Table 1. Precision of commercialized controls (CC) and in-house controls (HC) for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)* Items N Unit Mean Betweenruns SD 용시약을, 상품화된
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1 단신 Lab Med Online Vol. 2, No. 4: , October 2012 진단면역학 면역검사법에서시약 Lot 간동등성분석 Analysis of Comparability Test between Reagent Lots in Immunoassay 김현수 1 황동희 2 강희정 1 Hyun Soo Kim, M.D. 1, Dong Hee Whang, M.D. 2, Hee Jung Kang, M.D. 1 한림대학교의과대학진단검사의학교실 1, 인제대학교의과대학서울백병원진단검사의학과 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine 1, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Laboratory Medicine 2, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea Lot-to-lot reproducibility is an important issue in immunoassays and reagent lot-to-lot comparability test comparing the results of new reagent lot with those of used lot using patients samples or controls is usually performed to detect the difference between lots. However, there are no universally used acceptability criteria regarding reagent lot-to-lot comparability test. We performed reagent comparability test between different lots of α-fetoprotein (AFP) reagents and tried to determine its comparability by several criteria. Both the commercialized controls and in-house controls for AFP made from pooled patients sera were measured 10 times using the old and new lots of reagents, whenever a reagent lot was changed. The differences in the mean control values, the percent difference (% difference), and the difference to between-run standard deviation ratio (D:SD ratio) between successive lots were calculated. We compared the results of reagent comparability test to arbitrarily determined acceptability criteria suggested by CLSI C54-A. Although comparability between reagent lots was determined according to how strictly we set the criteria, some lot-to-lot differences between certain pairs of lots exceeded the criteria. We hope that the results of this study might be helpful to perform reagent lot-to-lot comparability test and set the criteria for reagent comparability test between lots in other laboratories. Key Words: Lot-to-lot variation, Comparability, Alpha-fetoprotein, Immunoassay 대부분의검사실에서시약 lot 가변경될때, 시약 lot 간차이가 있는지를확인하기위하여새 lot 의시약을사용하기전에환자검 체나정도관리물질을새 lot 의시약과현재 lot 의시약으로같이측 정하여결과를비교하는시약 lot 간동등성검사 (comparability test between reagent lots) 또는시약병행검사 (reagent parallel test) 를 시행하고있다. 기본적으로시약 lot 간에약간의결과차이가있게 되는데, 이차이를어느정도까지허용할것인지에대한공인된기 준이나참고자료는거의없다. 국내에서는시약 lot 간결과차이로 Corresponding author: Hyun Soo Kim, M.D. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, 12 Beodeunaru-ro 7-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , hskim0901@empas.com Received: January 29, 2012 Revision received: April 4, 2012 Accepted: May 17, 2012 This article is available from , Laboratory Medicine Online This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 부터 % difference 를구하여저농도일경우는 20% 이내, 고농도에서는 10% 이내의허용범위와비교하는검사실이많으며, 일부검사실에서는종목별총허용오차 (total allowable error) 자료를이용하여종목별허용기준을설정하기도한다. 