높았기때문으로생각되나, 수술방식에서도 Kymionis et al 30 은각막상피를제거한후기질위에리보플라빈을도포한후각막콜라겐교차결합술을시행한반면, 본연구에서는각막실질주머니속으로리보플라빈을주사해서각막콜라겐교차결합술을시행한차이가있었기때문에수술방식에따른경계성의깊이에대해추가적인연구가필요하리라사료된다. 각막고위수차는일반적으로각막굴절교정수술후흔하게증가하는것으로알려져있으며, 최근스마일수술후고위수차에대한많은보고가있었다. Shah et al 7 은스마일수술후총고위수차, 코마수차, 구면수차에서증가하였다고보고하였고, Ağca et al 31 은총고위수차, 코마수차, 구면수차, 세조각수차에서증가하였다고보고하였다. 본연구에서는술후각막고위수차검사는술전과비교하였을때총각막고위수차는엑스트라스마일군에서유의하게증가하였고, 수평코마수차와구면수차는두군모두에서유의하게증가하였다. Jin et al 32 은고도근시와경도및중등도근시를나누어서스마일수술후고위수차의변화를비교분석하였는데수술후 3개월째구면수차가두군간에유의한차이를보여서굴절교정량과구면수차의증가는연관관계가있다고보고하였다. 본연구에서는술후 6개월째총각막고위수차와구면수차에서두군간유의한차이를보였다. 본연구에서는두군간굴절교정양뿐만아니라각막두께, 잔연각막두께, 광학부직경, 그리고술후각막혼탁등여러차이가존재하였기때문에단순히기존연구와일치하는결과라고말하기어려운점이있으나, 전반적으로기존연구들과비슷한양상으로각막고위수차가증가하는양상을보였고두군간차이도보였다고할수있겠다. 추후에술전및술후두군간차이를없게한뒤각막콜라겐교차결합술이스마일수술과병합하여진행할때각막고위수차에미치는영향에대한 1128

- 김부기외 : 엑스트라스마일수술 - 연구가필요하리라사료된다. 본연구의한계점으로는첫번째각막확장증의위험인자를가지고있을때각막콜라겐교차결합술을추가로시행하였기때문에술전굴절이상, 목표교정량, 광학부직경등이두군간에유의한차이를보였던점, 두번째 6개월이라는다소짧은경과관찰기간, 그리고세번째각막의강도를직접적으로측정하지않았다는점이있겠다. 결론적으로엑스트라스마일수술은스마일수술을단독으로시행했을때와비교하여서만족할만한임상결과를얻을수있었다. 하지만술후각막혼탁이나타날수있고, 각막의고위수차가상대적으로많이증가할수있기때문에술전에환자에게이에대한설명이있어야하겠고, 술후에도이에주의해서경과관찰을시행해야하겠다. REFERENCES 1) Binder PS. Ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29:2419-29. 2) Alió JL, Muftuoglu O, Ortiz D, et al. Ten-year follow-up of laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 145:55-64. 3) Raiskup-Wolf F, Hoyer A, Spoerl E, Pillunat LE. Collagen crosslinking with riboflavin and ultraviolet-a light in keratoconus: long-term results. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008;34:796-801. 4) Hafezi F, Kanellopoulos J, Wiltfang R, Seiler T. Corneal collagen crosslinking with riboflavin and ultraviolet A to treat induced keratectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007;33:2035-40. 5) Kanellopoulos AJ, Binder PS. Collagen cross-linking (CCL) with sequential topography-guided PRK: a temporizing alternative for keratoconus to penetrating keratoplasty. Cornea 2007;26:891-5. 6) Kanellopoulos AJ, Pamel GJ. Review of current indications for combined very high fluence collagen cross-linking and laser in situ keratomileusis surgery. Indian J Ophthalmol 2013;61:430-2. 7) Shah R, Shah S, Sengupta S. Results of small incision lenticule extraction: All-in-one femtosecond laser refractive surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011;37:127-37. 8) Wang Y, Cui C, Li Z, et al. Corneal ectasia 6.5 months after small-incision lenticule extraction. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41:1100-6. 9) Mattila JS, Holopainen JM. Bilateral ectasia after femtosecond laser-assisted small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). J Refract Surg 2016;32:497-500. 10) Ganesh S, Brar S. 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- 대한안과학회지 2017 년제 58 권제 10 호 - 29) Koppen C, Vryghem JC, Gobin L, Tassignon MJ. Keratitis and corneal scarring after UVA/riboflavin cross-linking for keratoconus. J Refract Surg 2009;25:S819-23. 30) Kymionis GD, Tsoulnaras KI, Grentzelos MA, et al. Corneal stroma demarcation line after standard and high-intensity collagen crosslinking determined with anterior segment optical coherence tomography. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014;40:736-40. 31) Ağca A, Demirok A, Cankaya Kİ, et al. Comparison of visual acuity and higher-order aberrations after femtosecond lenticule extraction and small-incision lenticule extraction. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2014;37:292-6. 32) Jin HY, Wan T, Wu F, Yao K. Comparison of visual results and higher-order aberrations after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE): high myopia vs. mild to moderate myopia. BMC Ophthalmol 2017;17:118. = 국문초록 = 각막콜라겐교차결합술, 스마일수술병합수술과단독스마일수술의초기임상성적비교 목적 : 각막콜라겐교차결합술과스마일수술을동시에시행받은 ( 엑스트라스마일수술 ) 환자와스마일수술을단독으로시행받은환자의임상결과를비교해보고자하였다. 대상과방법 : 엑스트라스마일수술을시행받고 6 개월이상경과관찰이가능하였던환자 15 명 30 안과같은기간동안스마일수술만을시행받은환자중 6 개월이상경과관찰이가능하였던환자중임의추출방식으로 15 명 30 안을대조군으로선정하여서후향적으로연구하였는데, 나안시력, 최대교정시력, 효율성지수, 안전성지수, 각막고위수차등을비교하였다. 결과 : 술전두군은구면렌즈대응치, 중심부각막두께, 예상잔여각막두께, 수술시광학부직경에서차이를보였으나 (p<0.001), 술후 6 개월의경과관찰기간동안나안시력과최대교정시력은두군간차이를보이지않았다. 효율성지수는엑스트라스마일군에서술후 6 개월에 0.97 ± 0.16, 대조군에서 1.05 ± 0.17 로두군간유의한차이를보였고 (p=0.044), 안전성지수는경과관찰기간동안두군간유의한차이를보이지않았다. 각막총고위수차의 root mean square 값이엑스트라스마일군에서 2.59 ± 0.56, 대조군에서 2.02 ± 0.41 로유의한차이를보였고 (p<0.001), 그리고술전후를비교하였을때두군모두에서구면수차와수평코마수차가유의하게증가하였다. 엑스트라스마일군에서술후 6 개월째 20% 에서각막혼탁이관찰되었고, 각막확장증은두군모두에서나타나지않았다. 결론 : 엑스트라스마일수술은스마일단독수술과비교해서만족할만한초기임상성적을보였고, 술전각막두께가얇거나교정량이많은경우고려할수있는수술적치료이다. 그러나술후발생할수있는각막혼탁에대해서유의해야한다. < 대한안과학회지 2017;58(10):1122-1130> 1130