Analysis of the Facial Anthropometric Data of Korean Pilots for Oxygen Mask Design Jeongrim Jeong 1, Wonsup Lee 1, Jangwoon Park 1, Baekhee Lee 1, Eunjin Jeon 1, Donghoon Son 2, Seikwon Park 2, Daehan Jung 2, Hee-Eun Kim 3, and Heecheon You 1 1 Department of Industrial Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784 2 Department of Industrial Engineering, Air Force Academy, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, 363-849 3 Department of Clothing & Textiles, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 ABSTRACT Objective: The present study is to identify the facial features of Korean pilots for designing an oxygen mask which is properly fit to Korean pilots. Background: It is important to design an oxygen mask based on facial anthropometric data of pilots in terms of wearing comfort, oxygen supply effectiveness, and safety. Method: Twenty two facial dimensions were selected from a literature review and an expert panel discussion. The faces of 284 Korean pilots and 52 female cadets were measured by the Martin's anthropometer and a 3D scanner. The facial anthropometric data of the Korean pilots were compared with those of Korean male civilians, US Army personnel, and US Air Force pilots. Results: The average face width of Korean male pilots was narrower than that of US Air Force pilots. The average face length of Korean pilots was longer than those of Korean male civilians and US Air Force pilots. The average lip width of Korean male pilots was wider than those of Korean male civilians and US Air Force pilots. The average head breadth of Korean male pilots was wider than those of Korean male civilians and US Army personnel, whereas the average head length of Korean male pilots was shorter than that of US Army personnel. Conclusion: The facial comparison results show that the Korean pilots are significantly different from those of Korean civilians, US Army personnel, and US Air Force pilots. Application: The identified facial features of Korean pilots would be applied to develop a proper sizing system and an ergonomic design of an oxygen mask for Korean pilots. Keywords: Korean pilot; 3D scanning; Facial anthropometric data; Oxygen mask 1. Introduction 조종사들의안면부인체치수를고려한산소마스크 (oxygen mask) 설계는고성능전투기조종사들의안전한비행, 원활한산소공급, 그리고착용안락감측면에서중요하다. 전투기조종사산소마스크는산소가부족한고도의비행환경에서조종사에게산소를공급하기위해제공되는생명장치이며, 조종사의안면부 ( 예 : 코돌출뼈점, 입술밑함몰점 ) 에밀착되어사용되고있다. 이러한산소마스크는조종사의안면부와밀착되어사용되기때문에산소의누설을방지하면서, 조종사의착용안락감을높이기위해조종사의안면부인체크기에적합한설계가요구된다. 한국인조종사의안면부인체크기에적합한산소마스크설계를위해한국인전투기조종사에대한안면부인체측 정과분석이필요하다. 정기효외 (2007) 는한국형헬리콥터조종실의인체측정학적설계를위해한국인조종의인체크기를측정하여한국일반인, US Army 인체측정자료와비교하였다. 비교결과, 한국인조종사들은한국일반인에비해하체관련인체변수 ( 앉은엉덩이너비, 오금높이, 앉은넙다리높이 ) 에서, US Army에비해상체관련인체변수 ( 앉은키, 앉은눈높이, 앉은어깨높이 ) 에서유의하게큰것을파악하였다. 그러므로한국인조종사에적합한산소마스크의인체측정학적설계를위해서는한국인조종사들을대상으로한안면부인체측정자료가확보되고, 조종사들의안면부특성에대한이해가필요하다. 본연구는조종사산소마스크의인체측정학적설계를위해한국인전투기조종사의안면부특성을분석하였다. 이를위해, 기존문헌조사를통한안면부의인체측정항목을추출하고, 직접계측및 3D 계측을통해한국인조종
