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1 - :, ( vs. ), ( vs. )..,., -.,,,. -. :,, ( ) 63 2( ) Tel : , jslee100@pusan.ac.kr

2 (Lajunen & Parker, 2001; Underwood, Chapman, Wright, & Crundall, 1999). (e. g., Parker, Lajunen, & Stradling, 1998) (e. g., Deffenbacher, Oetting, & Lynch, 1994; Hole 2007),. (Arnett, Offer, & Fine, 1997; Deffenbacher, Filetti, Richards, Lynch, & Oetting, 2003), (DePasquale, Geller, Clarke, & Littleton, 2001), (Vallieres, Bergeron, & Vallerand, 2005). ( ), ( ). (, ).,,. (, ). (e. g., Baxter, Macrae, Manstead, Stradling, & Parker, 1990).,, - (actorobserver)..

3 , (Dula & Ballard, 2003; King & Parker, 2008; Wells-Parker et al., 2002)... (Blanchard, Barton, & Malta, 2000)., Deffenbacher, Huff, Lynch, Oetting Salvatore (2000) (, ). DePasquale (2001),.. (, ),.. (Deffenbacher et al., 1994)., (trait driving anger), (state driving anger) (Deffenbacher, Lynch, Oetting, & Yingling, 2001). (Deffenbacher et al., 1994), (,,, 2004; Deffenbacher et al., 1994; 2003).

4 ... Lajunen Parker(2001), Arnett (1997), Lawton Nutter(2002). Brewer(2000).., Deffenbacher (1994). Wells-Parker (2002).... (e. g., Lonczak, Neighbors, & Donovan, 2007).. Maxwell, Grant, Lipkin(2005). Lajunen Parker(2001) 270,, (, )., ( ). ( ).

5 ,.,,,.,. (,, 2011;, 2012; Lajunen & Parker, 2001)..., (Vallieres et al., 2005)., (attribution) (e. g., Feather & Deverson, 2000). (attribution theory) (e.g., Wickens, Wiesenthal, Flora, & Flett, 2011),.,,,, (fundamental attribution error; Ross, 1977) (Britt & Garrity, 2006),

6 ( ) (, ) (self-serving bias, Heider, 1976) (Lennon, Watson, Arlidge, & Fraine, 2011)., - (actor- observer effect) (Jones & Nisbett, 1972). - ( - ), (perceptual salience),.,.. Jones Nisbett(1972),. (Malle & Knobe, 1997)., ( ), (Jones & Nisbett, 1972). (social undesirability) - (Green, Lightfoot, Bandy, & Buchanan, 1985).,,. -, -., ( ), (, ).,.

7 ,. ( )., Baxter (1990),, -. Herzog(1994). Vallieres (2005) - -. ( ) ( - )., ( )..., ( ),. - (Harre, Randta, & Houkmaua, 2004)., -...,

8 , (Deffenbacher et al., 1994; Hole, 2007; Parker et al., 1998; Lawton, Parker, Stradling, & Manstead, 1997; Wells-Parker et al., 2002),.,,,. -. (1) - (e. g., Baxter et al., 1990; Herzog, 1994), (2) (e. g., Feather & Deverson, 2000), (3) (e. g., Blanchard-Fields, 1994; Blanchard-Fields, Chen, Schocke, & Hertzog, 1998), (4) (e. g., Deffenbacher et al., 1994; Wells-Parker et al., 2002) -.,, (e. g., Britt & Garrity, 2006; Wickens et al., 2011).., (Britt & Garrity, 2006).. -,,..,.,

9 ., -,.,,. OO P., (51.2%), 42 (48.8%). : 36 (3 ) = ; 60 (5 ) =. 45 (52.3%), 41 (47.7%). 3 (e. g., Blaauw, 1982). 1. (r =.90, p <.001).., ( = 68.5, = 73.2, t(84) = -.29, ns).,. = (N = 22) = (N = 22) = (N = 23) = (N = 19) ( ) 23.23(2.02) 32.77(6.43) 21.87(3.18) 37.37(9.52) ( ) 15.36(10.76) (49.99) 10.96(10.06) (72.90)

10 Forum8 UC-win/Road(ver ). 1m 3 50 (PN50C431) TV, Britz BR5100T. Logitech Driving Force GT,. IV (2.03GHz), NVIDIA Geforce GTX640. (Britt & Garrity, 2006). (e. g., Underwood et al., 1999), ( : )., ( ) ( ). ( ), ( ).. (2009). Britt Garrity(2006). (,, 2009),

11 (Wickens et al., 2011).. 1. ( 1a ) 2, (A) (B).... 2, ( 1b ). (A) (B),. ( ) (C) (a) (b)..., 3.. ( ) ( )

12 .,?,?. Likert 7 (1 =, 7 = ).., km/h , (2: vs. ), (2: vs. ), (2: vs. ) 3., t- t-. 2,. IBM SPSS Statistics 20.

