003 6 30
( ) ( ) ( ) 003630 03744 () (0509786) 7 5,
1 1 1 5 10 10 10 11 11 1 13 16 18 0 0 1 1 3 4 5 5 5 5 30 36 36 i
44 45 45 45 47 48 48 48 50 50 55 57 57 60 60 60 61 63 68 74 80 93 95 98 ii
ICS 3080 KS Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps Code for hydraulic performance testsprecision class 19871 ISO 5198, Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumpscode for hydraulic performance testsprecision class,,, () III IEC 60198 IEC 60497 ISO 31 Quantities, units and symbols ISO 555 Liquid flow measurement in open channelsdilution methods for measurement of steady flow Part 1Constant-rate injection method Part Integration(sudden injection) method Part 3Constant-rate injection method and integration method using radioactive tracers ISO 1438 ISO 1438 1 Liquid flow measurement in open channels using thin-plate weirs and venturi flumes Water flow measurement in open channels using weirs and venturi flumespart 1Thin-plate weirs ISO 186 Fluid flow in closed conduitsconnections for pressure signal transmissions between primary and secondary elements ISO 548 Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumpscode for acceptance testsclass C ISO 975 Part 1General Measurement of water flow in closed conduitstracer methods Part Constant rate injection method using non-radioactive tracers
Part 3Constant rate injection method using radioactive tracers Part 6Transit time method using non-radioactive tracers Part 7Transit time method using radioactive tracers ISO 3354 Measurement of clean water flow in closed conduitsvelocity-area method using current-meters ISO 3534 StatisticsVocabulary ad symbols ISO 3555 Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumpscode for acceptance testsclass B ISO 3846 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumesfree overfall weirs of finite crest width (rectangular broad-crested weirs) ISO 3966 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduitsvelocity area method using Pitot static tubes ISO 4185 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduitsweighing method ISO 4359 Liquid flow measurement in open channelsrectangular, trapezoidal and Ushaped flumes ISO 4360 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumestriangular profile weirs ISO 4373 Measurement of liquid flow in open channelswater level measuring devices ISO 5167 Measurement of fluid flow by means of orifice plates, nozzles and venturi tubes inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full ISO 5168 Measurement of fluid flowestimation of uncertainty of a flow-rate measurement ISO 7194 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduitsvelocity-area methods of flow measurement in swirling or asymmetric flow conditions in circular ducts by means of current-meters or Pitot static tubes ISO 8316 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduitsmethod by collection of the liquid in a volumetric tank IEC 60034 Rotating electrical machinespart Methods for determining losses and efficiency