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대한척추외과학회지제 16 권제 1 호 Journal of Korean Spine Surg. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp 24~29, 2009 최소침습적신경공경유요추추체간유합술 정흥태 나채오 하상훈 신동렬 부민병원정형외과 Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Heung Tae Chung, M.D., Chae Oh Na, M.D., Sang Hoon Ha, M.D., Dong Ryul Shin, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boomin Hospital Abstract Study design: A retrospective study Objectives: To introduce the technique of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and examine its clinical and radiologic results. Summary of Literature Review: Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with a mini-incision using a tubular retractor was recently developed. The aim of this procedure is to reduce the approach-related morbidity and achieve better results in an effective and safe manner. Materials and Methods: Thirty eight patients were followed up for more than 1 year. Their mean age was 57 years and the mean follow-up was 19 months. The diagnosis was spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis and recurred herniated nucleus pulposus in 22, 14 and 2 patients, respectively. The Oswestry disability index, intervertebral disc space height, fusion rate and complications were evaluated. Results: The Oswestry disability index improved from 30 points (range, 50~16 points) to 10 points (range, 2-24 points) at the last follow-up. Thirty-four patients (90%) showed excellent or good results. The intervertebral disc space height increased from 8.7 mm to 10.8 mm. Two cases showed nonunion but the clinical results were good. Complications included one case of infectious spondylitis requiring antibiotics, one case of cage dislodgement requiring additional surgery and one case of a pedicle screw malposition showing no clinical symptoms. Conclusions: Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion reduced the soft tissue injury and blood loss and shortened the recovery period compared to the traditional open techniques. Key Words: Minimally invasive, Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), Clinical result, Complication 서 론 고식적인척추경나사를이용한요추후외방유합술 은요추안정화를요하는다양한척추질환에서광범위하게사용되어그유효성이널리인정되고있다. 그러나이러한방법은척추경나사의삽입및골유합영역 (fusion bed) 을확보하기위해광범위한근육및연부조 Address reprint requests to Chae Oh Na, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boomin Hospital, 380-4 Deokcheon 1-dong, Buk-gu, Busan 616-819, Korea Tel: 82-51-330-3000, Fax: 82-51-337-5041, E-mail: osdcb@yahoo.co.kr - 24 -

