Case Report J Korean Orthop Assoc 2010; 45: doi: /jkoa 경추신경근차단술후발생한급성척수손상 Acute Spinal Cord Injury after Cerv

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Case Report J Korean Orthop Assoc 2010; 45: 408-412 doi:10.4055/jkoa.2010.45.5.408 www.jkoa.org Acute Spinal Cord Injury after Cervical Nerve Root Block 심대무 김태균 임재창원광대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 선택적경추신경근차단술은경부방사통의치료를위해비수술적치료단계에서널리이용되고있는방법이다. 이술기는환자의증상경감에있어효과적인방법이지만또한발생가능한여러가지합병증이있다. 이들합병증중경추신경근차단술후척수손상은극히드물지만심각한결과를초래할수있는합병증으로이들에대한문헌은매우드물고국내에서는보고된바가없다. 이에대해저자들은경추신경근차단술후급성척수손상을경험하고 2년 4개월추시하였기에이를보고하고자한다. 색인단어 : 경추신경병증, 신경근차단술, 척수손상 경추신경근차단술은 19 세기후반부터시행되어온경부통및상 지방사통의치료를위해비수술적단계에서시행하는방법으로 지난 10 년간그사용이꾸준하게증가하고있는추세이다. 1) 이러 한신경근차단술은표적신경근주변의염증반응을억제함으 로써치료효과를기대하는것으로환자의증상호전에효과적인 방법이지만합병증예방을위한여러가지방법에도불구하고신 경근차단술과관련된다양한합병증이보고되었다. 2-4) 비록합 병증의빈도는적지만출혈, 감염, 혈관미주성반응, 알러지반응, 방사선노출에따른부작용부터척수수막염, 발작, 돌연사까지 다양하게나타나고있다. 척수손상역시경막외스테로이드주 사및경추신경근차단술후발생가능한것으로심각한신경학 적결손을초래할수있다. 척수손상에대한보고는 1998 년 Hodges 이증례보고한이후추 가보고는없었으며국내에서는최초의보고이며, 이에저자들은 경추신경근차단술후발생한척수손상을 2 년 4 개월추시하였 기에이를보고하고자한다. 접수일 2010 년 3 월 23 일게재확정일 2010 년 7 월 15 일교신저자김태균전북익산시신용동 344-2, 원광대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 TEL 063-859-1360, FAX 063-852-9329 E-mail osktg@wonkwang.ac.kr * 이논문은 2009 학년도원광대학교교비지원에의해서수행됨. 증례보고 52세여자환자로내원 1개월전부터갑작스레발생한좌측상지외측의방사통및이상감각, 좌측제2수지말단부감각소실을주소로내원하였다. 환자는상기증상발현후개인병원정형외과및한의원에서수개월간약물치료를받았으나호전이없었다. 내원당시이학적검사상기립자세에서심해지는상지감각저하및방사통관찰되며 Spurling 검사상양성소견이관찰되었고상지운동기능및건반사는정상이었으며하지의감각및운동기능, 건반사는모두정상이었다. 또한내원당시검사실소견상백혈구수치, 혈구침강속도등은정상이었다. 시행한방사선검사상경추 5-6 번의추간판간격협소소견이관찰되며추체종판의경화및경한골극이보이는퇴행성변화소견관찰되고자기공명영상에서경추 5-6 번추간판의변성과중심부돌출로인한척추관협착소견관찰되고있었다 (Fig. 1). 또한개인병원에서시행한신경전도검사상경추 6번신경근의신경근병증소견이관찰되었다. 이에일주일간약물치료후외래추시하였으나증상호전없어신경근차단술을시행하기로하였다. 경추신경근차단술은환자를이환된쪽을위로하여방사선테이블위에측와위로눕게한뒤, 국소마취를시행한후방사선투시하 (fluoroscopic guide) 에 22 guage, 3.5 인치 (inch) 척추바늘 (spinal needle) 을사용하여추간공입구로삽입하고바늘끝이신경근을자극하면환자는특징적으로상지에예리한방사통이나저린감을호소하게되는데, 이때약 0.5 ml의수용성조영제 (telebrix) 를주입하여신경근의주행을확인한후 0.5 ml의덱사메사손 (dexamethasone) 과 0.5 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 45 권제 5 호 2010 Copyrights 2010 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

