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1 대한간호학회지제 39 권제 6 호, 2009 년 12 월 J Korean Acad Nurs Vol.39 No.6, DOI: /jkan 노인전문병원간호제공자의신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램의효과 최금봉 1 김진선 2 1 조선대학교간호학과시간강사, 2 조선대학교간호학과부교수 Effects of an Educational Program for the Reduction of Physical Restraint Use by Caregivers in Geriatric Hospitals Choi, Keumbong 1 Kim, Jinsun 2 1 Part-time Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Chosun University 2 Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea Purpose: The purposes of this study were to develop an educational program to reduce the use of physical restraints for caregivers in geriatric hospitals and to evaluate the effects of the program on cargivers knowledge, attitude and nursing practice related to the use of physical restraints. Methods: A quasi experimental study with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were recruited from two geriatric hospitals. Eighteen caregivers were assigned to the experimental group and 20 to the control group. The data were collected prior to the intervention and at 6 weeks after the intervention through the use of self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, c 2 test, Fisher s exact probability test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data. Results: After the intervention, knowledge about physical restraints increased significantly in experimental group compared to the control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups for attitude and nursing practice involving physical restraints. Conclusion: Findings indicate that it is necessary to apply knowledge acquired through educational programs to nursing practice to reduce the use of physical restraints. User friendly guidelines for physical restraints, administrative support of institutions, and multidisciplinary approaches are required to achieve this goal. Key words: Education, Physical restraints, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice 서론 1. 연구의필요성현재우리나라의 65세이상노인인구는총인구의 10.3% 를차지하여이미고령화사회에진입하였으며, 노년부양비는 14.3% 에서 2030년에는 37.7% 로증가할것으로예상되고있다 (Korea National Statistical Office, 2008). 고령화사회에대처하는정부의노인복지실천을위한노력의하나로노인장기요양보험법이 2008년 7월부터본격적으로시행되어치매 중풍등중증질환의치료와요양서비스를담당하는노인의료복지시설의수와이를이용하는노인의수가증가할것으로예상된다. 노인의료복지시설에거주하는노인은노인인구집단에서도가장취약한집단이며치매는노인의료복지시설에입소하게되 주요어 : 교육, 신체적억제대, 지식, 태도, 실무 * 본논문은조선대학교박사학위논문중일부를발췌한내용임. *This article is based on a part of the first author's doctoral dissertation from Chosun University. Address reprint requests to : Kim, Jin Sun Department of Nursing, Chosun University, 375 Seoseok-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju , Korea Tel: Fax: jinsun@chosun.ac.kr 투고일 : 2009년 1월 27일심사의뢰일 : 2009년 2월 2일게재확정일 : 2009년 11월 10일 769

2 770 최금봉 김진선 는가장일반적인원인이되는질환이다 (Capezuti, 2004). 외국의선행연구결과에따르면, 시설거주치매노인중 70-90% 는망상, 우울, 분노, 신체적및언어적공격과같은행동적증상을보이며 (Allen-Burge, Stevens, & Burgio, 1999) 인지손상을가진환자의대부분은일상생활기능의제한, 흥분, 망상, 환각, 배회, 낙상, 처치방해등을보이기때문에간호제공자들은낙상이나상해예방, 처치방해나문제행동의대처를위한일방법으로신체적억제대를사용하고있는것으로보고되고있다 (Capezuti, 2004; Engberg, Castle, & McCaffrey, 2008; Kim & Oh, 2006). 현재우리나라노인복지시설의억제대사용실태에대해서는조사된것이없는실정이며, 외국의경우국가간의억제대사용률은많은차이를보이고있다 (Capezuti, 2004; Feng et al., 2009). Feng 등 (2009) 은너싱홈거주자사정도구 (resident assessment instrument, RAI) 를사용하는 5개국 14,504개의너싱홈을대상으로억제대사용률을비교한결과스위스가 6%, 미국 9%, 홍콩 20%, 핀란드 28%, 그리고캐나다가 31% 로국가간에억제대사용률이최대 5배까지차이가났으며, 같은국가내에도차이가많은것으로보고하였다. 또한너싱홈에서적절한간호를위해달성해야할 0-5% 의억제대사용률 (Guttman, Altman, & Karlan, 1999) 을모두상회하고있는실정이다. 그러나노인의료복지시설에서의신체적억제대사용에관한선행연구들을살펴보면신체적억제대사용으로인한부작용이나과학적인증거부재, 인권보호및윤리적, 법적인문제가지속적으로보고되고있다 (Hamers & Huizing, 2005; Wang, 2005). 따라서미국을비롯한서구선진국에서는신체적억제대사용으로인한부정적인영향을줄이기위한다양한노력을하고있으며신체적억제대사용률을노인의료복지시설의질관리에대한하나의평가기준으로사용하고있다 (Mamun & Lim, 2005). 