2002-09 2002. 8
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I. 1 II. 3 1. 3 2. 11 III. 20 1. 20 2. 24 3. 28 4. 29 VI. 32 1. 32 2. 33 < 1> T he O pe n S o urce De finit io n (Ve rs io n 1.7 ) 36 < 2 > 41 44 - i -
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I..,,...,...,.,. - 1 -
.,. 1),.. II,.. III.,. IV. 1). MIT http:// opensource.mit.edu, Joseph Feller http:// opensource.ucc.ie. - 2 -
II. 1. (1) 2). (proprietary software).... -,,. -,,,,. 2).,.. (compile) (compiler). - 3 -
< 1> (2-3 ) (3 ) : (2000, 3), IT.. (availability) (International Institute of Infonomics and Berlecon Research, 2002; Part III) < 2> Non- comm ercial Freew are Open Source SW Sharew are Commercial Proprietary/ Commercial Open Source SW SW : International Institute of Infonomics and Berlecon Research(2002), Part III, p.11 /.. - 4 -
Shareware.. Freeware.......,,. Shared Source... (Open Source Software Definition) (Feller and Fitzgerald, 2002; 12). Open Source Initiative.. < 1>.. - 5 -
- GNU General Public License (GPL) - GNU Library or Lesser Public License (LGPL) - BSD license - MIT license - Artistic license - Mozilla Public License v. 1.0 (MPL) - Qt Public License (QPL) - IBM Public License - MIT RE Collaborative Virtual Workspace License (CVW License) - Ricoh Source Code Public License - Python license (CNRI Python License) - Python Software Foundation License - zlib/libpng license - Apache Software License - Vovida Software License v. 1.0 - Sun Industry Standards Source License (SISSL) - Intel Open Source License - Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL 1.1) - Jabber Open Source License - Nokia Open Source License (NOKOS License) Version 1.0a - Sleepycat License - Nethack License - Common Public License - Apple Public Source License - X.Net License - Sun Public License - Effiel Forums License - W3C License - Motosoto License - 6 -
- Open Group T est Suite License - Zope Public License - zlib/libpng License - Academic Free License - Attribution Assurance License. Public Domain < 3> 2 GPL LGPL MPL BSD- Licence Sharew are ( ) Freew are : International Institute of Infonomics and Berlecon Research(2002), Part III, p.16 * shareware - Public Domain BSD- licence 2. - GPL 2 (derived works). - 7 -
,,..,. T CP/ IP DNS,.,.. < 4> Linux Apache Sendmail Bind Perl, Python GNU software GNOME, KDE Mozilla Jikes GIMP Darwin SAMBA Ghostscript Doom Domain Name Server, Berkeley Internet Name Daemon,, EMACS editor Linux GUI Netscape Navigator IBM Jave Image Workshop Mac OSX SMB Aladdin Enterprises PDF : Feller and Fitzgerald(2000) - 8 -
(2) Feller and Fitzgerald(2000).. < 5> (what ) (OSD)..,,,.,. (why ),,,,,.. (commodity).,, (mentorship),,. (when and where),,... - 9 -
(how ) (massive parallel development). (loosely- centralized),...,.,,, Agency service., (w ho),,.... (patron) - - - - - - -..,,.... : Feller and Fitzgerald(2000) - 10 -
2. (1).. IBM HP. (, ) ( ), (von Hippel and Krogh, 2002).. - IBM. 70. IBM 10 (Berlecon Research, 2002; Part II, 9-12). HP SUN Microsystems. - < 2>. - 11 -
< 6> Feller and Fitzerald(2002).,, ( ) ( ). < 6> ( ) ( / ) (Peer Review) (OSS ) ( ) OSS ( : Netscape Mozilla) (IBM ( ) mentorship ) (NASA ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ( signaling) ) : Feller and Fitzerald(2002), 138-139 - 12 -
International Institute of Infonomics and Bernecon Research (2002: Part II),,, 4. : UNIX UNIX (forking). UNIX UNIX UNIX ( SUN Solaris, IBM AIX, HP HP- UX, Silicon Graphics Irix ). UNIX,,........ - 13 -
... - SAP SAP DB database, ERP.. Oracle ERP.. - Adobe python plug-in.?. International Institute of Infornomics and Berlecon Research(2002: Part IV) 2002 ( )(< 7> ).,.. - 14 -
,,,.. (4.4%) (12.3%).. < 7> : International Institute of Infonomics and Bernecon Research(2002), Part IV, p.45. (2).. - 15 -
(Feller and Fitzerald, 2002: 83-105)..... (parallel development).. A B.. - Schilling(2000).. - - - - - -. (integrated system, tightly coupled system),. A B... - (variation) (selection),. - 16 -
..... (global). (peer review).,. (face-to-face).. (meritocracy).,... - - 17 -
