2002 14 C Inventory An Estimation of 14 C Inventory on Each Unit of Wolsong NPP,,, 103-16 14 C 14 C Inventory 14 C Inventory 14 C 14 C, [Inventory] = [ 14 C ] - [ 14 C ] 14 C 14 C 13 C, 14 N 17 O [ 13 C(n, ) 14 C, 14 N(n, p) 14 C, 17 O(n, ) 14 C] 14 C Inventory 14 C Abstract In the present report, it is tried to establish the method of estimating 14 C Inventory on Wolsong NPP(CNADU type) Here, 14 C Inventory is defined as 14 C production minus 14 C release, that is, [ 14 C Inventory] = [ 14 C production] - [ 14 C release] Since 14 C is produced through three neutron reactions such as 13 C(n, ) 14 C, 14 N(n,p) 14 C and 17 O(n, ) 14 C) for 13 C, 14 N and 17 O, the term [ 14 C production] can be calculated using thermal neutron fluxes and amounts of these atoms in each system concerned In other hand, since 14 C release is difficult to calculate and begins to be monitored recently, it is assumed to follow the averaged release ratio to total 14 C production obtained in other NPP Although the comparison of 14 C releases from calculation and that from measurement does not give a satisfactory result, it shows sometimes good agreement between two figures Accordingly, it seems that the assumption on which the calculation is based in this report is useful for the estimation of 14 C in CANDU type NPP 1 14 C 5730-14 N
,,,,, 14 C, 14 C 14 C (CANDU) 14 C 30 ( CO 2 ), ( 1) 1996 8 12 96-31 14 C 1 14 C (TBq GW -1 y -1 ) LWR-PWR 07 LWR-BWR 10 HWR (N 2 annulus gas) 50 HWR (CO 2 annulus gas) 26 GCR-MGR 10 GCR-AGR 11 GCR-HTGR 30 1) Anuulus gas 100 % 2) 4 % 04 04 25 1) 1 2) 07 2 0 CANDU 14 C 14 C 14 C, 14 C Inventory 14 C Inventory 14 C Inventory 2 21 14 C 14 C, 13 C(n, γ) 14 C (1) 14 N(n, p) 14 C (2) 17 O(n, α) 14 C (3)
14 C (thermal neutron flux), (Moderator System), 1 (Primary Heat Transport System), (Annulus Gas System), (Fuel) 14 C 17 O (target atom), (, 17 O D 2 O) (target material) 14 C 260 (stack) ph 55 14 C (D 14 CO - 3 ) (D 14 2 CO 3 ) (IX),,,,,, 14 N 17 O (3), 14 N (2) 14 C 14 C 17 O, 1 1 14 C ph 102 108 ( 14 CO 2-3 ) 1 1 17 O 17 O (3) 14 C 1 205 31 % 31 % (annulus gap)
14 N, 17 O 13 C (2), (3) (1) 14 C 14 C ( 1 ) CANDU 380 12 (bundle) 37 29 (pellet) 380 12 37 29 = 4,892,880 2167 kg UO 2 UO 2 380 12 2167 = 98,8152 kg (zircaloy) (UO 2 ),, (fuel filling gas) (graphite) 17 O, 14 N, (graphite) 13 C 17 O, 14 N, 13 C (3), (2) (1) 14 C 14 C, 2 2 14 C, 14 C 17 O 17 O(n, α) 14 C 14 C CO 2 92 % 1 14 C 1 % 7 % 01 % ( 1) 22 C i 14 C (dn p,i ) dn p,i = φ i σ i n i dt, Φ i : i
n i : i σ i : i 2 14 C moderator D 2 O 17 O dissolved air in N 2 14 N moderator D 2 O O 2 O nitrate (NO 14 3 ) in N (MOD) moderator D 2 O 17 O nitrite (NO 2 ) in moderator D 2 O 14 N O PHTS D 2 O 17 O (PHTS) CO (AGS) 2 annulus gas (Fuel) fuel impurities N 2 uranium fuel UO 2 fuel filling gas N 2 graphite coating O 2 13 C 17 O 14 N 14 N 14 N 17 O 14 N 17 O 13 C dt dn p,i 14 C dn d,i 14 C dn d,i = λn i dt, λ: 14 C N i : i 14 C i 14 C d N i, (5) dn p,i - dn d,i, dn i = dn p,i dn d,i = φ i σ i n i dt λn i dt (6) dn i dt + λn i = φ i σ i n i (7), y' + f(x)y = r(x), N i = φ i σ i n i (1 e λt )/λ 14 C A i, N i 14 C λ, A i = N i λ = φ i σ i n i (1 e λt ), e t 1 + t e -λt 1 - λt, A i = φ i σ i n i λt (8) (9) (10)