13 3 ( : Box M = 16.20, p =.079, : Box M = 14.87, p =.115). 2 Levene, ( :, F(3, 82) =.71, ns; :, F(3, 82) =.41, ns; :, F(3, 82) = 1.66, ns; :, F(3, 82) =1.65, ns)., ,, 2. [F(1, 81) = 30.36, MSe =.62, p <.001], 2 [F(1, 81) = 17.62, MSe =.62, p <.001]. ( ) (5.76 vs, 5.10), 2., (6.03 vs. 4.84, t(41) = 5.95, p <.001). = = = = : 5.25(0.28) 5.73(0.22) 6.24(0.24) 5.82(0.28) : 5.31(0.20) 5.38(0.20) 4.40(0.21) 5.53(0.24) : 4.87(0.28) 5.53(0.27) 5.85(0.29) 5.23(0.34) : 5.46(0.32) 4.99(0.31) 5.77(0.33) 5.22(0.38)

14 ., 3 [F(1, 81) = 12.64, MSe =.62, p <.01], 2 ( 3).,. - [F(1, 81) = 6.50, MSe =.94, p <.05] 2 [F(1, 81) = 4.35, MSe =.94, p <.05]. (5.25 vs.

15 SS df MS F p : ( ) (A) (B) A x B : ( ) (A) (B) A x B : ( ) (A) (B) A x B : ( ) (A) (B) A x B , t(43) = -3.89, p <.001). - [F(1, 81) = 6.68, MSe =.73, p <.01] 2 [F(1, 81) = 5.17, MSe =.73, p <.05]. -., -

16 -, (5.31 vs. 4.40, t(43) = 3.80, p <.01)., ( ) ( ),,,. 3,,. 3 [F(1, 81) = 4.42, MSe =.86, p <.05], 2., -, 2 [F(1, 81) = 5.80, MSe = 1.40, p <.05] ( 2 ). t-. - (4.87 vs. 5.85, t(43) = -2.81, p <.01). -.,..,.

17 ..., ( )., (, ).,.,.,. (36 ) (60 ), ( ),..,. Lajunen Parker (2001), Brewer(2000), Arnett (1997), Lawton Nutter(2002)..

18 (Arnett et al., 1997; Brewer, 2000; Lajunen & Parker, 2001; Lawton & Nutter, 2002),.,,,.., -.,. -.,,., -.,.,.., (e. g., Vallieres et al., 2005).,,

19 . ( ) -. -, - (e. g., Lewis, 1995; Monson, Tanke, & Lund, 1980)., -,. Jones Nisbett(1972) ,.., -., ( ), ( ).. -

20 ( 2 ). - ( ), ( ).., Hennessy Wiesenthal(2001),,. (Deffenbacher et al., 2001). (e. g., Lonczak et al., 2007). - -.,,., ( ). -,.,..,

21 -., -. (Deffenbacher et al., 2001; Hennessy & Wiesenthal, 2001).. -,.,.,., (2009).,. (2), ,, (2004). -. (3), , (2011).. (3), (2012). -. (3), Arnett, J. J., Offer, D., & Fine, M. A. (1997). Reckless driving in adolescence: state and trait factors. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 29,

22 Baxter, J. S., Macrae, C. N., Manstead, A. S. R., Stradling, G. G., & Parker, D. (1990). Attributional biases and driver behaviour. Social Behaviour, 5, Blaauw, G. (1982). Driving experience and task demands in simulator and instrumented car: a validation study. Human Factors, 24, Blanchard, E. B., Barton, K. A., & Malta, L. (2000). Psychometric properties of a measure of aggressive driving: The Larson Driver s Stress Profile. Psychological Reports, 87, Blanchard-Fields, F. (1994). Age differences in causal attributions from an adult developmental perspective. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 49, Blanchard-Fields, F., Chen, Y., Schocke, M., & Hertzog, C. (1998). Evidence for contentspecificity of causal attributions across the adult life span. Aging, Neuropsychology & Cognition, 5, Brewer, A. (2000). Road rage: what, who, when, where and how? Transport Reviews, 20, Britt, T. W. & Garrity, M. J. (2006). Attributions and personality as predictors of the road rage response. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, Deffenbacher, J. L., Filetti, L. B., Richards, T. L., Lynch, R. S., & Oetting, E. R. (2003). Characteristics of two groups of angry drivers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, Deffenbacher, J. L., Huff, M. E., Lynch, R. S., Oetting, E. R., & Salvatore, N. F. (2000). Characteristics and treatment of high-anger drivers. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 47, Deffenbacher, J. L., Lynch, R. S., Oetting, E. R., & Yingling, D. A. (2001). Driving anger: correlates and a test of state-trait theory. Personality and Individual Difference. 31, Deffenbacher, J. L., Oetting, E. R., & Lynch, R. S. (1994). Development of a driving anger scale. Psychological Reports, 74, DePasquale, J. P., Geller, E. S., Clarke, S. W., & Littleton, L. C. (2001). Measuring road rage: development of the propensity for angry driving scale. Journal of Safety Research, 32, Dula, C. S., & Ballard, M. E. (2003). Development and evaluation of a measure of dangerous, aggressive, negative emotional, and risky driving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, Feather, N. T., & Deverson, N. H. (2000). Reactions to a motor-vehicle accident in relation to mitigating circumstances and the gender and moral worth of the driver. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, Green, S. K., Lightfoot, M. A,, Bandy, C., & Buchanan, D. R. (1985). A general model of the attribution process. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 6, Harre, N., Randta, T., & Houkmaua, C. (2004). Examination of the actor-observer effect in young drivers attributions for their own and their friends risky driving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, Heider, F. (1976). A conversation with Fritz Heider. In J. H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, & R. F. Kidd(Eds.), New Directions in Attribution