. - Kogut and Meitu (2001) UNIX. UNIX. International Institute of Infonomics Berlecon Research (2002). 33.3%, 11.2%, IT 9.8% IT 15.8% (< 8> ). - 65% 14%. 17% 4% (International Institute of Infonomics and Berlecon Research(2002, Part IV: 14). < 8> : International Institute of Infornomics and Bernecon Research(2002), Part IV, p.13. - 18 -
(reputation)...... von Hippel(2001), (horizontal innovation network: by and for users)'. - 19 -
III.,..,,.... 1. EU. (EC) 1998. - (Working Group on Libre Software). - 5 IST - 20 -
(The Information Society T echnologies Programme) 20. (1) 2000 4 Free Software/ Open Source: Information Society Opportunities for Europe?(Version 1.2) (http:// eu.conecta.it),,.. < >.... < >..,,. - 21 -
< >... < >...,. (2) 5. GNU GPL LGPL, (GPL + ). - 22 -
< 9> - http:// www.cordis.lu/ ist/ka4/tesss/impl_free.htm - 23 -
2. (1) Nic Peeling and Julian Satchell(2001), Analysis of the impact of Open Source Software, QinetiQ EU.. http:// www.govtalk.gov.uk/ interoperability/ egif_document.asp?docnum=430 < > 3).. 5 50%. - - - - - DB - - - - 0%, 2-3.. (point- of- sale, point - of- service). 3) (software Infrastructure) (software Application).,,,.,,. - 24 -
PC Windows... 2002.. < >..... 6 Framework Programme - 25 -
.. (the default exploitation route).,.. COT S(Commercial Off- the- Shelf). legacy.... e- GIF (T he e- Government Interoperability Framework). (2) Cabinet Office(2001), Open Source Software Use within UK Government. (2001. 12. 10). http:// www.e- envoy.gov.uk/ news/ newonsite/ oss- policy.htm. - 26 -
< >. (value for money basis)..., (COT S: Commercial Off The Shelf). (the default exploitation route). < >..,,... e- GIF e- service. - 27 -
. 3. 2000 10. President ' s Information T echnology Advisory Committee, Panel on Open Source Software for High End Computing, Developing Open Source Software to Advance High End Computing http:// www.itrd.gov/pubs/pitac/pitac- tl- 9feb01.pdf ( )... 3.. -... - 28 -
-,,. -. - Web Clearinghouse.. -. (levelling the playing field).... 4... - 29 -
, Clearinghouse. (open standard). (AEI) AEI- Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies 2002 4.... - 30 -
,. Openinformatics.org. -. Bayh-Dole Act (1980) (www.salon.com/tech/ feature/ 2002/ 01/ 04/ university_open_source.html). - Bayh- Dole Act.,. -.. - 31 -
VI. 1...... -,. -.,.. -. -. - 32 -
. -.,.,. -... -.. -.. 2.. - 33 -
- - - Bottom- up -, - -,.,, - - (precompetitive),, Clearinghouse -, Clearinghouse -, - 34 -
- - Meta- Portal Site - National Grid Project -,,. -, (open standard) - 35 -
< 1> The Ope n S o urc e De finit io n (Ve rs io n 1.7 ) : GPL, BSD, X, Artistic, MPL.. Original copy : http:// www.opensource.org/ osd.html Korean T ranslator : 1999 Song Chang- hun < chsong@gnu.org>,. 1. Free Red is trib u t ion.. ( ) 2. Sou rce Cod e,.,. - 36 -
.,. ( ) 3. 2 Derived Work s 2,. ( ) 4. In tegrity of Th e Au th or' s Sou rce Cod e,., 2. ( ) 5. No Dis crim in a tion Aga in s t Person s or Grou p s. ( ) 6. No Discrimination Again st Fields of Endeavor., - 37 -
. ( ) 7. Dis trib u tion of Licen s e. ( ) 8. Licen s e Mu s t Not Be Sp ecific to a Prod u ct,.,. ( ) 9. Licen s e Mu s t Not Con tam in a te Ot h er Softwa re.,. ( ) - 38 -
OSI Con form a n ce (.).,., OSI OSD OSI(Open Source Initiative). OSI OSD. OSI OSI OSD OSI. : Ch a n ge h is tory 1.0 - - 10 MPL QPL DFSG. 1.1 - - 10 LGPL. 1.2 - - 10 (public- domain). 1.3 - - 10.. 1.4 - - (Public Domain). 1.5 - - GPL 2. 1.6 - - 10. 1.7 - - 10 OSI. - 39 -
(DFSG) (Bruce Perens), 1997 6. ' '. - 40 -
< 2 > Software Magazine 2001 T op 25 Berlecon Research 2002 5 (International Institute of Infonomics and Berlecon Research, 2002: Part 2, 12-13). IBM Major OS activities. URL: http://www - 124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/ Micros oft No OS activities visible. Microsoft proposes model of shared source as alternative to open source. URL: http:// www.microsoft.com/ licensing/ sharedsource/ PriceW aterhou s ecoopers No OS activities visible. T opic is discussed on web- site from consulting point. ED S Occasional OS activities. Process data format ext is proposed to continue as OS after initial development by EDS. Also Dynamator, a program for maintaining server pages and developed by an EDS programmer is OS. Oracle No OS activities visible. H e w lett - P ackard Major OS activities. URL: http:// www.hp.com/ products1/ linux/ A c c enture No OS activities visible. T opic is discussed on web- site from consulting point. - 41 -