14 C A A i n T, A = Σi =1 n T Ai 10 t 1 A 14 C, A i : i 14 C (Bq a -1 ) Φ i : i (n cm -1 s -1 ) σ i : i (cm 2 ) : (=ln(2)/t 1/2, s -1, t 1/2 : 14 C, 5730 315576 10 7, s) t : (= CF t 0, CF: annual reactor power capacity factor, t 0 :, ) n i : i 14 C n i, (L) (11) n i = W i M i k i f i A v (12) n i = W i 224 k i f i A v (13), W i : (g) M i : k i : f i : A v : (6023 10 23 ), 14 C (mole) ( ) ( 224L) (n T =17) 14 C 3 14 C (CF) ( 3 h),
( 3 g) ( 3 f) ( 3 j) 3 14 C 13 C : 14 10-27 cm 2 a, 14 N : 182 10-24 cm 2 σ i 17 O : 235 10-25 cm 2 b 14 C, t 1/2 5730 315576 10 7 s 13 C : 111 atom% 14 N : 9963 atom% c, f i 17 O : 00539-0059 atom% ( ) 0037 atom% ( ) d ( 1 4 ), M i, 224 e, A v 6023 10 23 ( ) f, Φ i 1 g, W i 4 h, CF i 14 C, λ ln(2)/t 1/2 j, n i n i = W i M i k i f i A v n i = W i 224 k i f i A v 23 14 C 1 1984 14 C (D 2 O) 17 O(n, α)c 14 14 C (i 1 ) 14 C 4 1 1984, 1 1 36525 315576 10 7 s 1 1984 4 22 t 0 t 0 = (9 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31) d 24 h/d 3600 s/d = 219456 10 7 s CF 1984 1 CF 068 ( 5) 14 C, 1984 1 CF = 068
t ( ) = CF t 0 = 068 219456 10 7 s a -1 = 1459168 10 7 s a -1 t 1/2 ( 14 C ) = 5,730 315576 10 7 = 180825 10 11 s ( ) = ln(2)/t 1/2 = ln(2)/180825 10 11 = 3833 10-12 s -1 A v ( ) = 6023 10 23 mol -1 4 14 C W I i k i 1 2 3 4 f i (M i, g mol -1 ) i (n cm -2 s -1 ) 224 (L mol -1 i (cm 2 ) ) 1 17 264 Mg 265 Mg O 262 Mg 1 0058 20 189 10 14 235 10-25 2 14 N 952 L N 2 2 9963 224 182 10-24 MOD 3 17 O 1142 L O 2 4 14 N 5 17 O 6 14 N 7 17 O NO 3 /Kg 264 Mg NO 3 /Kg 264 Mg NO 2 /Kg 264 Mg NO 2 /Kg 264 Mg NO 3 /Kg 265 Mg NO 3 /Kg 265 Mg NO 2 /Kg 265 Mg NO 2 /Kg 265 Mg NO 3 /Kg 264 Mg NO 3 /Kg 262 Mg NO 2 /Kg 262 Mg NO 2 /Kg 262 Mg 2 0037 224 235 10-25 1 9963 62 182 10-24 3 0037 62 235 10-25 1 9963 46 182 10-24 2 0037 46 235 10-25 PHTS 8 17 205 Mg D2O 207 Mg O 205 Mg D 31% 31% 2O 31% 1 0058 20 1235 10 14 9 13 C 265 Kg CO 2 1 111 44 165 10 14 14 10-27 AGS Fuel 10 17 O 265 Kg CO 2 2 0037 44 235 10-25 11 14 N - 2 9963 28 182 10-24 12 14 N - 2 9963 28 13 14 N 16 g N /g U 238 g U/270 g UO 2 988 Mg UO 2 1 9963 28 1131 10 14 14 17 O 98815 Mg UO 2 2 0037 270 235 10-25 15 14 N 497 L N 2 2 9963 224 182 10-24 16 17 O 132 L O 2 2 0037 224 235 10-25 17 13 C 104 Kg C 1 111 12 14 10-27 ID CANDU-600 Pickering A
5 CF 1 2 3 4 1984 068 - - - 1985 09394 - - - 1986 07933 - - - 1987 09223 - - - 1988 07905 - - - 1989 09101 - - - 1990 08524 - - - 1991 0897 - - - 1992 08531 - - - 1993 09898 - - - 1994 08151 - - - 1995 08202 - - - 1996 07944 - - - 1997 10002 09518 - - 1998 07696 08175 0985-1999 08112 08856 0876 103 2000 07937 08934 0938 0959 2001 0815 09339 08598 09554 2002 09246 07126 09936 08133 : 17 O W 1 = 264 10 8 g (D 2 O) k 1 = 1 f 1 = 0058 % M 1 = 20 g mol -1 (D 2 O) Φ i = 189 10 14-1 n cm -2 s σ i = 235 10-25 cm 2 n 1 = W 1 k 1 f 1 A v /M 1 = 264 10 8 g 1 000058 6023 10 23 mol -1 20 g mol -1 = 461 10 27 A 1 = Φ i σ i n 1 t = 189 10 14 n cm -2 s -1 235 10-25 cm 2 461 10 27 3833 10-12 s -1 1459168 10 7 s a -1 = 117 10 13 Bq a -1 1984 1 14 C (i:2~17) 14 C 6~9 4 5 24 14 C Inventory Inventory 14 C Inventory 14 C ( ) 14 C Inventory