409 Figure 1. Initial T2W MR images show degenerative change and burging disc in C5-6. 를시행하였으며시술 6개월째외래추시에서환자는간헐적으로발생하는경한좌측상지및좌측슬부동통과상지및하지에감각저하, 경한수부의미세운동장애를호소하였지만하지운동기능은정상으로회복되었다. 약물치료는비스테로이드성항염제를사용하였으며스테로이드는사용하지않았다. 또한외래추시에서시행한자기공명검사상 T2 강조영상에서보이던척수중심부의고신호강도가줄어든소견관찰되었다 (Fig. 4). 2년 4 개월외래추시에서환자는간헐적이고경한주관절부및슬부의동통을호소하였으나 6개월째호소하였던동통보다는상당한호전을보였으며, 수부미세운동장애및감각저하도정상으로회복되어자연회복을기대할수있는합병증으로사료된다. Figure 2. Fluoroscopic image during cervical nerve root block. ml의리도카인 (lidocaine) 을혼합하여주입하였다 (Fig. 2). 선택적경추신경근차단술후저린감이나탈감각, 무력감등의신경자극증상이소실되도록약 3시간침상안정시킨후에보행등의일상행동을권장한뒤외래추시하였다. 2일뒤외래추시에서환자는좌측상지와하지에심해진동통및감각저하를호소하였으며특히좌측하지의슬부에조이는듯한동통호소하여입원치료시행하였다. 입원치료후뚜렷한증상호전없어 1주일째자기공명검사상 T2 강조영상에서경추 4-5 번부위에서경추 5-6 번부위까지척수의중심부에고신호강도관찰되며이환된척수의경한확장소견관찰되었고이는시술중시행한방사선투시기의영상에서조영제에의해조영되는부위와동일한부위로척추바늘의척수천공에의한직접적척수손상이의심되었다 (Fig. 3). 이후지속적인약물치료및물리치료등보존적치료 고찰 경부신경근병증 (cervical radiculopathy) 은매년 1,000 명당 0.8 명발생하며특히중년의그룹에서는매년 1,000 명당 2명가량발생하고있다. 5) 전형적인원인은경추의퇴행성질환, 척추증의결과로발생하는추간공협착증, 드물게급성연성추간판탈출증등이있다. 비록많은환자들이보존적치료에호전을보이지만, 수술이필요하거나만성적증상으로발전하는경우가종종있다. 이러한환자들에서경추신경근차단술및경막외스테로이드주사요법을사용하여약 68-88% 가량증상의호전을보이고있다. 6) 경추신경근차단술의효과는스테로이드에의한항염증효과및신경막의안정화에의한통증감소효과와리도카인에의한항염증효과, 혈류개선효과및신경장애를감소시키는효과로알려져있다. 7) 경추신경근차단술은정확한술기로숙련된술자가시행할때합병증의발생을줄일수있는안전한술기이며비록드물지만

410 심대무ㆍ김태균ㆍ임재창 Figure 3. T2W MR image after 1 week. Figure 4. T2W MR image after 6 months. 심각한합병증이발생할수있다. 8,9) 지금까지보고된심각한합병증으로는뇌경색, 척수경색, 경막외혈종, 일과성사지마비, 척수손상등 2,3) 이있으며뇌경색은부신피질스테로이드입자들의색전에의한이차적인결과로추측되어지며, 4) 척추경색역시시술도중혈관천공 (vascular penetration) 에의한혈행장애에의해발생하는것으로알려져있다. Davies 등은영상보조기기없이시행한경추신경근차단술에서약 30% 가량혈관천공을보고하였고여러가지영상보조기술에의해혈관천공의합병증은줄어들었지만 Furman 등은방사선투시하에경추신경근차단술을시행하여 504 회중에서 19.4% 가혈관천공되었음을보고하였다. 이에반해저자들이경험한척수손상은거의보고된적이없는 합병증으로척수의천공 (spinal cord penetration) 에의해발생하는직접적인척수손상이다. Hodges 등 10) 이방사선투시하에시행한경추신경근차단술에서 2예의척수손상을보고하였는데, 이들은환자에서정맥진정요법 (IV sedation) 상태로시술하였으며이로인해척추바늘의척수천공시나타나는증상을환자들이호소하지않았으며이로인해척수천공을간과하여발생하였다고하였다. 저자들의경우환자를측와위상태에서방사선투시하에조영제를이용하여먼저추간공을확인하여시행하였으며또한환자가완전히의식이완전히깨어있는상태로시행하였으나척수손상이발생하였다. 이는시술중에척추바늘의척수천공시나타난통증을척추바늘이신경근을자극하였을때나타나

