윤리문제의근본주제 * 백종현 ** 1),,,,, () (). (goodness) (moral goodness),,,,., (),. (moral). (to agaton) (bonum) (good, Gute), * 2004 ( : KRF-2004-074-AL0036). **
32,,.,,..,.,,. I. 윤리문제의주제는 선 ( 善 ) 의가치 ( ), () [ ] ( ),, [ ] [],, : [ ] [].,. [], [ ], [], [], ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ).. (, ) ()
33. () ( ). [] [ ]...,. () (), (). [ ]..,,. (, ), ( ) ( ). ( :, ), (:, ), ( :, ). [ ],. () ( ) (), 1) (), () 2) 1) (, ), (, ). 2), :,,
34,.,, () (). [goodness] [moral goodness], 3),,,. (),,. 4), (),. II. 선 과 좋음 의혼용과혼동 (moral). (Cicero) (ethikos) (moralis), (ethike) 2003, 25. 3) W.D. Ross, The Right and the Good, Oxford 1930, p.155. 4),, 171.
35 (philosophia moralis),(de fato, 1, 1 ) (Augustinus) (De civitate Dei, VIII, 8 ). (ethicus),. (G.W.F. Hegel). (Aristoteles) (ethike) (ethos) (Ethica Nicomachea, 1103a 17-18), (moralis) (ethe) (mores),..,.,,.,, (). (agathos) (to agathon), (bonus) (bonum). (Platon),.
36,. (, genesis). [ ] (to agathon), (einai) (ousia), [ ] (ousia),. (Platon, Politeia, 509b). [ ] ( ),.,.,..?? (Platon, Politeia, 505a~b)., (agathon).. (Aristoteles, Ethica Nicomachea, 1094a 1-3)
37 (eudaimonia). (Ethica Nicomachea, 1095a 19).,,.. 5) ( ), ( ). (Ethica Nicomachea, 1097b 6), (Ethica Nicomachea, 1097a 33),,, (Ethica Nicomachea, 1097b 20-21).,. (arete). (fortitudo moralis). (Ethica Nicomachea, 1098a 22),. (Epicuros) (hedone),, (to agathon), (Diogenes Laertius, X, 128-9), 5), < >,, 2004, 59.
38.,, [], (Diogenes Laertius, X, 137). (Stoa) (virtus: ) (officium),, (apatheia). (Seneca) [] (vir bonus),, (Ad Lucilium Epistulae morales, 34, 3).,,,.,. (Epistulae, 34, 4),, (Epistulae, 81, 20 )., (De trinitate, 8, 3, 4) (bonum). (De civitate Dei, 12, 1 ).,, (De vera religione, 18, 35 ). (Th. Hobbes), (De cive c. 3, 31. 32)., (Liviathan, 29, 6).
39 (B. Spinoza) (bonum) (utile) (Ethica, IV, Def. 1), (malum) (Ethica, IV, Def. 2). (virtus) (potentia) (potestas) (Ethica, IV, Def. 8). (summum bonum), (summa virtus) (Ethica, IV, Prop. 28).. (good) (bad), (right) (wrong), (ought)? [ ] (good) (bad), (better) (worse)?.,. ( ),,. A B, A B.. A B.,.,.
40. [ ].,,..,.,,. () ( ). (C.D. Broad, Five Types of Ethical Theory[1930],,,, 2000, 62 64-5 ) ( ),,,.. (Hume, Treatise, III, 1, 2: p. 470) (D. Hume) (moral good or evil) (Treatise, p. 471)., (utility) 6),. (utility) 6) D. Hume, An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, Sect. V, Part 1.
41.. (pain) (pleasure).,. (right) (wrong),.,,.,.,. (principle of utility) (J. Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation, Ch. I, I). (interest),,,, (Bentham, Principles, I, II).,.,,, (J.S. Mill, Utilitarianism, ch. 2, p. 7 7) ).,, (benefit), (advantage),, (good) 7) J.S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861), : Utilitarianism, On Liberty, Considerations on Representative Government, ed. by G. Williams, J.M. Dent, London 1993, p. 7.