of rotating electrical machinery from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles) IEC 60041 International code for the field acceptance tests of hydraulic turbines IEC 60193 International code for model acceptance tests of hydraulic turbines IEC 60198 International code for the field acceptance tests of storage pumps IEC 60497 International code for model acceptance tests of storage pumps (transducer) (filtering effect) (cut frequency), (,, ) (, ) T µ x, 1 (random process) x(t)
1 µ x = t +T x( t) dt t T T T T σ x Rxx T x(t) 1 t σ x = + T [ x( t) µ t x] dt T 1 t R xx (t, T) = + T x( t)[ x( t + T )] dt t T x(t)1 (µ x ) [ σ Rxx(t, T )] t x T (steady) t T (unsteady) x(t) x(t) tt (1 ) 1 t T 1(µ x ) [ σ Rxx(t, T)] T x t T 1(µ x ) [ σ Rxx(t, T)] x 3
B ISO 5198 003 ( ) (random origin), (determinist origin),,, ( ) T T T 1 T 1 x x T, x(t) (pseudo-period) ( ) T (quasi-instantaneous) ( ) T (quasi-instantaneous) ( ) T, (averaging reading) 4
(quasi-instantaneous) Pr Pr = µ c P λ µ λ ( ISO 31/1 ) ISO 31 NPSH ( 1 ) ( ) ( 3 ) m M kg l L m t T s θ Θ A L m V L 3 m 3 ω T 1 rad/s v LT 1 m/s ( 4 ) g LT m/s n T 1 s 1 ML 3 kg/m 3 p ML 1 T Pa (1bar =10 5 Pa) v L T 1 m /s E L T J/kg P ML T 3 W Re D L m, qm(q) MT 1 kg/s 5
( ), a) b) c) d), e) f) (, ) q V (Q) L 3 T 1 m 3 /s q v = q m ( 5 ) ( ) U LT 1 m/s U = q V A ( ) ( ) ( ) z z s αu /g v p e p b p v z z s LT 1 ML 1 T - ML 1 T ML 1 T L L L L m/s Pa Pa Pa m m m m 6
v A A α U 3 A 3 d v α α α a U /g 1<α a <α L m α a ( i ) i H i L m pei Ui H i =z i + αai g g i 1 H 1 L m H L m H H 1 H L m H = H H 1 H 1 H H J1 L m H J L m 7
(NPSH) (NPSH) L m pb pv (NPSH) = H 1 + z1 g g 1 I II (NPSH) (NPSH) α a1 1 ( ) (NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH) [, (NPSH) r, (NPSH) a, (NPSH) (NPSH) c ] [ (NPSH) c (K/)] % 1/ 1/ π n( q K = ) q v v = ω 3/ 4 3 / 4 ( gh ) E q' v (eye) H P u = qvgh = qve P u K P P gr P u L ML T 3 ML T 3 ML T 3 η = η P Pu η gr = P η gr gr 1 m W W W ( 1 ) ( ) ISO 31 8
B ISO 5198 003 ( 3 ) M =, L =, T =, Θ = ( 4 ) g 981m/s g = 9780 3(1+0005 3 sin ϕ ) 3 10 6 z ϕ z m ( 5 ) q V A D e E f g H H J k K l m n (NPSH) p P qm qv Re t U v V z α η θ λ v ω m m J/kg Hz m/s m m m m kg s 1 m Pa W kg/s m 3 /s s m/s m/s m 3 m m /s kg/m 3 rad/s 9
1 a ac b c d e f gr H int M m mot P p r s sp t T u V v vis η ( ) () q Vsp H sp H sp q Vsp, H sp, q Vsp (cavitation effect) (NPSH) H(q V ) ( ) q Vsp 10
m /s kg/m 3 kg/m 3 kg/m 3 40 1510 6 1 050 5 50, ( ),, 11
,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) (circuit) L L (15K55) D L D K 1
(disturbance) ( ISO 7194 ) (pre-swirl), (ISO 7194 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 5, 09q V, G 11q V, G, ( ) 13
1,, ( ) ( ), 6 % % (rate of flow) (head) (torque) (power) 3 (speed of rotation) 1 14
x(t) ( ),,,, ( ) 1 1 ( ) 3 9 ~,, ( ) 15
( 95 % ) % % 3 5 7 9 08 16 8 05 05 07 09,, 0 % 70 10 % (NPSH) c 0 % (scale) (),, ( ) ( ) λ 5 % λ Re = D gh 1 v D 1 H, n/v,,, 16
, 95 %, 0 (ISO 3534 ), (q V, H, P, η),,,,,, 17