최근국내에서도시설노인의인권보장과안전보호를위한제도적장치의하나로보건복지가족부에서는 2006 년 5월에 노인복지시설인권보호및안전관리지침 을신설하여 신체제한의금지규정 에따라신체적, 화학적억제를금지하고있다 (Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, 2006). 신체적억제대사용에대한감소나중지를지속적으로강조하고있음에도불구하고실제임상상황에서는간호제공자에게신체적억제대사용에대한시작과유지, 종결에관한의사결정자로서의역할이지속되고있는실정이다 (Ludwick, Meehan, Zeller, & O toole, 2008). 간호제공자들은신체적억제대사용과관련하여당혹감과죄책감을느끼고억제대사용에대한 의사결정과정에서환자를보호해야한다는생각과간호사로서의전문직행위에대한신념사이에서갈등을경험하고딜레마에빠지기도한다. 그럼에도불구하고신체적억제대는환자자신은물론다른환자들을보호한다는이유또는제한된인적자원으로일을효과적으로하는방법으로왜곡되어여전히널리사용되고있다 (Scherer, Janelli, Kanski, Neary, & Morth, 1991). 또한간호제공자들은신체적억제대사용과관련된위험성을잘인식하지못하고있으며이로인해억제대사용을줄이기위한대안 (alternatives) 도고려하지못하고있는실정이다 (Nay & Koch, 2006). 따라서간호제공자들이억제대사용과관련하여경험하고있는문제와딜레마를해결하기위해신체적억제대사용에대한적절한교육이필요하다 (Slettebo & Bunch, 2004). 외국의선행연구들의결과를볼때신체적억제대사용에대한지식이높을수록신체적억제대사용에대한태도또한부정적으로변화하여신체적억제대사용감소변화를도모할수있다고하였다 (Doerflinger, 2004; Janelli, Stamps, & Dells, 2006; Suen et al., 2006). 그리고신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육이나중재를통해일대일간호, 환자의행동사정, 가족지지참여, 환경수정, 전환활동, 현실적응훈련등의신체적억제대에대한대안의활용능력을향상시켜신체적억제대사용감소의효과를보고하였다 (Capezuti, 2004; Smith, Timms, Parker, Reimels, & Hamlin, 2003; Testad, Aasland, & Aarsland, 2005). 국내신체적억제대관련연구를살펴보면병원의억제대사용실태나의료인력의억제대사용에대한지식, 태도및인식조사 (Kang, 2003; Kim et al., 2000; Kim & Chi, 2001) 그리고억제대사용에대한중환자실간호사교육효과연구 (Yeo & Park, 2006) 로대부분이병원특히중환자실에국한되어있는실정이다. 노인의료복지시설에서의억제대사용에대한연구는간호제공자들의인식이나태도에관한서술적조사연구 (Kim & Oh, 2006; Lee & Kweoun, 2001) 만이있을뿐, 아직노인의료복지시설의간호제공자를대상으로신체적억제대사용관련교육의효과를보고한연구가없다. 또한국외에서는신체적억제대사용에대한근거중심의프로토콜이나대안을활용하고있는반면국내는아직활용할수있는프로토콜이나대안이없는실정이며, 국내노인의료복지시설의간호제공자는신체적억제대사용과관련된지침, 규정및교육의필요성을절대적으로느끼고있는것으로보고하고있다 (Kim & Oh, 2006). 그러나우리나라는 2008년노인장기요양보험시대가도래

3 노인전문병원간호제공자의신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램의효과 771 하면서요양병원이난립하고있으며, 이로인한과다경쟁이문제가되면서서비스의질적수준의저하가문제가되고있고장기요양시설서비스의질개선및평가가시급한실정이다. 억제대사용률을장기요양시설의질관리의일평가기준으로활용할수있음을고려할때 (Mamun & Lim, 2005), 시설의간호제공자들을위한신체적억제대사용및사용감소에대한교육프로그램을개발하고이를적용하여그효과를평가하는것은서비스의질향상을위해매우의미가있다. 이에본연구는노인전문병원간호제공자를대상으로신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램을개발하여이를적용한후간호제공자들의신체적억제대사용에대한지식, 태도및간호실무에미치는효과를평가하고자한다. 궁극적으로본연구는향후임상의간호제공자들이신체적억제대사용감소를위한간호중재를하는데있어효과적이고적절한방안을모색하여노인의료복지시설환자를위한간호의질을높이는데기여할수있을것이다. 2. 연구목적본연구는신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램을개발하여이를노인전문병원간호제공자에게적용한후간호제공자들의신체적억제대사용에대한지식, 태도및간호실무에미치는효과를평가하기위함이며, 구체적목적은다음과같다. 첫째, 노인전문병원간호제공자를위한신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램을개발한다. 둘째, 개발한신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램이노인전문병원간호제공자들의신체적억제대사용에대한지식, 태도및신체적억제대관련간호실무에미치는영향을파악한다. 3. 연구가설제1가설 : 신체적억제대교육프로그램에참여한실험군의실험전과후의신체적억제대사용에대한지식점수의차이는교육에참여하지않은대조군의지식점수의차이보다클것이다. 제2가설 : 신체적억제대교육프로그램에참여한실험군의실험전과후의신체적억제대사용에대한태도점수의차이는교육에참여하지않은대조군의태도점수의차이보다클것이다. 제3가설 : 신체적억제대교육프로그램에참여한실험군의실험전과후의신체적억제대사용에대한간호실무의차이는교육에참여하지않은대조군의간호실무점수의차이보다클것이다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구는노인전문병원의간호제공자들에게 6주간, 주 1회억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램을적용한후억제대사용에대한지식, 태도및간호실무에대한효과를대조군과비교하는비동등성대조군전후유사실험연구이다. 2. 연구대상본연구의대상자는편의표집에의해선택된 C도소재 2개의노인전문병원에서근무하는간호사와간호조무사이다. Cohen (1988) 이제시한표에서집단의수 =2 (u=1), 유의수준 (a).05, 검정력 (1-b) 80%, 그리고효과크기.50을적용할때두집단간의차이를비교하는연구에서필요한최소대상자수는각각 17 명이었으며, 중도탈락자를감안하여표본의크기를실험군 22 명, 대조군 22명을초기대상자로선정하였다. 그러나실험군에서 4명, 대조군에서 2명이건강상태나근무시간변화로중재또는사후조사에참여하지못해대상자에서탈락하여, 최종적으로본연구에참여한대상자는실험군 18명, 대조군 20명으로총 38명이었다. 실험군과대조군의노인전문병원은침상수, 간호제공자인력수준등이유사한 2곳을선정하였으며, 한곳은실험군다른한곳은대조군으로임의할당하였다. 각노인전문병원은대상자간의실험효과확산을방지하기위해거리상멀리떨어진곳으로선택하였다. 대상자의구체적인포함기준은다음과같다. 첫째, 노인전문병원거주노인에게직접적인간호를제공하는노인전문병원의간호사및간호조무사둘째, 본연구의목적을이해하고연구참여동의서에서명한자셋째, 노인전문병원근무경력이 3개월이상인자 3. 연구도구 1) 신체적억제대사용에대한지식 Janelli, Scherer, Kanski와 Neary (1991) 가미국너싱홈간호인력의신체적억제대사용에대한지식을측정하기위해개발한 18문항의진위형측정도구를 Kim과 Oh (2006) 가번역하여선행연구에서사용한도구를사용하였다. 본도구는신체적억제대사용이유 ( 예 : 억제대는상해를예방하기위한도구