본논문에서는 CLSI C54-A[1] 에서제안한방법에따라알파태아단백질 (alpha-fetoprotein, AFP) 시약 lot 간동등성검증의허용범위를정해보고, AFP 검사의시약 lot 간차이를보기위해정도관리물질과환자검체를각각 10회씩반복측정하여분석한결과 [2] 를임의로설정한허용범위와비교하여시약 lot 간동등성여부를확인하고자하였다. AFP 시약의 lot 간차이를확인하기위하여, 상품화된정도관리물질과자가제조한정도관리물질을이용하여시약 lot 간차이를측정하였다 [2]. 자가제조정도관리물질은상품화된정도관리물질농도와비슷한농도가되도록여러농도의환자혈청을혼합하여제조하였고, aliquot로분주하여 -70 C 에보관하였다. 자가제조정도관리물질은 1일 4회씩, 10일간측정하여평균농도, 표준편차, 변이계수를구하였고, 상품화된정도관리물질은 1일 1회씩 40일간측정한결과를수집하여평균, 표준편차, 변이계수를구하였다 (Table 1). AFP 측정은검사실에서사용하고있는 ADVIA Centaur XP (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, New York, USA) 장비와전 eissn
2 Table 1. Precision of commercialized controls (CC) and in-house controls (HC) for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)* Items N Unit Mean Betweenruns SD 용시약을, 상품화된정도관리물질은 Bio-Rad 사 (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) 의 Lymphochek Immunoassay Plus Control (lot no ) 을사용하였다. 시약 lot 가바뀔경우, 사용 하고있던 lot 의시약과변경예정인새 lot 의시약으로상품화된정 도관리물질과자가제조정도관리물질을각각 10 회씩반복측정하 여평균및차이를구하였다. AFP 시약 lot 는 5 월 22 일과 7 월 28 일 에두차례변경되어총 3 개의시약 lot (Lot 129, 130, 131) 가사용되 었으며 lot 별정도관리물질의측정평균치, t-test 결과 P 값, 평균차 이 (difference), 차이의백분율 (% difference=difference/[mean1+ mean2]/2 100(%)), 차이 : 표준편차비 (D:SD ratio) 를구하여 Table 2 에나타내었다. CV (%) Commercialized control AFP Low (CC-AFP-L) 40 (40 days) ng/ml Medium (CC-AFP-M) 40 (40 days) ng/ml High (CC-AFP-H) 40 (40 days) ng/ml In-house control AFP Low (HC-AFP-L) 40 (10 days) ng/ml Medium (HC-AFP-M) 40 (10 days) ng/ml High (HC-AFP-H) 40 (10 days) ng/ml *This table was modified from the authors previous paper under the permission of the publisher [2]. Abbreviation: AFP, alpha-fetoprotein. 이결과로부터시약 lot 간동등성여부를검증하기위하여먼저 AFP 의두 lot 간차이의허용범위를정하였다. 시약 lot 간차이의 허용기준을어떻게설정하느냐에대한참고문헌은저자들이찾아 본바로는거의없었다. 단지장비간동등성을검증하기위한평가 방법과허용기준을제안한문헌인 CLSI C54-A [1] 에서는장비간 동등성검증을위해보편적으로사용되는허용기준은없으므로 검사실책임자가허용기준을설정해야한다고되어있으며, 검사 실책임자가허용기준을설정하는방법으로 1) 임상결과에근거한 설정, 2) 임상의의설문에근거한설정, 3) 생물학적변이에근거한 설정, 4) 전문가집단또는인증기구가설정한최소요건, 5) 외부정 도관리결과에근거한설정등의순서로고려해볼수있다고되어 있다. 임상결과에근거한설정이있는면역검사종목은거의없으 며, 그기관임상의에게결과차이의허용기준을정해달라는것도 매우주관적인기준이되므로, 우선개인의생물학적변이 (withinsubject biological variability) 에근거한설정을고려하게되는데, 생물학적변이에근거한허용범위로개인의생물학적변이의 0.33 이내 (<0.33 CV I) 가제안된바있다 [1]. AFP 의개인의생물학적변 이 (CVw) 는 12.2% 이므로 [3] 허용기준은이값에 0.33 을곱한 4.02% Table 2. Reagent comparability test between lots for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay* Reagent Lot No. Lot 129 vs. Lot 130 (May 22) Lot 130 vs. Lot 131 (Jul 28) CC-AFP-L Mean (ng/ml) 22.6 vs vs P value by t-test <0.001 Difference (ng/ml) % Difference -3.1% 17.7% D:SD ratio CC-AFP-M Mean (ng/ml) vs vs Difference (ng/ml) % Difference -1.7% 14.0% D:SD ratio CC-AFP-H Mean (ng/ml) vs vs Difference (ng/ml) % Difference -2.5% 13.2% D:SD ratio HC-AFP-L Mean (ng /ml) 26.7 vs vs P value by t-test <0.001 <0.001 Difference (ng/ml) % Difference -5.4% 14.5% D:SD ratio HC-AFP-M Mean (ng/ml) vs vs Difference (ng/ml) % Difference 0.1% 13.6% D:SD ratio HC-AFP-H Mean (ng/ml) vs vs Difference (ng/ml) % Difference 0.1% 12.5% D:SD ratio *This table was modified from the authors previous paper under the permission of the publisher [2]. Abbreviations: HC, in-house control; CC, commercialized control; L, low; M, medium; H, high; D, difference; NS, not significant. 