( 6 ) ( ) (%) 15 1 ( ) 13 0 ( 6 ) 5 ~ n sp q V, H, P η q V, T = q V n sp n nsp H T =H n n P T = P n η T = η 3 sp s p (NPSH) n (NPSH) T = (NPSH) sp n x, x = (NPSH),,,, 13 ( 7 ) 18
x,,,, n sp f sp, nf 1 % 5 % ( 7 ) RÜTSCHI, K, Messung und Drehzahlumrechnung des NPSH-Wertes bei Kreiselpumpen, Schweizer Ingenieur und Architekt 39/80, 1 %5 % ( ) (NPSH) (NPSH) ( ) (NPSH) (NPSH), 95 % e Q Q e H H e P P e η η e, ( ) 19
η q V ( ) ( ),, % ( 95 % ) 1, 0
% (ISO 4185) 1 (ISO 8316) (IEC 60193) ( 1 ) (ISO 5167 ISO 186) ( 1 ) ( 95 % ) 01 03 01 03 01 03 01 03 01 03 01 03 05 15 03 05 03 05 05 1 ( 1 ) 05 1 05 1 1 15 (ISO 1438/1, ISO 3846, ISO 4359, ISO 4360) 1 (ISO 5167 ISO 186) (ISO 186) (ISO 3354) (ISO 3966) (ISO 975 ISO 555/1 3) ( 1 ) 1 05 15 05 15 1 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ISO 4185 ( ),,, [ ( )] ( ) ( 95 % )01 0 %, (, 15m 3 /s ) ISO 8316,,, ( ) ( ) 1
, ( 95 % )01 03 %, (IEC 60041 ),, (, ) 1 % IEC 60193 ( ),, 0 03 % ( 95 % ),,, ISO 5167 ISO 186 ISO 5167 (ISO 5167 ), ISO 5167 ISA 3 1 15 %, 1 %, ( 95 % )03 05 %
( 5 ), ISO 14381ISO 4359, ISO 3846ISO 4360 0515 % ( 95 %) 1 % 3
(, DD/ ) ( ISA 3 ) ISO 5167,, 4
03 05 %, 05 1 % ISO 3354ISO 3966,,, ( 95 % )1 % (IEC 60198 ) ISO 975 (dilution) ( ) [ (salt velocity methods) ] ISO 555 1 ISO 5553, ( 95 % )1 %, H 5
, ( ), (ISO 14381 ) (ISO 3846 ) (ISO 4360 ) (,, U ) 6
, z i, p ei, U i g 1 H i = z i g pei p0 dp Ui + αa i g, p H i = z i ( ei + i 0 Ui + αa i ) g g 40, 15 MPa 0 i = 1 p dp 1 p dp 1 pe g e e1 = p0 g p0 g pe1 dp v=f(p) 1 g dp ( p = ( pe1) g pe e p e 1 + 1) p e1 θ 1 1 p e θ 1 θ 1 150 bar, 50 01 % [ () ] (3) p 7
, U p U3 U α a = + α3 + H J = α H g g g H F α a α a =α, () ( ) ( ) S 1 S S 1 S S 1 S ( ) S 1 S 1 H J1 S S H J ( ) H = H + H1 + H J1 H J H 1 H S 1 S F 8
,,,,,, α a ( ),, 10 0 mm, 5 10 mm, 1 3 mm, 9
0 1 %, 005 05 % 05 1 % 0 1%,, H J1, ( ) () ( ) (type number), H J, 30
, H J1 H J ( ) 5 1 (, ) (, 1 ),, [ ] [ ],,, 00, α a, 4, ISO 7194 3 31
3
10 ( ) 33
H 1 (quadratic law) H 1 = H 1 H J1 ( ) H 1 = ABq V ( ) H J1 + H J < 0001 5 H 34
, l, D l U H J = λ D g D Re < 3 ( ) k λ λ 1/ 51 = log 10 Re λ D D 3 < Re <560 ( ) k k D Re > 560 ( ) k λ 1/ = log 51 k 10 + Re λ 3 7D λ 1/ = log 10 k 37D UD Re = v k 35
,,, (3 5 mm) (, ), 3 ISO 4373 4 4 1 4 3 ( ) 1 % 3 6 mm 008D 5 ( ) r d/4 400 mm D 150 mm 1D,, ( ) 36
( ) ISO 186,, ISO 3966 05 %, NPSH NPSH 1 %,, () 37
a) b) c) ethyl tetrabromide(c H Br 4 ), carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), diiodomethane (CH l ),, iodides 100 mm 8 mm, 1 mm 38
(parallax error), U, d e d p d c d d c c p d + d p 01% 30 r/min ( ) ( ) (jockey weight),, (Bourdon dial gauge), ( 60 100 % ) % 39
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 40
1 = 41
Z M p, m p M = p 1 g h 1 =po il g(h h 1 )gh 1 p 4mg p = π d e d + d e = c d p 4
p = L mg g(zmz) l s, m, s /,, 43
p ( ) p 1 ( ) ( ) p 1 > 0 ( ) 44
ac, 005 0 % P( ),,,, IEC 60034( ) IEC 60034 ac,, 45
0 % 3 3 ( ) ( ) I II 3 3 ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) I II 46
( ),,,,, 01% ( ),,, (, ) ( ) 47