4 772 최금봉 김진선 이다 ) 나문제점 ( 예 : 환자에게억제대를사용하면피부손상이생기거나환자의불안정이더심해질수있다 ), 사용방법 ( 예 : 환자가깨어있는경우매 2시간마다억제대를풀어주어야한다 ), 간호중재, 환자의권리 ( 예 : 환자는억제대를거부할권리가있다 ), 기록 ( 예 : 매근무교대시마다억제대사용에대한기록은꼭남겨야한다 ) 등의내용이포함되었으며, 도구의내용타당도는개발당시 5명의노인간호사로구성된전문가집단의검토를통해입증되었다 (Janelli et al., 1991). 대상자는각진술에대해 그렇다, 아니다, 그리고 잘모르겠다 로응답하도록되어있으며, 지식점수를산출하기위해옳게응답한문항에만 1점을주고틀린답이나 잘모르겠다 로응답을한문항에대해서는 0점으로처리하였다. 가능한점수범위는 0-18점이며, 점수가높을수록대상자의신체적억제대에대한지식수준이높음을의미한다. 본연구대상자에대한신뢰도 Kuder-Richardson 20=.61이었다. 다 ) 14 문항의도구를번역하여사용하였다. 실제적으로환자를돌볼때신체적억제대사용과관련된간호행위를의미하는내용이포함되었으며 ( 예 : 환자에게억제대를사용하기전에대안적인방법을먼저시도한다 ; 억제대를적용한환자에게문제가없는지를확인하기위해적어도매 2시간마다체크를한다 ; 환자에게억제대를적용하는이유를설명한다 ; 억제대가제거되어야하는지를자주사정한다 ). 가능한점수범위는최저 14점에서최고 42점이며점수가높을수록바람직한억제대관련간호행위를하고있음을의미한다. 14문항중 1문항 ( 문항 10) 은부정적인문항이었으므로역코딩을하였다. 도구의개발당시내용타당도계수 (content validity index) 는 0.86이었으며, 검사-재검사신뢰도는.99였다(Suen et al., 2006). 본연구에서의내적일치도계수 Cronbach s a=.73이었다. 4. 연구진행절차 2) 신체적억제대사용에대한태도 Janelli 등 (1991) 이미국너싱홈의간호인력을대상으로개발한도구를 Kim과 Oh (2006) 가번역하여선행연구에서사용한도구를사용하였다. 본도구는 5점척도 (1= 아주동의하지않는다, 2= 동의하지않는다, 3= 잘모르겠다, 4= 동의한다, 5= 아주동의한다 ) 11문항으로, 신체적억제대에대한또는신체적억제대를사용하여환자를돌보는것에대한느낌의내용이포함되었다 ( 예 : 억제대를사용하는주요이유는노인시설의인력이부족하기때문이다 ; 환자가억제되었을때가족이들어오면당황스럽다 ; 억제대를적용한후환자가더흥분하는경우기분이더안좋다 ; 일반적으로억제된환자를돌보는것이편안하다고느낀다 ). 가능한점수범위는 11-55점이며, 점수가높을수록대상자가신체적억제대사용에부정적인견해를가지고있음을의미한다. 일부문항 ( 문항 4, 5, 7, 11) 은의미의일관성을위해역코딩을하였다. 도구의내용타당도는 5명의노인간호사로구성된전문가집단의검토를통해입증되었다 (Scherer et al., 1991). 도구개발당시내적일치도계수 Cronbach s a=.67이었으며, Kim과 Oh (2006) 의연구에서는.70이었다. 본연구대상자에대한내적일치도계수 Cronbach s a=.54이었다. 3) 신체적억제대사용관련간호실무 Janelli 등 (1991) 이개발한도구를 Suen 등 (2006) 이수정보완하여재활센터의간호사와간호조무사를대상으로사용한 3 점척도 (1= 전혀그렇지않다, 2= 때때로그렇다, 3= 항상그렇 1) 연구자준비및사전현황조사신체적억제대사용에대한교육프로그램의개발을위해본연구자는국내외의광범위한문헌고찰, 신체적억제대사용현황조사, 신체적억제대와관련된온라인모듈과비디오등멀티미디어를통한이론과실습교육을숙지하고본연구의교육중재에신체적억제사용관련실습시범을담당하는강사를통해실습교육을받고교육프로그램중재준비를하였다. 간호제공자들의신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램의개발에필요한기초자료를마련하기위하여실험군과대조군이속한노인전문병원 2곳을포함하여 1개의노인요양원, 1개의정신요양병원의노인병동과 K도소재의노인전문병원에근무하는수간호사들과의면담을통해해당시설에서사용하는신체적억제대의종류, 신체적억제대사용이유, 신체적억제대사용에대한요구, 신체적억제대에대한대안등을파악하였다. 또한교육프로그램의중재를위해실험군이되는해당병원의각병동수간호사팀과의회의를통해신체적억제대사용관련간호요구도를반영하여교육프로그램내용구성에반영하였다. 2) 교육프로그램의개발본연구자가신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램개발을위한준비를거친후본교육에대한교육프로그램의목표, 세부적인내용구성, 교육방법및평가방법등에대해구체적인결정을하여본격적인프로그램개발에들어갔다. 본연구를위한노인전문병원간호제공자를위한신체적억

5 노인전문병원간호제공자의신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램의효과 773 제대사용관련교육프로그램은국내외문헌고찰, 전문가자문, Strumpf, Robinson, Wagner와 Evans (1998) 의저서인비억제대간호 (Restraint-Free Care), 허약한노인들을위한개별적접근 (Individualized Approaches for Frail Elders), 펜실베니아간호대학의 GERO T.I.P.S. 온라인학습모듈, Kendal Corporation의펜실베니아억제대감소프로그램, National Guideline Clearinghouse와 Hartford 노인간호연구소의신체적억제대에관한근거중심가이드라인의내용을토대로하여개발하였다. 4= 매우적합하다 ) 의 5문항으로교육의목적과간호학이지향하는바의일치성, 교육이간호실무에필요한내용인지, 구성된교육내용이목적달성에적절한지, 교육이신체적억제대사용관련지식, 태도, 간호실무향상에적절한지, 교육방법이목적달성에적절한지의평가항목에의해교육프로그램의내용에대해평가를요청하였다. 각문항에대해빈도와백분율을산출한결과, 전체문항에대해평가자들은평균 3.57점그리고문항에따라최저 3.50점에서최고 3.67점으로평가하였다. 내용타당도계수 (content validity index) 는 0.89였다. (1) 교육프로그램의이론적틀본연구의교육프로그램내용구성을위한이론적틀로는 Lewin (1951) 의 3단계변화이론을사용하였다. 이이론은해빙 (unfreezing) 단계, 이동 (moving) 단계, 그리고재동결 (refreezing) 단계로구성되어있다. 본연구에서는교육프로그램의제공을통해간호제공자들에게신체적억제대사용과관련된실무에대해의문을갖게하기위한해빙단계, 간호제공자들의신체적억제대에대한대안을사용하는이동단계그리고이러한신체적억제대사용감소를위한노력이그들의간호실무에서지속적으로유지되는것을재동결의단계로간주하였다. (2) 교육프로그램의목표와구성본교육프로그램의목표는응급이나중증의간호상황을제외하고억제대의사용을최소화하는것으로대상자에게신체적, 화학적억제대를사용하지않고간호제공자가안전한간호, 기능의증진과유지, 삶의질증진과유지에간호목표를두고개인적인간호로접근하는방법을익히는것이다. 본교육프로그램의구성은주 1회, 회당 1시간또는 1시간 30 분씩총 6회과정으로각단계의교육주제는 1회는신체적억제대의일반적사항, 2회는신체적억제대사용감소와제거, 3회는대상자의행동이해, 4회는처치를방해하는대상자의간호, 5회는낙상위험사정과방지, 6회는변화의과정유지이다. 또한각단계는교육주제에따라세부적인교육내용영역으로나누어서구성하였다 (Table 1). (3) 교육프로그램의내용타당도평가본연구를위한교육프로그램의내용타당도는노인간호학관련전공교수 3인, 임상전문의 2인, 노인의료복지시설경력 3년이상인간호사 7인을포함한 12인의전문가가평가하였다. 