[Inventory] = [ 14 C ] - [ 14 C ] (14) 1 14 C 93 % 14 C 96 % (IX resin) 4 % (recombiner) CO 2 (D 2 ) 2 % 14 C 14 C 14 CO 2 100 % 14 C 14 C 1 14 C 96 % 14 C 14 C Inventory 14 C, 14 14 C 1 4 %, 1 14 C 14 C 93 % ( : 92 % + 1 : 1 %) 4 %, 14 C 372 % (= 93 % 004) 01 % 14 C 01 % 14 C 7 % 14 C 14 C 14 C 382 % 9618 % 14 C 382 % 99 %
1 % 14 ( 14 C 1 ) 09618 = 10000-00382 (15) 1 1984 14 C 351 10 2 382 % 351 10 2 ( 6) Inventory 339 10 2 Ci a -1 (125 10 13 Bq a -1 ) = 351 10 2 Ci a -1 (130 10 13 Bq a -1 ) 119 10 Ci a -1 (497 10 11 Bq a -1 ) (16) Inventory 6~9 2 6 1 14 C, Inventory Item Inventory (Ci) Total Production (Ci) Total Emission (Ci) Year Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated Measured 1984 339E+02-351E+02 119E+01-1985 673E+02-697E+02 236E+01-1986 568E+02-588E+02 199E+01-1987 661E+02-684E+02 232E+01-1988 566E+02-586E+02 199E+01-1989 652E+02-675E+02 229E+01-1990 611E+02-632E+02 214E+01-1991 643E+02-665E+02 225E+01-1992 611E+02-633E+02 214E+01-1993 709E+02-734E+02 249E+01-1994 584E+02-605E+02 205E+01-1995 588E+02-608E+02 206E+01-1996 569E+02-589E+02 200E+01-1997 717E+02-742E+02 251E+01-1998 551E+02 559E+02 571E+02 193E+01 118E+01 1999 581E+02 578E+02 602E+02 204E+01 238E+01 2000 569E+02 582E+02 589E+02 200E+01 657E+00 2001 584E+02 603E+02 604E+02 205E+01 133E+00 2002 218E+02 225E+02 225E+02 764E+00 650E-02 Total 110E+04 255E+03 114E+04 386E+02 436E+01
7 2 14 C, Inventory Item Inventory (Ci) Total Production (Ci) Total Emission (Ci) Year Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated Measured 1997 337E+02 349E+02 118E+01 1998 574E+02 583E+02 595E+02 201E+01 119E+01 1999 622E+02 593E+02 644E+02 218E+01 508E+01 2000 628E+02 647E+02 650E+02 220E+01 287E+00 2001 656E+02 679E+02 679E+02 230E+01 610E-01 2002 165E+02 170E+02 170E+02 576E+00 210E-01 Total 298E+03 267E+03 309E+03 105E+02 664E+01 8 3 14 C, Inventory Item Inventory (Ci) Total Production (Ci) Total Emission (Ci) Year Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated Measured 1998 343E+02 347E+02 355E+02 120E+01 771E+00 1999 612E+02 627E+02 633E+02 214E+01 559E+00 2000 655E+02 677E+02 678E+02 229E+01 638E-01 2001 600E+02 617E+02 621E+02 210E+01 441E+00 2002 228E+02 229E+02 236E+02 798E+00 675E+00 Total 244E+03 250E+03 252E+03 854E+01 251E+01 9 4 14 C, Inventory Item Inventory (Ci) Total Production (Ci) Total Emission (Ci) Year Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated Measured 1999 183E+02 189E+02 190E+02 643E+00 610E-01 2000 676E+02 699E+02 700E+02 237E+01 484E-01 2001 673E+02 694E+02 697E+02 236E+01 302E+00 2002 188E+02 194E+02 195E+02 660E+00 591E-01 Total 172E+03 178E+03 178E+03 603E+01 471E+00 3 14 C 14 C 14 C 14 C 14 C 14 C Inventory 14 C Inventory [Inventory] = [ 14 C ] - [ 14 C ] 14 C, 17 O 14 C 14 C 92 %, 14 C
Inventory 14 C Inventory [ 14 C ] (1998 ) 14 C Inventory 14 C, 14 C, 14 C 14 C 14 C Inventory 14 C 14 C Inventory 14 C 1 C-14 [ ], (1998) 2 C-14 [ ( )], (1998) 3, pp 5-22, (1992) 3 14 C Inventory [TM], (2002) 4 Analysis Report, Wolsong NPP 2,3,4, 86-03320-AR-003, Rev1 AECL (1995)
(1%) (7%) (<01%) (92%) 1234 1 14 C 2 1,2,3,4 14 C Inventory