(pot) 01 % 01 %, ( ),,, 05 % 15 100 % 05 %, 01 %, 015 %,, 01 %, 01 %, 005 %, η ( ) (,, ) (, ),,, 100 m 48
( 1 ) ( 1 ) 1 p E h αau αa1u 1 E h = V M ( p p1) + + g( z z1) E h 1, E m = a p p ) + c ( θ ) + ( 1 11 p 1 θ11 α U α U = h 1 h + a 1 a1 11 + g( z1 z11) α U 11 α U a 1 a1 11 + g( z1 z11) + E m + E E m 11, 1, m E h E m J/kg J/kg E m E m J/kg ( ) ( ) η = Eh E + E m x E x η J/kg ( 3 ) 1 V m = V m m 3 /kg ( 4 ) a = h p T Vm = Vm T T p a m 3 /kg ( 5 ) c p Jkg 1 K 1 a ( 6 ) p θ ac p a m 3 /kg c p ( 6 ) p 1 p, 11 + p p = θ 1 θ, 11 + θ θ = c p Jkg 1 K 1 V m ( 6 ) p θ V m p 1 + p p= θ 1 + θ θ = P m = q V E m = q m E m V m P m m 3 /kg W ( 1 ) 49
g g ( ) α a1 =α a =1 ( ( 3 ) ) = 1 Vm ( 4 ) a ( 5 ) c p ( 6 ) [ 0300 bar(30 MPa) 0150 ] a, V m c p E m E h 0410 3 (1 ) (,, ) ( ) ( 100 %), ( ) ( ) 1, ( ) V m dp ( ) Vm dp = V ( p p ) m 1 1 S V dp = h h 1 m S 1 θ = θ 1 E m 50
B ISO 5198 003 i i ( e) ( s) E m U si Ue i E m = ϕ i hsi he i + + g( zsi ze i) i h s h e, h h s e = a p ) + c ( θ θ ) ( ps e p s e ϕ i q m q mi i = q q mi m q E x = m h cp h ( θs θe) q m q mh c ph E m E x 1 = P A( θ θ ) E m q m e a P P 10 W m K 1 q m (kg/s) A (m ) θ a ( ) θ e ( ) ( 4 ),, E m ϕ 1 = 1 490 x / h 51
h (kj/kg) x, (kg/kg), 1 5
(, ) 0005 K/min E m dθ E m = c p ( t t 1 + t ) dt c p (J/kg/K) dθ /dt (K/s) t (s) t 1 (s) t (s) 005 K/min 1 53
1 3 4 HP 5 BP 6 7 8, E m = ϕ 14 (h 4 h 1 )ϕ 15 (h 5 h 1 )ϕ 34 (h 4 h 3 )ϕ 35 (h 5 h 3 )ϕ 36 (h 6 h 3 ) E x = ϕ 78(h 8 h 7 ) ϕ ij = q q mij m ϕ 36 = ϕ 36a ϕ 36b ( ) 54
E m ( ) 1 % 15 % 1 1 U 1 U, E m p 11 p 1 E m θ 11 θ 1 p 1, p, θ 1 θ E m ( ) 0105 dm 3 /s U /gz z 11 z 1 U 11 U 1 E m, E m a(p 1 P 11 ) ( ) a ( ) c p (θ 1 θ 11 ) θ 1 θ 11 ( ) c p ( ), 55
( ) (θ 1 θ 11 )(p 1 p 11 ), 3000 1 0005, E m c p (θ 1 θ 11 ) 0 E m (p 1 p 11 ) ( ) ( ) (p 1 p 11 )(θ 1 θ 11 ) p 11 p 1 θ 11 θ 1 p 11, E m a(p 1 p 11 ) 0, E m (θ 1 θ 11 ) c p 0 0, U 1 U E m = a( p1 p ) + c p ( θ 1 θ ) + + g( z1 z ) = 0 1 ( p1 p) + [( U 1 U )/ ] + g( z1 z c p a ) θ θ =, 01 g/dm 3 56
, U / gz V m (p p 1 ) (h S h 1 ) (,, ) A θ m θ = m θ v da v da x x V x da ( )1, θ m r 6000 1 5 1 3 4 5 07 046086 037067091 034057075093 07047070080094 r/r 57
3 4 5 04081 036073094 031063077096 08057069085096 r/r 0001 000 5, (thermistor), 4 ( ), a c d c, 01 %,,,, 005 m, 08 R ( ), 1 m, 58
15 40 mm 8 mm, (,, ) h cz h cz 3 h cz E m ( ) E m q 59
E m 0 % ( 1/7 ) (U /) 01 % E m E h 0001 5 % 005, 95 %, ISO 5168, δη/η E x δη δe h δe = + η h E E m m 1/ E h E m E m, 100 m05~1 % (NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH), 60
,,,, (NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH), (NPSH), (NPSH) d K ( + ) %, (NPSH) c x %, (NPSH) H x %, (NPSH) η, (NPSH) f K () %, 61
(NPSH),,, ( ) /1000, ( ), 010 m (NPSH) %,, 05 m/s [ ] 6
(NPSH), ~ (NPSH) 10 %, Van Slyke, ( ),, 1/8 ( ) (NPSH) 005 m (NPSH) (NPSH), 63
(NPSH) (NPSH)3 % 015 m (NPSH), 64
, 65
(NPSH) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (NPSH) [ (NPSH) ] 66
(NPSH), (NPSH),, (NPSH),, (NPSH) ( ) ICS ( ) (NPSH), ( ) (NPSH), (NPSH), (, (NPSH), (,, ) ), (NPSH) ( ) 67 + K %