Cap Gem ini Erns t & Y oung No OS activities visible. Com paq Major OS activities. URL: http:// opensource.compaq.com/ URL: http:// www.compaq.com/ products/ software/ linux/ U nis y s No OS activities visible. S AP Major OS activities. URL: http:// www.sap.com/ solutions/ technology/ linux/ URL: http:// www.sabdb.org Com put e r A s s oc iat e s Major OS activities. Co- founder of Open Source Development Lab. URL: http:// www.osdl.org H itac hi Major OS activities. URL: http://oss.hitachi.co.jp/index- e.html S un Microsy s tem s Major OS activities. URL: http:// www.sunsource.net N CR No OS activities visible. Com puw are No OS activities visible. However, development environment shipped with Compurware product OptimalJ is based on the open source Integrated Development Environment (IDE) NetBeans S iebel S y s tem s No OS activities visible. - 42 -
P eoples oft No OS activities visible. S ungard Data S y s tem s No OS activities visible. F is erv No OS activities visible. Com puter S cienc e s Corp. No OS activities visible. BM C S oftw are Occasional OS activities. Cooperation with T he Open Group to develop an open source Management Service Broker. URL: http:// www.opengroup.org/ EM C No OS activities visible, but development of OS part of job descriptions for currently open positions. Cadence D e sig n S y stem s Major OS activities. T estbuilder C++ testbench class library to be available through Open Source license. URL: http:// www.testbuilder.net Engagement in OpenAccess coalition for standard electronic design database. URL: http:// OpenEDA.org A dob e Occasional OS activities. Mostly Python plug- ins for Adobe products. URL: http:// opensource.adobe.com/ - 43 -
DiBona, C., Ockman, S. and Stone, M.(2000),,. Feller, J. and Fitzgerald, B. (2002), Unders tanding Op en S ource S of tware D evelop m ent, Addison Wesley, London. Feller, J. and Fitzgerald, B.(2000), A Framework Analysis of the Open Source Software Development Paradigm, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference in Information Systems. http:// afis.ucc.ie/jfeller/publications/icis2000.pdf International Institute of Infonomics and Berlecon Research(2002), FLOSS(Free/ Libre and Open S our ce Softw are: Surv ey an d Study ) F INAL REPORT, www.infonomics.nl/ floss Part 0: Executive Summary Overview of the FLOSS project Part I: Use of Open Source Software in Firms and Public Institutions Part II: Firms Open Source Activities: Motivations and Policy Implications Part II B: Open Source Software in the Public Sector: Policy within the European Union Part III: Basics of Open Source Software Markets and Business Models Part IV: Survey of Developer s Part V: Source Code Survey Kogut, B. and Metiu, A.(2001), "Distributed Knowledge and the Global Organization of Software Development", Working Paper, http:// opensource. mit.edu/ online_paper s.php Lerner, J. and T irole, J.(2000), "T he Simple Economics of Open Source", NBER Working Paper 7600. President ' s Information T echnology Advisory Committee, Panel on Open Source Software for High End Computing (2002), Developing Open Source Software to Advance High End Computing, http:// www.itrd.gov/ pubs/ pitac/ pitac- tl - 9feb01.pdf - 44 -
Schilling, M.(2000), T ow ard a General Modular Sy stem T heory and it s Application to Inter -firm Product Modularity, A cademy of M anagem ent R eview, Vol. 25, 312-334. von Hippel, E. amd von Krogh, G.(2002), "Exploring the Open Source Software Phenomenon: Issues for Organization Science", http:// opensource.mit.edu/ online_papers.php von Hippel, E.(2001), "Open Source Shows the Way - Innovation By and For Users - No Manufacturer Required", http:// opensource.mit.edu/ online_papers.php von Hippel, E.(2002), "Horizontal innovation networks- by and for users", MIT Working Paper, http:// opensource.mit.edu/ online_papers.php Working Group on Libre Software(2000), "Free Software/ Open Source: Information Society Opportunities for Europe", Ver. 1.2.(http:// eu.conecta.it) (2000),.COM,. (2000, 3), IT. (1999),,. (2000), :,. - 45 -