사 336명의안면부인체크기를계측하여, 한국일반인남성, US Army, US Air Force 안면부인체측정자료와비교분석하였다. 2. Methods 2.1 Selection of facial anthropometric dimensions 본연구는 4 단계 ( 머리및마스크관련문헌조사, 반면형마스크관련문헌조사, 사용자불편부위관련항목조사, 전문가논의 ) 의절차를거쳐한국인조종사산소마스크설계를위한안면부측정항목을선정하였다. 머리및마스크관련문헌조사단계 ( 국외 7 개, 국내 6 개 ) 에서는 109 개의안면부측정항목이파악되었다. 반면형마스크관련문헌조사단계에서는 109 개안면부측정항목중반면형마스크관련문헌을 filtering 하여측정항목 31 개가선정되었다. 사용자불편부위관련항목조사단계에서는 31 개측정항목중조종사산소마스크의사용자불편도분석에서설계개선부위로파악된코, 광대뼈, 턱부위관련 27 개항목이선정되었다. 마지막으로전문가논의단계에서는인간공학및의류학전문가논의를통하여 22 개 ( 둘레 4 개, 길이 10 개, 높이 1 개, 너비 6 개 ) 항목이선정되었다 (Figure 1). Martin 식인체계측기 (anthropometer, spreading caliper, measuring tape) 를사용하여 5 개항목 ( 머리둘레, 머리수직길이, 머리두께, 머리너비, 얼굴너비 ) 계측에사용되었다. 3D 계측법은 Rexcan 560(Solutionix Corp., Korea) 를사용하여 22 개안면부계측항목중직접계측 5 개항목을제외한 17 개항목의계측에사용되었다. 본연구에서는 3D 계측시빛의 control 을위해특수제작된암막 (150 150 170 cm ) 안에피험자를위치시킨후, 암막내부에표시된정면, 측면 ( 좌, 우 30 도, 60 도 ) 5 개방향의시선고정점을따라자세를취하도록하여얼굴 scanning 이수행되었다. 5 개각도에서 scanning 된 data 는사후 data 처리단계를거쳐병합되어사용되었다. 3D 계측및분석에사용된 program 은 ezscan(solutionix Korea., Korea) 이며, Rapidform 2006(Solutionix Corp., Korea), MATLAB TM 2008a(MathWorks, Inc., USA) 를이용하여측정자료가분석되었다. 2.3 Comparison of facial anthropometric data Mask 설계관련인체변수 ( 예 : 얼굴수직길이, 입너비, 얼굴너비, 코뿌리너비 ) 들의기술통계치 ( 평균, 표준편차, 최소값, 최대값, 변동계수 ) 가분석되어, 한국인일반남성 (Size Korea; 연령 25 ~ 40세 ; 803명 ; 2004), 미국육군 (US Army; 연령 25 ~ 40세 ; 914명 ; 1988), 미국공군조종사 (US Air Force; 연령 23 ~ 36세 ; 2420명 ; 1967), 한국인여성조종사및여생도 ( 연령 19 ~ 26세 ; 57명 ) 와비교되었다. 안면부치수분석에는 missing data(3d 안면부측정시 landmark 의위치가누락된 25 명 ) 를제외하고총 311 명의계측자료가사용되었다. 3. Results 3.1 Korean male pilots vs. Korean male civilians Figure 1. Facial anthropometric dimensions 2.2 Measurement of pilots face size 선정된 22 개안면부측정항목의계측은직접계측법과 3D 계측법을병행하여실시되었다. 한국인남성조종사 278 명 ( 연령 23 ~ 46 세 ), 한국인여성조종사 6 명 ( 연령 23 ~ 26 세 ), 공군사관학교여생도 52 명 ( 연령 19 ~ 22 세 ) 의안면부계측이실시되었다. 직접측정법은 한국인남성조종사와한국인일반남성의안면부치수비교결과, 한국인남성조종사의경우머리너비와코높이는평균 8 mm크고, 머리두께와얼굴수직길이는평균 12 mm크며입너비는평균 5 mm큰것으로파악되었다. Figure 2 와같이한국인남성조종사의안면부치수의기준이 100 일경우한국인일반남성의치수는머리너비 95, 머리두께 94, 입너비 91, 코높이 60, 얼굴수직길이 90 인것으로나타났다. 특히, 입너비, 코높이, 얼굴수직길이에서조종사가일반인에비해산포가 0.3 ~ 0.4 배수준으로더