42, (mischief),, (evil)., (Bentham, Principles, I, III).. (), [, good],, [, bad]..,...,, (Bentham, Principles, IV, V, 5-6).,,. [] (profit) (convenience),, [, emolument],, (inconvenience) [, loss] (unhappiness) (Bentham, Principles, IV, VII). (to agaton) (bonum) (good, Gute),
43,,.,,..,. III. 도덕이론은행복론이아님,,.,, ( ), (Kant, Kritik der praktischen Vernunft[KpV]: AAV, 21f.)....
44, (KpV: AAV, 22f.).,., [ ], [],...,,.,..,,,.,.,,. ( ).,, (KpV: AAV, 25)., (KpV: V, 63)..
45.,,,.,,, [ ], [ ],.,,,.., -.,,,,,,,,, (KpV: AAV, 58).,,, (KpV: AAV, 92)..,..
46, (, )., (KpV: AAV, 93). IV. 윤리학은자연학이아님 (ordo vivendi), (he peri ta anthropeia philosophia) 8)., [ ]..,, [ ]. 9),.,. 10),, ().,. 8) Aristotels, Ethica Nicomachea, 1181b 15. 9) R. Descartes, Principes de la philosophie, Oeuvres[Adam & Tannery] IX-2, 14. 10) I. Kant, Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, AAIV, 387.
47. [Sein] [Sollen]..,, [], (Broad,, 340 ).
48 참고문헌, < >,, 2004., ( ),, 1968., :,, 2003. Aristoteles, Ethica Nicomachea. Augustinus, De civitate Dei., De trinitate., De vera religione. Bentham, J., An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789/1823), Prometheus Books, New York 1988. Broad, C.D., Five Types of Ethical Theory (1930),,,, 2000 Cicero, De officiis., De fato. Descartes, R., Principes de la philosophie, in: Ouvres de Descartes, IX-2, ed. P. Tannery/Ch. Adam, Paris 1905. Diogenes Laertius, X: Epikouros. Hobbes, Th, De cive/on the Citizen, ed. by R. Tuck/M. Silverthrone, Cambridge 1998., Liviathan, ed. by E. Curley, Indianapolis/Cambridge 1994. Hume, D., A Treatise of Human Nature (1739/40), ed. by L. A.
49 Selby-Bigge, Oxford 1978., An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, in: Enquiries concerning Human Understanding and concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. by L. A. Selby-Bigge, Oxford 1975. Kant, I., Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (1788),,,, 2002. Mill, J. S., Utilitarianism (1861), On Liberty, Considerations on Representative Government, ed. by G. Williams, J. M. Dent, London 1993. Price, R., A Review of the Principal Questions in Morals, London 1758. Ross, W. D., The Right and the Good, ed. by Ph. Stratton-Lake, Oxford 2002. Seneca, Ad Lucilium Epistulae morales. Spinoza, B. de, Ethica & Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione, Lateinisch-deutsche Parallelausg. hrsg. v. K. Blumenstock, in : Werke Bd. II, Darmstadt 1980. Platon, Politeia.
50 ABSTRACT Main Themes in Ethical Discourses 11) Paek, Chong-Hyon These days many moral philosophers occasionally transform the matter of moral goodness and badness into a matter of advantages and disadvantages or into a matter of likes and dislikes. Yet, while their goodness is based on goodness in general and not on moral goodness relating to the theme of their ethical discourses. However, moral goodness is substantially different from goodness in general. In the Korean language, the two are conceptually distinguished. Seon ( ) or chakham () means moral goodness and joeum () means goodness in general. The topic and subject of ethics is in regards to only the meaning of the morally good or bad. Greek to agaton, Latin bonum, German das Gute, English goodness, has a wider realm of meaning than that of moral goodness. This notwithstanding, many western philosophers deal frequently with goodness in general in ethical studies. In such habitual practice some regard utilitarianism as one of ethical theories, because utility is without any further judgements on goodness. Consequently, utilitarianism can fundamentally be a theory of social science or economics, but not at all an ethical theory. Keywords: Ethics, Moral Goodness, Goodness in General : 2006. 9. 27 / : 2006. 11. 16