최소침습적신경공경유요추추체간유합술 정흥태외 직의박리를필요로하여술후요통의증가, 회복기간의지연및입원기간의연장을요하게된다 1). 또한척추경나사를이용한후방추체간유합술역시광범위한연부조직의박리및이로인한출혈량의증가, 추간판공간을확보하기위한신경근의과도한견인으로신경학적증상을초래할수있다 2,3,4). 이에반해최소침습적신경공경유요추추체간유합술은연부조직과근육의박리및견인으로인한손상을줄이고신경근견인을최소화하여출혈량의감소, 술후통증의감소및회복기간을단축시켜일상생활로의조기복귀를보고하고있다 5,6,7). 본연구는척추안정화를요하는환자의수술적치료로최소침습적추간공경유간유합술을시행한환자들을 1 년이상추시하여그결과를분석, 보고하고자한다. 연구대상및방법 1. 연구대상 2005 년 6 월부터 2006 년 12 월까지요추질환환자에대해직경 26 mm 의메트릭스튜브 (METRx tube, Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN) 를이용해추체간유합술을시행한 51 명의환자중일년이상추시된 38 명의환자를대상으로하였다. 남자는 12 명, 여자는 26 명이었고연령은평균 57 세 (34~76 세 ) 이었다. 평균추시기간은 19 개월 (12~33 개월 ) 이었고질환별로는추간판재탈출증이 2 예, 척추관협착증이 22 예, 협부결손형척추전방전위증이 8 예, 퇴행성척추전방전위증이 6 예이었다. 유합분절은단분절이 27 예 (71%), 이분절이 11 예 (29%) 이었다 (Table 1). 아래척추경사이에놓이도록하였다. 이후로는미세현미경하에모든처치를하였다. 튜브내에있는근육과연부조직을소작기및 pituitary rongeur 를이용하여제거하였다. Burr 를이용하여후방관절낭및관절면의일부를제거한후절골기 (osteotome) 와 Kerrison rongeur 를이용하여후방관절의대부분및추궁판을제거하였다. 수술중에얻은골조각들은연부조직을제거한후나중에케이지에넣기위해보관하였다. 황색인대의외측연을제거후동편의신경근을확인하였다. 양극성지혈기로경막외정맥 (epidural vein) 을지혈시킨후섬유륜의후외방부를제거하였다. 경사진소파기 (bayonet curette) 를이용하여반대편의수핵과연골종판을충분히제거하였으며대부분의경우에서신경근과척수막낭 (thecal sac) 의견인은필요하지않았다. 추체공간확장기 (disc space dilators) 를이용하여추체간높이를가능한인접분절추체간높이에가깝도록확장시켰다. 신경감압술중얻은골편들을캡스톤케이지 (Capstone, Medtronic Sofamor Danek) 에채운후삽입하였으며케이지삽입후 Table 1. Patients data Variables Age (years) 57(34-76) M:F 12:26 Follow-up (months) 19(12-33) Diagnosis Recurred disc protrusion 2 Spinal stenosis 22 Spondylolytic spondylolisthesis 8 Degenerative spondylolisthesis 6 Level of fusion One level 27 Two level 11 2. 수술방법 기도삽관전신마취후출혈을최소화하고자수축기혈압을 100 mmhg 까지하강시키는저혈압마취를하였다. 환자를방사선이투과되는수술대위에복와위로눕힌후방사선투시기로해당수술부위의추간판공간의위치및척추경을확인하였다. 정중앙에서 3 cm 외측부에추간판이중심이되도록상하로 3 cm 의피부절개를하였다. 수술접근부위는하지의신경학적증상이심한쪽으로하였다. 근막절개후가장작은확장기 (dilator) 가후방관절위에놓이도록하였다. 이후방사선투시기하에연속적으로확장기들을통과시킨후적합한길이의메트릭스튜브를내측으로경사지도록삽입하였다 (Fig. 1). 메트릭스튜브는디스크공간을중심으로위 Fig. 1. A 26-mm-diameter tubular retractor in position. - 25 -

대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 16, No. 1, 2009 빈공간에는동종골을삽입하였다 (Fig. 2). 섹스턴트기구 (Sextant system, Medtronic Sofamor Danek) 를이용하여튜브를제거한후같은절개부위에서경피적으로척추경나사와강봉를삽입후상위추체와하위추체를압박시켰다 (Fig. 3). 수술한다음날부터연성보조기 (soft corset) 를착용시킨후보행을시작하였으며, 보조기착용은 3 개월간지속시켰다. 3. 연구방법 1) 임상적평가수술후환자의주관적인결과는 Kirkaldy-Willis 8) 의분류를응용하였으며 (Table 2), 기능평가는 Oswestry 장해평가설문지를이용하여 Oswestry disability index (ODI) 를측정하여처음내원시, 수술직후및최종추시시를비교하였다. 종합적인잔여통증과불편정도는술전의상태를 10 으로상정하였을때추시당시의상태가몇으로호전되었는가를환자본인이 10 point visual analogue scale 로판단하도록하였다. 2) 방사선학적평가수술전, 수술직후및최종추시에서기립시의단순방사선사진을비교분석하였다. 추체간간격은측면방사선사진에서상위척추체의하부종판에선을긋고이선에수직인선을전방끝점에서그어하위척추체의상위종판에그은선과만나는점을찾아선의길이를측정하였다. 추체간유합판정은 Bridwell 등 9) 의전방유합기준을이용하였으며, 방사선학적으로술후 1 년추시상나사못의이완소견이없고, 교정의손실이없으며, 측면굴곡신전방사선검사상이상운동이없을때유합으로판정하였다 10). 