조밀한것으로나타나, 한국인남성조종사와한국인일반 남성의안면부특성이상이한것으로파악되었다. 3.3 Korean male pilots vs. US Air Force pilots 한국인남성조종사와미국공군조종사의안면부치수비교결과, 한국인남성조종사가미국공군조종사에비해평균적으로코뿌리너비와코너비는 3 mm, 입너비는 2 mm더큰것으로파악되었다. Figure 4와같이한국인남성조종사의안면부치수의기준이 100일경우미국공군의치수는코뿌리너비, 코너비가 84, 입너비는 96인것으로나타났다. Figure 2. Korean male pilots vs. Korean male civilians (head breadth, head length, lip width, nose protrusion, face length) 3.2 Korean male pilots vs. US Army personnel 한국인남성조종사와미국육군의안면부치수비교결과, 한국인남성조종사의경우머리너비는평균 10 mm크고머리두께는 9 mm작은것으로파악되었다. Figure 3과같이한국인남성조종사의안면부치수의기준이 100일경우미국육군의치수는머리너비가 94, 머리두께는 105인것으로나타났다. Figure 4. Korean male pilots vs. US Air Force pilots (nasal bridge breadth, nose width, lip width, face width, face length) 3.4 Comparison by measurement dimensions 마스크설계시기준이되는입너비, 얼굴너비, 얼굴수직길이항목에서한국인남성조종사, 한국인일반남성, 미국공군조종사의치수가상이하게나타났다. Figure 5와같이한국인남성조종사의경우얼굴너비 (138 mm ) 는미국공군조종사 (142 mm ) 에비해작고, 얼굴길이 (123 mm ) 는한국인일반남성 (111 mm ) 과미국공군조종사 (120 mm ) 에비해긴것으로나타났다. 또한, 한국인남성조종사의입너비 (54 mm ) 가한국인일반남성 (49 mm ) 과미국공군조종사 (52 mm ) 에비해큰것으로분석되었다. Figure 3. Korean male pilots vs. US Army personnel (head breadth, head length, face length) Figure 5. Dimension comparison of lip width, face breadth, face length
머리수직길이, 머리두께, 머리너비, 코너비항목에서한국인남성조종사, 한국인일반남성, 미국육군의치수가상이하게나타났다. Figure 6 과같이한국인남성조종사의경우머리너비 (162 mm ) 는한국인일반남성 (154 mm ) 과미국육군 (152 mm ) 에비해큰반면머리두께 (188 mm ) 는미국육군 (197 mm ) 보다는작은것으로파악되었다. 한국인남성조종사의안면부특징은너비항목에서미국육군, 미국공군조종사보다넓은것으로나타났으나얼굴너비는가장작은것으로파악되었다. 길이항목의경우는머리수직길이, 얼굴수직길이에서미국육군, 미국공군조종사에비해긴것으로나타났다. Figure 6. Dimension comparison of head height, head length, head breadth, nose width 3.5 Korean male pilots vs. Korean female pilots 한국인남성조종사와여성조종사및여생도의얼굴특성을비교한결과, 얼굴너비 ( 여자 : 127 mm ; 남자 : 138 mm ), 얼굴수직길이 ( 여자 : 116 mm ; 남자 : 123 mm ), 입너비 ( 여자 : 47 mm ; 남자 : 54 mm ), 턱길이 ( 여자 : 25 mm ; 남자 : 29 mm ) 등에서유의한차이가있었다. 또한한국인여성조종사와여생도에비해한국인남성조종사들의인체크기변동이 1.0 ~ 1.8배큰것으로파악되었다. 안면부측정시사용적합성이높다고할수있다. 또한본연구에서추출된안면부측정항목은한국인조종사산소마스크의설계외에다양한종류의반면형마스크설계에활용될수있다. 한국인남성조종사와한국인일반남성, 미국육군, 미군공군조종사의안면부치수가상이하므로마스크설계시한국남성조종사의안면부를측정하여특성을분석하는것이필요하다. 기존한국조종사들이착용한산소마스크는미국인의안면부치수를기준으로제작되어한국인조종사들이착용했을때콧대, 코옆, 입술밑부위, 턱부위에서불편도가높은것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는미국인에비해얼굴너비가좁고얼굴길이가긴안면부형태를가진한국조종사에게미국인의안면부치수에적합한마스크가착용되어나타난결과이다. 따라서한국인남성조종사를위한산소마스크설계시에는한국인조종사들의안면부치수특성을반영한설계가필요하다. 본연구에서수행한한국인조종사안면부특성분석결과한국인공군조종사의안면부치수산포가일반인에비해조밀하나미국육군과미국공군조종사와는유사하게나타나, 새로운치수체계수립시현행산소마스크의치수간격을유지하여도무방한것으로파악되었다. 또한한국인여성조종사와여생도에비해한국인남성조종사들의인체크기변동이 1.0 ~ 1.8 배큰것으로나타나, 마스크설계시여성조종사의인체특성에적합한마스크형상및사이즈의개발이필요한것으로파악되었다. 본연구는한국인남성조종사와미국육군및공군조종사의안면부특성비교시보유 data의한계로제한된측정항목만을비교하였으므로특성분석결과에대한한계가있다. 따라서미국육군, 미국공군조종사의안면부 data를추가확보하여한국인남성조종사 data와의비교, 분석을위한연구가필요하다. Acknowledgements 4. Discussion 본연구는한국인조종사산소마스크설계를위해필요한안면부측정항목을추출하였다. 측정항목은마스크, 머리관련문헌조사, 마스크사용자의불편도호소부위와측정항목의연관성분석, 전문가논의등의단계를거쳐선정되었으므로산소마스크설계를위한 본논문은공군항공기술연구소위탁연구과제의지원을 받아수행되었습니다.