411 는통증으로오인하였으며환자를측와위상태에서방사선투시를시행하여조영제를삽입하였기때문에조영제가척수에주입되는것을추간공에주입되는것으로오인하여발생한것으로생각된다. 또한수용성으로비교적안전하다고보고되고있는덱사메사손 (dexamethasone) 을사용하였음에도불구하고척수손상이발생한것은척추바늘을통해척수에직접주입한것이원인되었을것으로생각된다. 이미보고된증례와저자들의경험을비추어경추신경근차단술시발생할수있는척수손상은심각한결과를초래할수있는합병증이며이를예방하기위한노력이필요하다. 이를위해서는저자들의경험을바탕으로가능한숙련된시술자가시행하여야하며반드시방사선투시기등의영상기기을보조적으로사용하여야할것이다. 또한보조적영상기기이용시정확하게추간공에주입되는것을확인하기위해방사선조영제사용을권장하며측와위보다는복와위에서시행해야척추강이아닌추간공에더욱정확한삽입이이루어짐을확인이가능하리라생각되며반드시방사선기기를통해전후면및측면영상을모두확인해야더욱정확한삽입이가능할것이다. 뿐만아니라척추바늘에의한신경근자극시나타나는증상을정확히관찰하기위해환자의의식이깨어있는상태에서시행하는것이좋으며가장중요한것은시술중환자가호소하는증상을면밀히관찰하여하지방사통및하지의마비증상이발생할경우척추바늘이신경근자극이아닌척수를통과하였을가능성을반드시생각해보아야한다. 또한척수손상발생시저자들의경험과같이약물치료및운동치료를병행하면서자연치유과정에의한기능회복을기대할수도있겠지만무엇보다도환자의증상에대한지속적이고면밀한추시가필요할것이라사료된다. 참고문헌 1. Oeppen RS. Discovery of the first local anaesthetic--carl Koller (1857-1944). Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;41:243. 2. Brouwers PJ, Kottink EJ, Simon MA, Prevo RL. A cervical anterior spinal artery syndrome after diagnostic blockade of the right C6-nerve root. Pain. 2001;91:397-9. 3. Karasek M, Bogduk N. Temporary neurologic deficit after cervical transforaminal injection of local anesthetic. Pain Med. 2004;5:202-5. 4. Tiso RL, Cutler T, Catania JA, Whalen K. Adverse central nervous system sequelae after selective transforaminal block: the role of corticosteroids. Spine J. 2004;4:468-74. 5. Radhakrishnan K, Litchy WJ, O'Fallon WM, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. A population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain. 1994;117:325-35. 6. Renfrew DL, Moore TE, Kathol MH, el-khoury GY, Lemke JH, Walker CW. Correct placement of epidural steroid injections: fluoroscopic guidance and contrast administration. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12:1003-7. 7. Slipman CW, Lipetz JS, Jackson HB, Rogers DP, Vresilovic EJ. Therapeutic selective nerve root block in the nonsurgical treatment of atraumatic cervical spondylotic radicular pain: a retrospective analysis with independent clinical review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:741-6. 8. Huston CW, Slipman CW, Garvin C. Complications and side effects of cervical and lumbosacral selective nerve root injections. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:277-83. 9. Ma DJ, Gilula LA, Riew KD. Complications of fluoroscopically guided extraforaminal cervical nerve blocks. An analysis of 1036 injections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:1025-30. 10. Hodges SD, Castleberg RL, Miller T, Ward R, Thornburg C. Cervical epidural steroid injection with intrinsic spinal cord damage. Two case reports. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23: 2137-42.

412 심대무ㆍ김태균ㆍ임재창 Acute Spinal Cord Injury after Cervical Nerve Root Block Dae-Moo Shim, M.D., Tae-Kyun Kim, M.D., and Jae Chang Im, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea Selective cervical nerve root block is a widely utilized nonsurgical strategy for the management of cervical radicular and axial pain. The technique has been shown to be efficacious in relieving the patient s symptoms. Although effective, there are a range of possible complications associated with this procedure. In particular, acute spinal cord injury after cervical nerve root block is very rare, but it lead to serious functional impairment. The literature on acute spinal cord injury is very small and there have been no reports from Korea. We experienced a case of a patient with an acute injury of the cervical spinal cord after cervical nerve root block who was followed 28 months. Key words: cervical radiculopathy, nerve root block, spinal cord injury Received March 23, 2010 Accepted July 15, 2010 Correspondence to: Tae-Kyun Kim, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan 570-711, Korea TEL: +82-63-859-1360 FAX: +82-63-852-9329 E-mail: osktg@wonkwang.ac.kr