결 과 1. 임상적결과 Fig. 2. View through the tubular retractor. The lateral margin of the transversing root is visible. 수술시간은평균 198 분 ( 범위, 100~340 분 ) 이었으며, 실혈량은평균 555 cc( 범위, 300~1100 cc) 였다. 최종추시상 Kirkaldy-Willis 등의기준에의해 30 예 (79%) 에서우수한결과를보였고, 4 예 (11%) 에서양호한결과를보였으며, 3 예 (8%) 에서보통이었으며불량인경우는 1 예 (2%) 였다 (Table 2). Oswestry disability index (ODI) 에의한기능평가는수술전평균 30 점 ( 범위, 50~16 점 ) 에서수술후평균 17 점 ( 범위, 10~28 점 ) 으로호전되었으며최종추시상평균 10 점 ( 범위, 4~24 점 ) 으로향상되었다 (Fig. 4). 10 point visual analogue scale 의경우수술전을 10 점으 Fig. 3. Using the Sextant system, percutaneous screw-rod fixaiotn is done. - 26 -

최소침습적신경공경유요추추체간유합술 정흥태외 Table 2. 4 Categories used in assessing patients following operation (Kirkaldy-Willis score) Categories Assessment NO Excellent The patient has returned to his normal work and other activities with little or no complaint. 30 Good The patient has returned to his normal work but may have some restriction in other activities and 4 may on occasion after heavy work have recurrent back pain requiring a few day s rest. Fair The patient has to reduce his working capacity, taking a lighter job or working part-time, 3 and may occasionally have recurrence of pain requiring abscent from work for one to two weeks, once or twice a year. Poor The patient does not return to work. 1 Total 38 NO=Number Table 3. Bridwell s anterior fusion grades Grade I Fusion with remodeling and trabeculae 2 Grade II Graft intact, not fully remodeled and incorporated though. No lucencies. 34 Grade III Graft intact, but a definite lucency at the top or bottom of the graft. 2 Grade IV Definitely not fused with resorption of bone graft and with collapse. Cases 2) 추체간간격추체간간격은수술전평균 8.7 mm( 범위, 4~14 mm) 에서수술후평균 11.9 mm( 범위, 8~18 mm) 로 73% 가증가되었으며, 최종추시상평균 10.7 mm( 범위, 6~17 mm) 로유지되었다. Fig. 4. Oswestry Disability Index Score, Preop : preoperative, Impo : immediate postoperative, Last F/U : last follow-up 로상정하고수술후에평균 6 점으로감소하였으며, 최종추시상평균 3 점을보였다. 2. 방사선학적결과 1) 골유합최종추시상골유합은 36 예서얻을수있었다. Bridwell 의전방유합기준상 Grade I 이 2 예, Grade II 이 34 예이었으며, 측면굴곡신전방사선사진상 2 예에서 2mm 의이상운동이나타나불유합으로판정되었으나임상증상은양호하였다 (Table 3). 3) 합병증및재수술술후 2 개월추시상추간판염이발생하여항생제를이용하여보존적요법으로치료한경우가 1 예있었으며, 술후 3 개월추시상케이지가이탈되어더큰케이지를다시삽입한경우가 1 예있었다. 또한하위추체가삽입한나사못이척추경으로부터하부로이탈하였으나임상증상이없었던경우가 1 례있었다. 고 찰 고식적인척추경나사를이용한후방유합술이나후방추체간유합술은광범위한연부조직의박리및주변근육의과도한견인을초래하여술후출혈량및술후요통의증가, 이로인한회복기간의지연을초래한다. 광범위한근육의박리및견인은요추신전근의탈신경화 (denervation) 및근위축를초래한다. Kawaguchi 등 11,12) 은수술중에견인기날 (retractor blade) 의압력에의한척추신전근의손상에대하여보고하였는데근육손상의표식자인 creatinine phosphokinase MM isoenzyme 의혈청수치가견인압력과기간에비례함을보여주었다. - 27 -

