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不 年 療 理 不 類 療 ˍˍˍˍˍ 不 1.25 2 1~80 不 1 (anatomic dead space) (cartilaginous airways) (noncartilaginous airways) (respiratory bronchioles) (alveoli) 2 列 (asthma) (pulmonary emphysema) 兩 量 (diffusion capacity) 兩 量 降 量 降 量 降 3 塞 (COPD) 療 (indication) FEV 1 50% PO 2 55 mm Hg 度 88% FEV 1 /FVC 50% PCO 2 35 mm Hg 4 力 (airway resistance) 來 (alveolar wall) 肋 (respiratory bronchioles) 5 (total lung capacity) (maximal expiration) (maximal inspiration) 6 列 (hypoxic vasoconstriction) (hypoxemia) 更 惡 流 流 流 不 (ventilation-perfusion mismatch) 惡 (NO) 7 列 (pulmonary edema) 力 (pulmonary capillary pressure) (plasma oncotic pressure) 力 降 (pulmonary vascular permeability) 降 8 列 理 (physiologic dead space) 理 (conducting airways) 理 130 180 ml 理 流 理 流

不 年 療 理 不 類 療 9 列 (acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS) 見 (sepsis) 量 肋 10 列 離 (anion gap) 離 (anion gap acidosis) (lactic acidosis) (renal tubular acidosis) (NH 4 Cl) 11 列 (respiratory alkalosis) 量 塞 不 (obesity-hypoventilation syndrome) 塞 (pulmonary embolism) 12 列 (histamine)(anti-histamin) 療 (leukotrienes) 療 神 (NO) 力 13 列 (bronchodilator) 類 靈 茶 (theophylline) 類 (cholinergic drugs) 14 列 易 茶 (theophylline) (congestive heart failure) phenobarbital 塞 15 列 不 (asthma) (codeine) (digoxin) 神 (beta-blockers) 神 (alpha-blockers) 16 列 類 (chronic interstitial pneumonitis) Amiodarone Xylocaine 力 Propranolol 17 列 類 茶 (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) (anti-histamines) 力 (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) 類 (anti-leukotrienes) 18 列 (acid-fast bacilli) 念 (Candida albicans) 不 念 ( 25/ ) 理 24

不 年 療 理 不 類 療 19 列 類 不 20 列 (PaO 2 )(ventilation) (PaCO 2 ) 流 不 (ventilation-perfusion mismatch) 流 不 流 不 理 (physiologic dead space) 21 量 (functional residual capacity, FRC) (tidal volume) 22 列 (sleep apnea syndrome) (pulmonary hypertension) 狀 23 trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (Legionella) (Aspergillus) (Pneumocystis carinii) (Cytomegaic virus, CMV) 24 異 若 GVHD (graft-versus-host disease) FEV 1 /FVC 降 FEV 1 /FVC FEV 1 降 FRC 降 異 25 列 塞 1 1 26 列 (percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration) 見 (pneumothorax) 肋 (pleural effusion) (aspiration pneumonia) (laryngeal edema) 27 列 類 力 (pulmonary surfactant) 塞 (neonatal respiratory distress syndrome) 塞 28 列 流 (peak expiratory flow rate, PEFR) PEFR 不 力 PEFR PEFR 30% PEFR 力 不 來 惡 PEFR 惡

不 年 療 理 不 類 療 29 量 列 (spirometry) (carbon monoxide single breath method) 量 (body plethysmography) 流 (ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy) 30 列 類 (diffusion impairment) 力 (myasthenia gravis) 量 (sedative overdose) 31 若 (capnogram)(end-tidal PCO 2 ) 降 80 (hypoxemia) CO 2 度 (hyperventilation) 40 ( ) 塞 (endotracheal tube obstruction) 32 列 神 (beta sympathetic agonist) 尿 33 列 類 易 金 塞 (intravenous drug abuser) 34 列 易 狀 飼 35 列 易 (Cryptococcus neoformans) 1000/cmm 類 療 36 HIV CD 4 淋 數 200 /μl (Mycobacterium bovis) 流 行 37 列 (Klebsiella pneumoniae) (IV drug abuser) X 塞 年 X X 葉 CO 2 ( ) 流 行 老 年 X 兩 0 80 40 0 30