23 Research(Vol 1, pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Hennessy, D. A., & Wiesenthal, D. L. (2001). Gender, driver aggression, and driver violence: an applied evaluation. Sex Roles, 44, Herzog, T. A. (1994). Automobile driving as seen by the actor, the active observer, and the passive observer. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, Hole, G. J. (2007). The psychology of driving. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum. Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1972). The actor and the observer: divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In E. E. Jones, D. E. Kanouse, H. H. Kelly, R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins, & B. Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior(pp ). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press. King, Y., & Parker, D. (2008). Driving violations, aggression and perceived consensus. European Review of Applied Psychology, 58, Lajunen, T., & Parker, D. (2001). Are aggressive people aggressive drivers? A study of the relationship between self-reported general aggressiveness, driver anger and aggressive driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 33, Lawton, R., & Nutter, A. (2002). A comparison of reported levels and expression of anger in everyday and driving situations. British Journal of Psychology, 93, Lawton, R., Parker, D., Stradling, S. G., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1997). Predicting road traffic accidents: The role of social deviance and violations. British Journal of Psychology, 88, Lennon, A., Watson, B., Arlidge, C., & Fraine, G. (2011). You re a bad driver but I just made a mistake : Attribution differences between the victims and perpetrators of scenario-based aggressive driving incidents. Transportation Research Part F, 14, Lewis, P. T. (1995). A naturalistic test of two fundamental propositions: Correspondence bias and the actor-observer hypothesis. Journal of Personality, 63, Lonczak, H., Neighbors, C., & Donovan, D. (2007). Predicting risky and angry driving as a function of gender. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39, Malle, B. F., & Knobe, J. (1997). Which behaviors do people explain? A basic actor-observer asymmetry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, Maxwell, J. P., Grant, S., & Lipkin, S. (2005). Further validation of the propensity for angry driving scale in British drivers. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, Monson, T. C., Tanke, E. D., & Lund, J. (1980). Determinants of social perception in a naturalistic setting. Journal of Research in Personality, 14, Parker, D., Lajunen, T., & Stradling, S. G. (1998). Attitudinal predictors of aggressive driving violations. Transportation Research Part F, 1, Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz(Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology(Vol. 10). New

24 York: Academic Press. Underwood, G., Chapman, P., Wright, S., & Crundall, D. (1999). Anger while driving. Transportation Research, Part F 2, Vallieres, E. F., Bergeron, J., & Vallerand, R. J. (2005). The role of attributions and anger in aggressive driving behaviours. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Traffic and Transport Psychology: Theory and Application(pp ). Oxford, UK: Elsevier. Wells-Parker, E., Ceminsky, J., Hallberg, V., Snow, R. W., Dunaway, G., Guiling, S., & Anderson, B. (2002). An exploratory study of the relationship between road rage and crash experience in a representative sample of US drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 34, Wickens, C. M., Wiesenthal, D. L., Flora, D. B., & Flett, G. L (2011). Understanding driver anger and aggression: attributional theory in the driving environment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17, : : :

25 Differences in Driver Anger as a Function of Gender, Driving Experience, and Actor-Observer Perspective: A Driving Simulation Study Jaesik Lee Department of Psychology, Pusan National University This driving simulation study examined relative differences in driving anger as the functions of drivers gender and driving experiences, and actor-observer perspectives when they were exposed in two anger-provoking driving scenarios(cutting-in and sudden stop). The results showed the followings. First, neither drivers gender nor driving experience, when they were considered independently of the driving situation types and actor-observer perspectives, yielded significant difference in driving anger. Second, actor-observer effect on driving anger was observed only in the cutting-in condition where other driver s intension was emphasized. Third, the female drivers of low driving experience tended to show the strongest tendency of actor-observer bias in the cutting-in condition. These results suggested that the levels of driving anger as the functions of drivers gender and driving experience can be differed by types of driving situation as well as perspectives of drivers interpreting the situations. Key words : driving anger, actor-observer effect, driving simulation, gender and driving experience

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