각전문가에게구성한교육프로그램의내용을제공한후 4점척도 (1= 매우적합하지않다 ; 2= 적합하지않다 ; 3= 적합하다 ; 3) 교육프로그램의적용본교육프로그램은강의, 시범실습, 토론및사례연구등의다양한교육방법과유인물, 파워포인트자료, CD 및비디오등의다양한교육매체를활용하였다. 교육은주 1회씩총 6회에거쳐이루어졌으며, 매회교육시간은 1시간-1시간 30 분정도가소요되었다. 이론강의, 토론및사례연구등프로그램의전반적인진행은연구자가하였으며, 신체적억제기법에대한시범실습강의는신체억제기법에대해아일랜드에서교육이수후공인된수료증을취득하여지속적으로보건의료인을대상으로교육을담당하고있는전문가에의해이루어졌다. 연구참여자가교육내용을쉽게이해하고볼수있도록강의는파워포인트자료를준비하여진행하였으며, CD 동영상자료및비디오를활용하였다. 또한교육프로그램에대한내용을책자로제작하여교육프로그램제공전에대상자에게배부하여이해를도왔다. 4) 자료수집방법자료수집을위해먼저연구자가 2개의노인전문병원의책임자인원장에게연구의목적및필요성, 방법등에대해설명을한후연구참여에대한동의를구하였다. 책임자의동의를받은후각노인전문병원간호부장에게구체적인연구진행계획서를제공한후, 각병동의수간호사와의회의를통해연구대상자선정에따른근무시간조정이나자료수집방법을구체화하였다. 선정된대상자와의접촉은각대상자에게자료수집전전화나방문을통해연구진행절차에따른협조를구했으며, 구체적인자료수집방법을설명하였다. 연구대상자의권리를보호하기위해대상자들의연구에대한참여는자발적이며, 연구가진행하는과정에서도대상자가원하지않으면연구에대한참여의사를언제든지철회할수있음을설명하였다. 또한대상자에게수집한자료에대해서는비

6 774 최금봉 김진선 Table 1. Educational Program Subject Objectives Contents Methods 1. General facts 1.To understand the purpose of educational -Definition of physical restraints and the types -Quiz on physical about the use of programs for the reduction of physical -The present use of physical restraints: restraints physical restraints restraints use domestically and internationally -Lecture (PPT) & 2.To understand general facts about the -Problems in the use of physical restraints discussion use of physical restraints -Myths and facts about physical restraint use -Q&A 2. Reduction and 1.To understand the process of change for the -The process of change for the reduction -Lecture (PPT) & elimination reduction of physical restraint use of physical restraint use discussion of the use of 2.To understand the guidelines for the -Practical guidelines about physical restraints -Video about physical restraints reduction of physical restraint use -Guidelines for prescribing physical restraints physical restraints 3.To be aware of ethical considerations -Guidelines for minimizing the use of physical -Q&A regarding the use of physical restraints restraints 4.To know the alternatives to physical restraints -Ethical considerations regarding the use of physical restraints -Alternatives to physical restraints 3. Understanding 1.To understand the range of behavioral -Perception of behaviors -Lecture (PPT) & the person s phenomena among cognitively impaired -Behavioral assessment discussion behaviors persons -Clinical evaluations of behavior -Practice 2.To develop reaction skills based on personal -Behavior logs demonstration nursing methods for the reduction of physical -Paradigm shift toward individualized care -Practice writing restraint use -Understanding problem behaviors behavior logs 3.To learn how to write behavior logs -Physical restraint techniques -Q&A 4.To learn physical restraints techniques 4. Caring for the 1.To describe guidelines for care in -Potential advantages and disadvantages of -Lecture (PPT) & person who circumstances of treatment interference various treatments discussion interferes with 2. To identify individualized care approaches -General nursing guidelines for various persons -Discussion treatment that minimize invasive treatment who are responsible for treatment about case- 3.To discuss a case study of persons who -Nursing intervention for persons who interfere based care interfere with treatment with treatment -Q&A -Personalized nursing for persons with special problems: hydration limitation, nutrition limitation, dysphagia, or urinary incontinence -Preventive interventions for existing or potential disruption of treatment -Case study of persons who interfere with treatment 5. Assessment 1.To obtain general knowledge about falls -Definition of falls, rate of occurrence, -Lecture (PPT) of fall risk and in the elderly and to be able to assess and patterns & discussion prevention of and judge such situations -Causes of danger in falls among the elderly -Video about falls 2.To discuss a case study of dangers in falls -Assessment and intervention of danger in falls fall risk situation -Bed siderails -Q&A -Case of fall risk 6. Maintaining a 1.To establish the importance of a change in -Systematic change of attitudes -Lecture (PPT) process of personal or facility attitudes for the reduction -Main points of restraint-free care & discussion change of physical restraint use (efforts, expecting results) -Q&A 2.To be able to communicate an experience of -Suggestions for the reduction of physical change in the use of physical restraints restraint use (rules, assessments, records) -Decision making phases for restraint-free care -Sharing experiences of using physical restraints and conclusions 밀을보장할것이며연구이외의다른목적으로는자료를사용하지않을것임을설명하였다. 자료수집은연구참여에동의한대상자에게서면동의서를받은후구조화된설문지를이용한자기기입식방법을통하여이루어졌다. 실험군의사전조사는해당병원의교육장소인강당에서교육첫날에교육이시작되기전에, 대조군의경우실험군의교육프로그램시작과같은일자에해당병원회의실에서실시하였다. 설문지작성에걸린시간은 15-20분정도였다. 실험군과

7 노인전문병원간호제공자의신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램의효과 775 대조군의사후조사는실험군의 6주교육프로그램종료후에사전조사와같은장소에서실시하였다. 사후조사가끝난후연구에참여한모든대상자에게연구참여및협조에대한감사의표시로상품권을제공하였다. 자료수집기간은 2008년 8월 28 일부터 10월 2일까지였다. 5. 자료분석방법 본연구를위해수집된자료는 SPSS/PC 12.0을이용하여분석하였으며, 구체적인분석방법은다음과같다. 첫째, 실험군과대조군의일반적특성은기술통계를사용하여분석하였다. Table 2. Homogeneity Test for Characteristics between Experimental and Control Group (N=38) Experimental (n=18) Control (n=20) Characteristics c 2 or z p M (SD) or n (%) M (SD) or n (%) Age (yr) (7.30) (9.10) *.371 Gender Male 2 (11.1) 2 (10.0).999 Female 16 (88.9) 18 (90.0) Educational level High school 5 (27.7) 6 (30.0) Associate degree 1 (5.6) 3 (15.0) Diploma 9 (50.0) 7 (35.0) Baccalaureate degree 3 (16.7) 4 (20.0) Marital status Unmarried 3 (16.7) 9 (45.0) Married 15 (83.3) 11 (55.0) Religion Have 14 (77.8) 13 (65.0).485 Not have 4 (22.2) 7 (30.5) Occupation Nurse 12 (66.7) 12 (60.0).745 Nurse aids 6 (33.3) 8 (40.0) Total clinical (71.60) (47.89) *.156 experience (months) Clinical experience (23.48) (9.77) *.340 in a geriatric institution (months) Education related to restraints Yes 7 (38.9) 6 (30.0).734 No 11 (61.1) 14 (70.0) Need for alternatives to restraints Yes 5 (27.8) 6 (30.0).999 No 13 (72.2) 14 (70.0) *Mann-Whitney U test; Fisher s exact probability test. 둘째, 실험군과대조군의신체적억제대사용에대한지식, 태도, 간호실무에대한정규분포여부를검증하기위해 Kolmogorov-smirnov로분석한결과정규분포를만족하지못해 Mann-Whitney U test로분석하였다. 셋째, 실험군과대조군간의동질성검증은 c 2 test, Fisher s exact probability test 및 Mann-Whitney U test로분석하였다. 넷째, 신체적억제대사용에대한교육프로그램을제공한후실험군과대조군의신체적억제대사용에대한지식, 태도및간호실무의변화는 Mann-Whitney U test를사용하여검증하였다. 연구결과 1. 실험군과대조군의일반적특성에대한동질성검증 교육중재전실험군과대조군의각특성에대한동질성검증을실시한결과, 두집단은유의수준 0.05에서통계적으로유의한차이가없었다 (Table 2). 2. 실험군과대조군의종속변수에대한동질성검증 교육중재전실험군과대조군의신체적억제대사용에대한지식, 태도, 간호실무에대한동질성검증을한결과, 두집단은유의수준 0.05에서통계적으로유의한차이가없었다 (Table 3). 3. 가설검증 1) 제1가설검증실험군과대조군의실험전과후의신체적억제대사용에대한지식점수변화의차이를분석한결과, 실험군의지식점수의 Table 3. Homogeneity Test of Outcome Variables between Experimental and Control Group (N=38) Experimental Control Variables (n=18) (n=20) z p M (SD) M (SD) Knowledge about (2.44) (2.56) physical restraints use Attitude toward (4.76) (3.22) physical restraints use Nursing practice (4.54) (2.67) regarding use of physical restraints