不 年 療 理 不 類 療 38 流 量 (flow-volume curve) 塞 39 狀 狀 40 列 類 HIV 41 列 isoniazid 神 惡 42 列 IgE 見 IgA (mast cells) (mediators) 43 塞 (cor pulmonale) 療 (digitalis) 刺 44 列 (pulmonary vasodilators) 療 不 30 力 (Forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV 1 ) 年 25~30 率 降 30 FEV 1 年 25~30 率 降 FEV 1 復 年 FEV 1 年 FEV 1 降 率 45 列 類 降 46 列 (pursed-lip breathing) 益 肋 力 降 率 降 率 降 47 塞 力 量 FEV 1 /FVC % 48 若 數 兩 療 神 類 神 類 六 (Expiratory) 流 量 Flow(L/sec) Volume (L) 力 量 (Forced vital capacity, FVC)

不 年 療 理 不 六 類 療 49 類 念 50 量 療 流 塞 (bronchial artery angiography and embolization) 51 列 鱗 狀 (squamous cell carcinoma) 不 見 (small cell carcinoma) 淋 (adenocarcinoma) 塞 年 率 40% 52 列 塞 流 (ventilation-perfusion scanning)(ventilation defect) 都 勒 (Duplex ultrasonography) 53 35 女 不 X 肋 兩 狀 (diffuse reticular infiltrates) 肋 狀 肋 (mitral stenosis) 淋 滑 (lymphangioleiomyomatosis, LAM) 54 沈 (idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis) 療 療 切 葉 (whole lung lavage) 55 列 (esophageal varices) 流 (gastroesophageal reflux disease) (Helicobacter pylori infection) 56 列 塞 X (mediastinal widening) (respiratory acidosis) 流 (ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy)(ventilation defect) 流 流 (perfusion defect) 57 (silicosis) 易 58 55 不 年 X 兩 都 0.1~0.3cm 兩 淋 (eggshell calcification) 粒 (miliary tuberculosis) 粒 (miliary cancer)

不 年 療 理 不 類 療 59 (high-altitude pulmonary edema) (pulmonary wedge pressure) 60 列 (pulmonary fibrosis) gentamicin ethambutol 律 不 xylocaine bleomycin 61 肋 列 肋 流 (ventilation-perfusion scanning) X (oblique view chest x-ray) 62 列 肋 肋 (parapneumonic effusion) 切 流 肋 量 100 ml 63 列 復 率 行 率 (hemithorax) 5% 療 廓 64 列 塞 見 肋 (secondary spontaneous pneumothorax) 65 列 (respiratory acidosis) 度 (hyperventilation syndrome) 肋 (pus) 狀 肋 糖 度 80 mg/dl 力 (myasthenia gravis) 尿 (uremia) (encephalitis) 66 肋 流 若 1000 ml 什 (hemothorax) (chylothorax) (re-expansion pulmonary edema) 67 惡 肋 (malignant pleural effusion) 不 肋 (chemical pleurodesis) 5000 ml (mediastinum) 2

不 年 療 理 不 類 療 68 淋 理 X (PET) 69 (thymoma) 列 狀 力 70 列 療 (mediastinal emphysema) (diaphragmatic hernia) 肋 71 列 塞 (superior vena cava obstruction) (pericardial cyst) (diaphragm paralysis) 72 塞 (superior vena cava obstruction) 療 切 療 利 尿 73 (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) 列 類 療 良 年 惡 74 列 狼 (systemic lupus erythematous, SLE) (diffuse alveolar hemorrhage) 75 列 Wegener (Wegener's granulomatosis) DNA (ANA) ENA ANCA 76 (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) 量 降 (lung compliance) FEV 1 降 FEV 1 /FVC 降 量 77 列 (metabolic alkalosis) 利 尿 (salicylates) 78 塞 療 (anticholinergics) (mucolytics) 類 茶 (theophylline) 79 列 (nosocomial pneumonia) 療 蘭 金 (colonization) 數 X 80 列 (small cell lung cancer) 療 (chemotherapy) 療 不 10~20% 療 10~20% 療 年