References Gordon, C. C., Bradtmiller, B., Churchill, Y., Clauser, C. E., McConville, J. T., Tebbetts, I. O., and Walker, R. A., 1988 Anthropometric Survey of U.S. ARMY Personnel: Methods and Summary Statistics (Technical Report NATICK/TR-89/044), US Army Natick Research Center: Natick, MA. 1988 Jung, K., Cho, J., Jung, J., Park, J., Lee, W., Eum, J., Lee, J., Kang, B., Kim, H., Park, S., and You, H.. Anthropometric analysis of Korean helicopter pilots for helicopter cockpit design. J. of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 27(4), 37-44. 2008. McConville, J, T., Alexander, M., Anthropometric sizing program for oral-nasal oxygen masks based on 1967 U.S. Air Force survey data. Aviat Space Environ Med, 46(11), 1383-9. 1975. Size Korea, Report on the Fifth Survey of Korean anthropometry. Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy. 2004. Author listings Jeongrim Jeong: limi2101@lycos.co.kr Highest degree: PhD, Department of Clothing & Textiles, Kyungpook National University Position title: Post Doc., Department of Industrial & Management Areas of interest: Clothing physiology, Clothing ergonomics Wonsup Lee: mcury@postech.ac.kr Highest degree: BS, Industrial and Media Design, Handong University Position title: PhD student, Department of Industrial & Management Areas of interest: Ergonomic product design, Product shape design based on 3D scanning, 3D human modeling, Engineering design Jangwoon Park: parkjw@postech.ac.kr Highest degree: BS, Industrial Engineering, Ajou University Position title: Ph. D. student, Department of Industrial & Management Areas of interest: Digital human modeling & simulation, User-centered product design & development, Anthropometric and biomechanical methods for product & clothing design, User interface, Usability testing Eunjin Jeon: slowjeon@hanmail.net Highest degree: PhD, Clothing & Textile, Kyungpook National University Position title: Post Doc, Department of Industrial & Management Areas of interest: Ergonomic pattern design, Pattern grading, User interface design & evaluation Donghoon Son: dhson2@gmail.com Highest degree: M.S., Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University Position title: Full-time instructor, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Korea Air Force Academy Areas of interest: Robotics, Mechanical design Seikwon Park: parksk@afa.ac.kr Highest degree: PhD, Industrial Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Position title: Professor, Department of Systems Engineering, Korea Air Force Academy Areas of interest: Human factors in aviation and aerospace, Fatigue/Stress modeling & assessment, Human performance & workload assessment, Bio-signal measurement and analysis techniques, Biofeedback training Daehan Jung: daehanj@afa.ac.kr Highest degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo Position title: Associate Professor, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Korea Air Force Academy Areas of interest: Fluid dynamics, Turbulence, Computer fluid dynamics Hee-Eun Kim: hekim@knu.ac.kr Highest degree: PhD, Clothing physiology, Nara Women s University, JAPAN Position title: Professor, Department of Clothing & Science, Kyungpook National University Areas of interest: Clothing environment, Clothing pattern & construction, Clothing comfort Heecheon You: hcyou@postech.ac.kr Highest degree: PhD, Industrial Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Position title: Associate Professor, Department of Industrial & Management Areas of interest: Ergonomic product design & development, User interface design & evaluation, Digital human modeling & simulation, Human performance & workload assessment, Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) prevention, Usability testing Baekhee Lee: x200won@postech.ac.kr Highest degree: M.S., Department of Industrial Position title: Ph.D., Department of Industrial Areas of interest: Ergonomic Product Design & Development, Digital Human Modeling & Simulation, Vehicle Ergonomic