( ),, / (, ),,, ( ),,,,, (Gaussian) n x i (i=1,, 3, n), x x = 1 n x i n i= 1 (1) s s = 1 1 n n i= 1 ( x i x) () n x, 1 50 05 68
005 n,, () s, 95 % 1/19 99 % 99 % 95 % 30 n ( ) t ± ts / n n t95 % n n t n t 3 430 1 0 4 318 13 18 5 78 14 16 6 57 15 14 7 45 16 13 8 36 17 1 9 31 18 11 10 6 19 10 11 3 0 09 95 % x(1) s() x s t / n 95 % ts / n e r ( 3),,, ε, 69
ts n < ε s < ε n t n /t n n / t n n / t 3 0403 1 1575 4 069 13 1653 5 0804 14 173 6 0953 15 1810 7 1080 16 1878 8 1198 17 1945 9 199 18 011 10 1399 19 076 11 1487 0 140 x r x s s x R=( x r x )/s ( ) ( ) n1, sx n 3 n R n R 3 115 1 41 4 148 13 46 5 171 14 51 6 189 15 55 7 0 16 59 8 13 17 6 9 1 18 65 10 9 19 68 11 36 0 71 70
,,, h (,,, ) X 1, X, X n H = f ( X 1, X, X n ) (4) H s H f s H = n i= 1 H s xi X i (5) n H = s x i i= 1 s (6) 95 % e s e sh = 196s H n es H = es xi (7) i= 1 95 %,,,, ~ 95 % 71
(square law propagation method) e = e + e (8) s r, (10 % ) (spline-fit) (simple curve), 7
73
H(q V ) AB t H H η(q V ) AB t η η 74
P(q V ) AB t p P H(q V ) AB t q q V 75
H(η) AB t η η H(P) AB t p P 76
H(q V ) ABCD (q Vsp, H sp ) t q t H q V H ABCD DEF DEF η(q V ) GHIJ GHIJ A B C D t q t η q V η DEF P(q V ) KLMN KLMN ABCD t q t P q V P AB ~ ABCD 77
78
79
a, c p 0 75 1 300 bar( 1 ) ( 1 ) 1bar = 01 MPa bar 80
( ) bar bar 81
) bar bar 8
) bar bar 83
bar bar 84
( ) bar bar 85
( ) bar bar 86
( ) bar bar 87
( ) bar bar 88
( ) bar bar 89
( ) bar bar (p p 1 ) δ p/ p δ V m /V m 90
δe h / E h δeh Eh = δ p δvm + p V m (p 1 p 11 ) δ p/ p δ a / a δ θ / θ δ c p /c p δ E m / E m E m, δe m (δe m ) =( pδ a) (aδ p) ( θδc p ) (c p δ θ) δem E m δe E m m 1 = c 1 + p θ a p δa δ p 1 δ c + + a p a p 1 cp + cp θ δ (h 1 h 11 )/(h 1 h 11 ) δ E m /E m p δ θ δ E + + θ Em (,, ), h δ h δ ( h h 1 h h 11 ) = h 1 11 1 δh h 11 θpd 10 % E m δf 1 f, δ E E m m m 91
+ + = m m m m E f E f E E δ δ δ δη/η m m h h + = E E E δe δ η δη 1/ m m m m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + = E E c c c a a a a c p p a c V V p p p p p δ δ θ θ δ θ δ θ δ θ δ η δη p p 1/ m m m m + + + = E E p p a a V V δ δ δ δ η δη p 9
(NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH) vis (NPSH) ( ) 93
0 % nsp (NPSH) T = (NPSH) n (NPSH) ac [ (NPSH) ] (NPSH) (NPSH) 10 khz 16 khz315 khz (octave band), ( ) (NPSH) 94
Moody ( ) λ ( ) k k mm,, ( ) 0 005 01 015 05 03 30 10 100 95
(m) (mm) (m/s) 96
k D, Re= UD v λ λ 97
KS B ISO 5198 003,,, 1987 ISO 5198, Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps Code for hydraulic performance tests Precision class,,,,,,,, Mixed flow pump, (), 98
00375 135513 7017 (0)60094567 (0)600948878 http://standardksaorkr 6078 111( 10) (051)557139 7001 1741( 3) (053)3841564 40714 9891( 11) (03)400103 4470 1118( 9) (031)5970009 00041 19( 4) (033)5943, 54943 36180 15081( 6) (043)364513 305343 314( 5) (04)8643013 561841 1337( 7) (063)14357 506301 6115( 5) (06)95314357 641740 74( 501) (055)6647446 683804 758( ) (0)8966013 4585 7739( 4) (031)495780, 8451 730350 930( 8) (054)4736954 480848 4876( 3) (031)898184
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