8 776 최금봉 김진선 Table 4. Group Comparison of Mean Differences of Knowledge, Attitude, and Nursing Practice on Physical Restraints Use (N=38) Pretest Posttest Difference Variables Group z p M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) Knowledge about physical restraints use Exp (2.44) (1.78) 3.00 (2.17) Cont (2.56) (2.13) 1.25 (2.02) Attitude toward physical restraints use Exp (4.76) (3.74) (7.33) Cont (3.22) (3.39) (6.20) Nursing practice regarding use of Exp (4.54) (3.91) 1.89 (3.91) physical restraints Cont (2.67) (2.88) (1.68) Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group. 평균차이는 3.00점 (SD=2.17) 으로대조군의지식점수평균차이인 1.25점 (SD=2.20) 보다컸다. 이차이는유의수준.05에서통계적으로유의한것으로나타나 (Z=-2.208, p=.027) 제1가설은지지되었다 (Table 4). 2) 제2가설검증실험군과대조군의실험전과후의신체적억제대사용에대한태도점수변화의차이를분석한결과, 실험군의태도점수의평균차이는 16.22점 (SD=7.33) 으로대조군의태도점수의평균차이인 11.65점 (SD=6.20) 보다컸다. 그러나이차이는유의수준.05에서통계적으로유의하지않은것으로나타나 (Z=-1.701, p=.089) 제2가설은지지되지않았다 (Table 4). 3) 제3가설검증실험군과대조군의실험전과후의신체적억제대사용에대한간호실무점수변화의차이를분석한결과, 실험군의간호실무점수의평균차이는 1.89점 (SD=3.91) 으로대조군의간호실무점수의평균차이인 -0.10점(SD=1.68) 보다컸다. 그러나이차이는유의수준.05에서통계적으로유의하지않은것으로나타나 (Z=-1.714, p=.086) 제3가설은지지되지않았다 (Table 4). 논의본연구는노인전문병원간호제공자를대상으로신체적억제대감소를위한교육프로그램을개발하여적용한후간호제공자들의신체적억제대사용에대한지식, 태도및간호실무에미치는효과를평가하였다. 연구결과신체적억제대사용감소를위한 6주간의교육중재가노인전문병원간호제공자들의신체적억제대사용에대한지식을향상시키는데효과가있었다. 그러나교육전후실험군과대조군의신체적억제대사용관련태도와간호실무변화의차이는통계적으로유의하지않았다. 본연구에서교육프로그램을제공하기전실험군과대조군 의신체적억제대사용에대한지식도구에대한정답률은각각 62.7% 와 60.8% 로두집단모두에서낮았으나 6주간의교육중재후실험군의정답률은 79.3% 로증가한반면, 대조군의지식점수는 67.2% 로교육중재제공전과후의실험군의지식점수의변화는대조군의지식점수의변화보다더컸다. 또한이차이는통계적으로유의해본연구를위해개발한교육프로그램이간호제공자들의신체적억제대사용에대한지식을향상시키는데효과가있었음을확인할수있었다. 이는간호제공자들에게신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램을제공한후그효과를평가한국내외의선행연구결과와일치하였다 (Smith et al., 2003; Testad et al., 2005; Yeo & Park, 2006). Testad 등 (2005) 은 4개의장기요양시설간호제공자를대상으로치매환자의억제대사용률감소를위해간호제공자들에게문제행동을다루는방법에대한교육을제공한결과간호제공자들의억제대사용에대한의사결정과정과대안에대한지식이증가하였다고보고하였다. 또한 Smith 등 (2003) 은급성기환자를간호하는간호사들을대상으로신체적억제대사용과관련허구와사실, 간호사정전략, 억제대의대안에대한교육을제공한결과, 신체적억제대사용에대한대안의사용이증가되고억제대에대한인식이변화되었다고보고하였으며, 국내에서도 Yeo와 Park (2006) 이중환자실간호사들을대상으로억제대사용관련교육제공한후그효과를평가한결과중환자실간호사의억제대에대한지식증가에효과가있었다고보고하였다. 사후조사에서대조군의지식점수도증가하기는하였는데이는시험효과 (testing effect) 로인한결과로보인다. 교육중재를제공하기전문항별지식점수를살펴본결과, 두집단모두에서아주낮은정답율을보인문항은 11% 의정답률을보인 조끼억제대의사용은사망과연관된다 는문항과 16% 의정답률을보인 침대에수평으로누워있는환자에게는질식의위험이있으므로절대로억제대를사용하면안된다 는문항이었다. 이는간호제공자의지식을조사한 Suen 등 (2006) 의연구에서각각 24%, 40% 의정답률과, Janelli 등 (2006) 의연구에서각

9 노인전문병원간호제공자의신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램의효과 777 각 86%, 57% 의정답률과비교할때아주낮은것이다. 이러한문항은본연구에서교육중재후실험군에서대조군에비해 40-59% 의증가를보여교육의효과가있음을확인할수있었다. 또한 어떤경우에는시트억제대가필요로될수도있다 의문항의경우에도본연구에서교육중재전두군에서 34% 의낮은정답률을보였는데, 이결과는급성기병원에서 10-39% 의정답률을보인것과유사하게낮은정답률이다 (Kim & Chi, 2001; Yeo & Park, 2006). 이와같은국내급만성기간호상황의간호제공자들의억제대의종류에따른부작용에대한지식이낮은것은국내의억제대에대한적절한지침이없는것이영향을미쳤을것으로여겨지며따라서올바른억제대사용에대한교육및억제대사용관련지침이보급되어야할것으로판단된다. 교육프로그램제공에따른태도변화를살펴본결과, 실험군의신체적억제대사용에대한태도점수의변화는대조군의태도점수의변화보다크기는했지만교육을받지않은대조군에서도태도점수의증가가나타났고두집단간의중재전과후의태도점수의변화는통계적으로유의하지않았다. 선행연구에서억제대사용에대한교육프로그램이태도에미치는효과는일관성이없는결과를나타냈다 (Doerflinger, 2004; Yeo & Park, 2006). Doerflinger (2004) 는급성기병원의간호관리자를대상으로하여과거의교육경험에따라신체적억제대사용에대한태도를조사한결과교육경험이태도에영향을미치지않은것으로나타난반면, 국내에서중환자실간호사들에게제공한교육프로그램은간호사들의억제대사용에대한태도를변화시키는데효과가있는것으로나타났다. 본연구에서신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램의제공이간호제공자들의태도변화에효과가없었던것은그원인을여러가지로생각해볼수있을것이다. 첫째, 어떤개인이나집단의태도는지식과는달리 6주라는짧은기간에변화시키기에는어려움이있었을것으로여겨진다. 따라서중재후일정기간이흐른후 2차사후조사를실시하여태도에미치는효과를평가해볼수도있을것이다. 둘째, 태도를측정하기위해사용한도구가신뢰도가낮았던점이영향을주었을가능성도배제할수없다. 셋째, 대조군의실무자들에게본연구의목적및필요성등을알리고연구를진행하는과정에서사전조사로인해대상자가민감해져서즉시험효과로인해대조군의억제대사용에대한태도가변화되었을수도있었을것이다. 따라서억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램이간호제공자의태도에미치는효과를좀더정확하게측정하기위해서는신뢰도가높은태도측정도구의개발이선행되어야할것이다. 신체적억제대사용에대한태도에관하여교육후실험군의 각문항의태도점수를분석한결과대부분의문항에서태도의향상을나타냈다. 이러한긍정적인태도의변화는교육을통해실제적인지식의향상으로인해교육후신체적억제대사용에대해인간의정당성문제나윤리적인문제에대한인식에영향을끼쳤기때문이라고여겨진다. 하지만 노인시설에서는억제대가환자의위엄을상실하는수단일지라도환자의안전을위해법적으로억제대를사용할책임이있다 의항목은교육후에도 2.44점으로낮은점수를나타냈다. 이결과는간호사들은신체적억제대사용과관련하여법적이고윤리적인문제사이에균형을유지하기위해노력한다는 Janelli 등 (2006) 의보고와는차이를보인다. 이는미국과는달리국내의경우아직장기요양시설에서의신체적억제대사용에대한지침과교육의부재그리고법적인책임도모호하기때문이라고여겨지며이는억제대사용감소를위해시설과국가차원의협조와다학제적접근이필요함을제시한다. 본연구에서교육프로그램의제공전후실험군과대조군간의신체적억제대사용에대한간호실무의변화는통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램의제공이간호실무의변화에미치는효과에대해서는선행연구에서도일관성이없는결과를보여주었다. 