대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 16, No. 1, 2009 Gejo 등 13) 은요추부수술을시행한 80 명의환자에서술후 MRI 및척추근육의힘을검사하여척추근육의손상정도는수술중견인시간과비례함을보여주었다. Rantanen 등 14) 은요추유합술후불량한결과를가진환자에서척추근육의병리학적변화가지속적으로나타남을보여주었다. 최소침습적인신경공경유요추추체간유합술은비침습적인접근을통하여고식적인척추경나사를이용한요추유합술과같은신경학적감압및골유합을얻는것이목적이다 6,15). 메트릭스튜브를이용하여외측부 (paramedian) 에서근육이나연부조직을박리하지않고접근함으로수술접근과관련된근육의손상을줄이며, 술후출혈량을감소시켜요통의감소및회복기간을줄일수있었다. 또한 Harms 등 16) 에의하여소개된신경공간접근법을통하여신경견인을최소화하여술후저림증상이나근력약화를방지할수있었다. Ray 등 17) 은후방추체간유합술을시행한 236 명의환자중 10% 에서술후일시적인근력약화증상이나타났다고보고하였다. 최소침습적인신경공경유요추부유합술은위에서언급한여러장점이있지만또한제한점을가지게된다. 제한된좁은공간내에서작업을해야하기때문에고식적인수술에비해수술시표식자 (surgical landmark) 를인지하기어려우며척추구조물및신경에대한 3 차원적인이해가요구된다 5,6,15). 또한현미경사용및길고굽어진 (bayoneted) 수술기구에익숙해져야하기때문에다른새로운수술방법처럼술기습득에시간이걸린다. 본원에서는 2005 년부터편측후방도달법으로현미경시야하에서신경공경유요추추체간유합술을시행후경피적으로척추경나사를삽입하는수술을 80 예이상에서시행후메트릭스튜브를이용한최소침습적인신경공경유유합술을시행하였다. Foley 등 5) 은초창기 12 예의수술에서평균수술시간이 240 분걸렸다고하였으며 Schwender 등 6) 도요추한분절유합술을시행한 48 예에서평균 240 분이걸렸다고하였다. 본원의경우단분절유합술은평균 138 분, 이분절유합술은평균 254 분이소요되었다. 이분절유합술의경우신경감압하는데소요된시간뿐만아니라경피적나사삽입및조합에단분절의경우보다시간이더필요하였기때문으로사료된다. 경막이파열된예는없었으며삼분절유합술을최소침습적인신경공경유추체간유합술로시행한예는없었다. 본연구는추시기간이짧아임상적결과를단정짓기위해서는장기추시가필요하며요추질환을각각따로분류하지않아추후질환별로연구하는것이필요하리라생각된다. 결 론 최소침습적추경공경유요추간유합술은술기습득에시간이걸리고세심한주의가필요하지만근육이나연부조직에큰손상을주지않아출혈양및술후통증의감소, 회복기간을단축시킬수있다. 또한고식적인요추유합술과같은신경감압술및골유합을얻을수있어보다좋은수술술기로사료된다. 참고문헌 01) Thomsen K, Christensen FB, Eiskjaer SP, Hansen ES, Fruensuqaard S, Bünqer CE: The effects of pedicle screw instrumentation on functional outcome and fusion rates in posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion: a prospective, randomized, clinical study. Spine 1997; 22: 2813-2822. 02) Steffee AD, Sitkowski DJ: Posterior lumbar interbody fusion and plates. Clin Orthop 1988; 227: 99-102. 03) McLaughlin MR, Haid RW, Rodts GE, Subach BR: Posterior lumbar interbody fusion: indications, technique, and results. Clin Neurosurg 2000; 47: 514-527. 04) Suk SI, Lee CK, Kim WJ, Lee JH, Cho KJ, Kim HG: Adding posterior lumbar interbody fusion to pedicle screw fixation and posterolateral fusion after decompression in spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997; 22: 210-219. 05) Foley KT, Holly LT, Schwender JD: Minimally invasive lumbar fusion. Spine 2003; 15: 26-35. 06) Schwender JD, Holly LT, Rouben DP, Foley KT: Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: technical feasibility and initial results. J Spinal Disord Tech 2005; 18: 1-6. 07) Holly LT, Schwender JD, Rouben DP, Foley KT: Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: indications, technique, and complications. Neurosurg Focus 2006; 20: 1-5. 08) Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Paine KWE, Cauchoix J, McIvor G: Lumbar spinal stenosis. Clin Orthop 1974; 99: 30-50. 09) Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, McEnery KW, Baldus C, Blanke K: Anterior fresh frozen structural allografts in the thoracic and lumbar spine. Do they work if combined with posterior fusion and instrumentation in adult patients with kyphosis or anterior column defects? Spine 1995; 20: 1410-1418. 10) Lee SH, Kim YB, Kim TS, et al.: Transforaminal lumbar - 28 -

최소침습적신경공경유요추추체간유합술 정흥태외 interbody fusion for the treatment of nonunion after posterolateral lumbar fusion. J Kor Spine Surg 2004; 11: 223-230. 11) Kawaguchi Y, Matsui H, TsujiH: Back muscle injury after posterior lumbar spine surgery. Part 2: Histologic and histochemical analyses in humans. Spine 1994; 19: 2598-2602. 12) Kawaguchi Y, Matsui H, TsujiH: Back muscle injury after posterior lumbar spine surgery. A histologic and enzymatic analysis. Spine 1996; 21: 941-944. 13) Gejo R, Matsui H, Kawaguchi Y, Ishihara H, Tsuji H: Serial changes in trunk muscle performance after posterior lumbar surgery. Spine 1999; 24: 1023-1028. 14) Rantanen J, Hurme M, Falck B, et al.: The lumbar multifidus muscle five years after surgery for a lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. Spine 1993; 18: 568-574. 15) Park Y, Ha JW: Comparison of one-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion performed with a minimally invasive approach or a traditional open approach. Spine 2007; 32: 537-543. 16) Harms JG, Jeszenszky D: The unilateral transforaminal approach for posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Orthop Traumatol 1998; 6: 88-99. 17) Ray CD: Threaded titanium cages for lumbar interbody fusions. Spine 1997; 22: 667-680. 국문초록 연구계획 : 후향적연구연구목적 : 요추질환에서최소침습적신경공경유요추추체간유합술의소개및그결과를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 최소침습적신경공경유요추추체간유합술을시행한환자중일년이상추시가가능하였던 38명을대상으로하였다. 연령은평균 57세, 평균추시기간은 19개월, 추간판재탈출증이 2예, 척추관협착증이 22예, 협부결손형척추전방전위증이 8예, 퇴행성척추전방전위증이 6예이었다. 임상적평가로는 Oswestry 장해평가설문지를이용하였고, 방사선학적평가로는 Bridwell 등의전방유합기준에의한유합율, 전방추체간간격, 합병증등을분석하였다. 결과 : Oswestry disability index에의한기능평가는수술전평균 30점 (50~16점), 최종추시상평균 10점 (2~24점) 으로향상되었으며, 34예 (90%) 에서양호이상의결과를보였다. 36예 (95%) 에서골유합을얻었으며, 2예의불유합이있었으나임상증상은양호하였다. 추체간간격은술전 8.7 mm에서최종추시상 10.8 mm로유지되었다. 합병증으로는항생제치료가필요하였던술후추간판염, 케이지가이탈되어재수술이필요하였던경우, 척추경나사못의이탈이있었으나임상증상이없던경우가각각 1예씩있었다. 결론 : 최소침습적신경공경유요추추체간유합술은술기습득에시간이걸리지만연부조직손상의최소화, 출혈량의감소및회복기간의단축으로보다좋은수술술기로사료된다. 색인단어 : 최소침습적, 신경공경유요추추체간유합술, 임상적결과, 합병증 통신저자 : 나채오부산광역시북구덕천1동 380-4번지부민병원정형외과 Tel: 82-51-330-3000 Fax: 82-51-337-5041 E-mail: osdcb@yahoo.co.kr - 29 -