장기요양시설의간호사를대상으로 5회의교육후실무에서효과를평가한 Huizing, Hamers, Gulpers와 Berger (2006) 의연구에서는간호실무변화에효과가없는것으로나타난반면, 일부연구에서는 (Smith et al., 2003; Testad et al., 2005; Yeo & Park, 2006) 간호사나간호제공자들의실무변화에효과가있는것으로보고하였다. 본연구에서교육전과후에실험군과대조군에서신체적억제대사용관련간호실무에서점수의변화가통계적으로유의한차이가나지는않았지만전반적인간호실무점수는높은편으로간호제공자들이임상에서바람직한간호행위를하고있었다. 그러나간호실무에대한측정이자가평가에의해이루어져주관적일수있으므로, 억제대사용률과같이좀더객관적인변수를측정하는것을고려해볼필요가있을것이다. 교육후에간호실무점수의차이는작았으나실험군은증가를보인것에반해대조군에서는감소를보였는데이점은교육효과가미미하다해도현재국내장기요양시설의임상환경을고려하면의미가있다고사료된다. 국내에서는간호의질향상으로실무변화를기대하는데있어필요한정책이나제도화의한계로인해신체적억제대사용감소를위한근거중심의지침도아직마련되어있지않고교육도없는상황에서간호를하고있기때문에간호실무의변화를단기간에기대하기는어려울것이라여겨지며변화를위한단계적인과정이

10 778 최금봉 김진선 필요하다. 따라서태도의변화와마찬가지로일정한시간이지난후 2차사후조사를실시하여억제대사용의실무에미치는효과를평가해볼수있을것이다. 본연구의이론적틀에서변화의과정마지막단계인재동결기단계는새로운지식, 태도, 기술, 그리고행동양상을강화하는단계 (Lewin, 1951) 이다. 이이론에근거하여장기요양시설의간호제공자들이신체적억제대사용관련교육을통해습득한지식과기술을이용하여태도를변화시키고간호실무에서행동을강화하는노력이지속적으로이루어진다면각시설의신체적억제대사용감소의효과를기대할수있을것이다 (Janelli et al., 2006). 그러나간호실무에서억제대사용감소를위한노력의체계적정착은간호제공자개인의신체적억제대사용에대한지식의향상이나, 태도및인식의전환만으로는어려우며, 간호부서더나아가서는기관차원의행정적지지와다학제적협조 (Pekkarinen, Elovainio, Sinervo, Finne-Soveri, & Noro, 2006) 를통한각계의접근이필요하다. 2006년 노인복지시설인권보호및안전관리지침 의신설 (Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, 2006) 로노인의인권보호강조와노인장기요양보호법시행으로인해노인의료복지시설이용자가급격하게증가되고있는현시점에서신체적억제대사용에대한지속적인교육을통한간호실무의변화는절대적으로필요하다. 신체적억제대사용에대한적절한교육은간호제공자들의신체적억제대사용을줄일수있을것이다 (Janelli et al., 2006). 노인의료복지시설거주자들특히공격행동으로인해신체적억제대를적용받는치매노인들의간호제공자들에게신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육을제공함으로서각개인의공격발생요인들을파악하고이해하는데영향을주어그들의건강상태에긍정적인영향을미칠것이며 (Oh, 2000), 가족부양자들의죄책감이나부양부담을완화시킬수있을것이다. 또한시설거주노인들뿐만아니라그들의가족, 간호제공자들또한환자의안전과신체적억제대사용과관련된죄책감, 당혹스러운느낌사이에서오는윤리적딜레마로부터자유로울수있을것이다 (Slettebo & Bunch, 2004). 따라서궁극적으로간호의질향상에기여를할수있을것이다. 현재신체적억제대사용에대한근거중심간호실무표준은비억제대간호 (restraint-free care) 로가는것이며, 불가피하게신체적억제대를사용해야된다면가장안전하고기능의증진이나유지, 삶의질증진과유지를위해개인적인간호에초점을둔다 (Park & Tang, 2007). 국내에서는노인의료복지시설간호제공자를위한신체적억제대사용관련교육자료는아직매우미흡하여접하기어려운실정이나온라인상으로쉽게 활용할수있는국외의신체적억제대사용관련지침이있으므로이를활용하는것도현상황에서비억제대간호로나아갈수있는방법이라여겨진다. 본연구는추후연구에서고려하여야할몇가지제한점을가지고있다. 첫째, 결과변수로간호제공자가자가진술하는지식, 태도, 실무만을측정하였을뿐실질적으로신체적억제대사용이감소하였는지와같은객관적측정이이루어지지않았다. 추후연구에서는교육제공전후억제대사용률의변화와같은객관적결과변수의측정이요구된다. 둘째, 신체적억제대사용에대한지식과태도를측정하기위해사용한도구의신뢰도가낮았다는점이다. 또한외국에서개발한도구의경우문화적차이에서오는문제점을극복하기위해번역, 역번역, 예비조사등의과정이요구되나본연구에서는역번역과정을시행하지못했다. 따라서추후연구에서는연구에대한타당도및검정력을높이기위한노력으로지식과태도를측정하기위한신뢰도가높은도구의선택이요구되며, 문화적차이에서오는문제점을극복하기위한과정을철저하게거친후도구를사용해야할것이다. 셋째, 연구대상자가간호제공자였기때문에간호사와간호조무사를대상자로포함하였다. 그러나간호사와간호조무사는서로다른교육제도하에서다른교육과정으로교육이이루어지기때문에추후연구에서는간호제공자집단을세분화하여대상자의수준에더욱적절한교육을개발하여적용하고그결과를평가해볼것을권장한다. 위와같은제한점에도불구하고, 본연구는국내에서노인전문병원간호제공자들에게신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램을개발하여적용한후그효과를평가한첫번째시도였다는점에큰의의가있다. 아울러우리나라노인인구증가에따른노인의료복지시설이용자가증가하는현시점에서시설에서제공되는간호의질을결정하는데중요한일요소인신체적억제대사용에대해교육프로그램을개발하여노인전문병원간호제공자에게제공하고그효과를검증하는연구를실시하였다는점에서본연구는매우의미가크고시기적절하였다고본다. 따라서본연구결과를기초로노인의료복지시설간호제공자의신체적억제대사용감소를위한더욱적절한내용및방법의교육프로그램을개발할수있을것이며또한이를근거로하여근거중심간호교육이나연구활성화를기대할수있을것으로사료된다. 결론노인전문병원간호제공자를대상으로신체적억제대사용감

11 노인전문병원간호제공자의신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육프로그램의효과 779 소를위한교육프로그램을개발하여이를적용한후간호제공자들의신체적억제대사용에대한지식, 태도및간호실무에미치는효과를평가한결과, 신체적억제대사용감소를위한 6 주간의교육중재가노인전문병원간호제공자들의신체적억제대사용에대한지식을높이는데효과가있었다. 하지만교육후그들의신체적억제대사용관련태도와간호실무변화에있어향상을나타냈지만두집단간에는통계적으로유의하지않았다. 연구결과를종합해볼때, 신체적억제대사용감소를위해서는간호제공자들이교육을통해습득한지식을간호실무에서실제적으로적용하는것이필요하다. 이를위해간호제공자각개인의신체적억제대사용에대한태도및인식의확고한전환을위한노력이요구되며, 각시설에서는신체적억제대사용관련지침은물론기관차원의행정적지지와다학제적협조를통한각계의접근이필요할것이다. 본연구결과를바탕으로간호연구, 실무및교육을위해다음의제언을한다. 첫째, 간호제공자의교대근무특성상의어려움이있으므로교육의효과를확대하기위해온라인을통한신체적억제대사용에관한웹기반교육프로그램의개발및보급이필요하다. 둘째, 국내의노인의료복지시설에서활용할수있는표준화된신체적억제대사용관련근거중심간호실무프로토콜의개발및정착이필요하다. 셋째, 노인전문병원간호제공자를대상으로신체적억제대사용감소를위한교육적성과를검증한첫번째시도였으므로, 이를기반으로한추후반복연구가필요하다. REFERENCES Allen-Burge, R., Stevens, A., & Burgio, L. (1999). Effective behavioral interventions for decreasing dementia-related challenging behavior in nursing homes. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, Capezuti, E. (2004). Minimizing the use of restrictive devices in dementia patients at risk for falling. Nursing Clinics of North America, 39, Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for behavioral science (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Academic Press. Doerflinger, D. M. (2004). The relationship acute care nurse administrators knowledge and attitudes and restraint reduction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Mason University, VA, USA. Engberg, J., Castle, N. G., & McCaffrey, D. (2008). Physical restraint initiation in nursing homes and subsequent health. The Gerontologist, 48, Feng, Z., Hirdes, J. P., Smith, T. F., Finne-Soveri, H., Chi, I., Du Pasquier, J. N., et al. (2009). Use of physical restraints and antipsychotic medications in nursing homes: A cross-national study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24, Guttman, R., Altman, R. D., & Karlan, M. S. (1999). Report of the Council of Scientific Affairs: Use of restraint for patients in nursing homes. Archives of Family Medicine, 8, Hamers, J. P., & Huizing, A. R. (2005). Why do we use physical restraints in the elderly. Zeitschrift fu_r Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 38, Huizing, A. R., Hamers, J. P., Gulpers, M. J., & Berger, M. P. (2006). Short-term effects of educational intervention on physical restraint use: A cluster randomized trial. BMC Geriatrics, 6(17), Janelli, L. M., Scherer, Y. K., Kanski, G. W., & Neary, M. A. (1991). What nursing staff members really know about physical restraints. Rehabilitation Nursing, 16, Janelli, L. M., Stamps, D., & Dells, L. (2006). Physical restraints use: A nursing perspective. Journal of the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses, 15, Kang, S. H. (2003). A study on nurses knowledge and attitude toward the use of physical restraints. Unpublished master s thesis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju. Kim, J. S., & Oh, H. Y. (2006). Perceptions and attitude on use of physical restraints among caregivers in long term care facilities. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society, 26, Kim, K. S., & Chi, S. A. (2001). A study on perceptions about physical restraint use of nurses and doctors in hospital setting. The Chung-Ang Journal of Nursing, 5, Kim, K. S., Kim, J. H., Lee, S. H., Cha, H. K., Shin, S. J., & Chi, S. A. (2000). The physical restraint use in hospital nursing situation. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 30, Korea National Statistical Office. (2008, October 1) Statistics for the elderly. Retrieved November 5, 2008, from kosis.kr Lee, K. J., &, Kweoun, M. S. (2001). Perceptions of nurses, nurse assistants, and families on the use of physical restraint with elderly people in care facilities. Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing, 3, Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. New York, NY: Harper & Row. Ludwick, R., Meehan, A., Zeller, R., & O toole, R. (2008). Safety work: Initiating, maintaining, and terminating restraints. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 22(2), Mamun, K., & Lim, J. (2005). Use of physical restraints in nursing homes: Current practice in Singapore. Annals of Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 34, Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs. (2006, May 23). Human rights protection and safety management guideline for senior citizens welfare institution. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from Nay, R., & Koch, S. (2006). Overcoming restraint use: Examining

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