이내여야하는데 Table 1 에서보면 AFP 의변이계수가 6.9%, 4.9%, 5.3% 로 4.02% 보다크므로 lot 간차이의허용기준을 4.02% 로정하 기에는허용범위가너무좁다. 따라서그다음허용기준으로전문 가집단또는인증기구가설정한 AFP 의질관리요구사항이있는지 를살펴보았다. 국내전문가집단이나인증기구에서는 AFP 의질관 리요구사항이설정된바없으며, 호주인증기구인 (Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, RCPA) 의질관리요구사항 (Quality requirement) 으로 AFP 의경우 25 kiu/l (23 ng/ml; 1 IU/mL= 0.92 ng/ml) 농도이하일경우는 ±5 kiu/l (4.6 ng/ml) 이내, 25 kiu/l (23 ng/ml) 를초과할경우는 ±20% 이내여야한다는기준이있었 다 [4]. 또한미국 CLIA 의 proficiency testing criteria for acceptable analytical performance [5] 에따르면 AFP 의질관리요구사항으로 236
3 target value±3 SD라는기준이있었다. 그다음으로고려할수있는허용기준은외부정도관리결과에근거한설정이다. 예를들면, 국내 2009년 AFP의외부정도결과는저농도 (3.7 IU/mL) 에서의변이계수가 9.62% 였고고농도 (277 IU/mL) 에서의변이계수는 6.22% 였는데 lot 간차이의허용범위를검사실간변이계수의 1.5 배, 2배등으로검사실에서임의로정할수있겠다. 마지막으로고려할수있는허용기준은내부정밀도데이터에근거한설정으로위에서외부정도관리결과에근거한설정과마찬가지로변이계수의 1.5 배, 2배등으로검사실에서임의로정하는방법이다. 이때중요한것은변이계수설정에서동일 lot의정도관리물질을사용해서가능한장기간에걸친표준편차와변이계수값을이용해야한다는점이다. CLSI C54-A에의하면최소 6개월간의데이터를누적하여구하는것이좋다고되어있다. 본연구에서는 40일간의표준편차와변이계수가계산되었으므로허용기준을임의로변이계수의 2 배로설정하면저농도에서는 13.8%, 중간농도 9.8%, 고농도 10.6% 로설정할수있겠다. 자가제조한정도관리물질의경우동일한 40 회측정이었지만 10일간만측정하였으므로다양한환경변화가반영되지않아서자가제조정도관리물질의변이계수가상품화된정도관리물질보다작게나타났다. 위와같이다양한허용기준을정하고, 그다음과정으로두 lot 간차이를산정하는계산방법을통해계산된결과와설정한허용기준을비교해서동등성여부를판단하였다. 계산법은단순히두결과차이의허용기준을정해놓고두결과차이를허용기준과비교하는방법이있겠고, 또다른방법으로 Table 2에서보여주듯이국내에서많이사용하는 % difference 나 CLSI C54-A [1] 에나와있는범위검증법 (range test) 계산식을이용할수있겠다. 범위검증법계산식은반복측정횟수를정하는방법이있는것을제외하고는국내에서많이사용되는 % difference 계산법과동일하였다 (Range, %=[highest measurement system mean-lowest measurement system mean]/mean of all measurement system mean). 범위검증법은두장비 ( 방법 ) 의변이계수가 2배이하의차이인지를확인해서 2배이하인경우에만이방법을이용할수있고, 2배를초과할경우 40 개이상의검체를이용하여검사법간의결과를비교하는 CLSI EP9 방법을이용해야한다고되어있다 [1]. 시약동등성검증의경우방법 1 (Lot A) 과방법 2 (Lot B) 가동일한장비에서시행되어변이계수가동일하므로범위검증법을이용할수있겠다. 앞에서기술한다양한방법으로허용기준을설정하여, 설정한허용기준과그허용기준에따른시약동등성검증결과를 Table 3에나타내었다. 구체적으로살펴보면첫번째허용기준 ( 임계차 ; Critical Difference; D crit 1) 은개인내생물학적변이 12.2% 의 1/3 값인 4.02% 로허용기준 ( 임계차 ) 을정하였는데검사의변이계수에비해허용기준이너무좁으므로사용하지않는것이타당하겠다. 이기준을적 Table 3. Reagent comparability test between lots and decisions according to several arbitrary acceptability criteria (critical difference) for the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay Dcrit 5 Dcrit 5 (QC, 2 x CV) Dcrit 4 Dcrit 4 (EQA, 2 x CV) Dcrit 3 Dcrit 3 (CLIA, 3 x SD) Decision On Dcrit 2 Dcrit 2 (RCPA) Dcrit 1 Dcrit 1 (0.33 x CVI) Range, % (% Diff) Difference between lots Controls Lot 129 vs. CC-AFP-L -0.7 ng/ml -3.1% 4.02% Pass 4.6 ng/ml Pass 4.44 ng/ml Pass 19.24% Pass 13.8% Pass Lot 130 CC-AFP-M -1.7 ng/ml -1.7% 4.02% Pass 20% Pass ng/ml Pass 12.44% Pass 9.8% Pass (May 22) CC-AFP-H -5.5 ng/ml -2.5% 4.02% Pass 20% Pass ng/ml Pass 12.44% Pass 10.6% Pass HC-AFP-L -1.4 ng/ml -5.4% 4.02% Fail 20% Pass 4.44 ng/ml Pass 19.24% Pass 13.8% Pass HC-AFP-M 0.1 ng/ml 0.1% 4.02% Pass 20% Pass ng/ml Pass 12.44% Pass 9.8% Pass HC-AFP-H 0.2 ng/ml 0.1% 4.02% Pass 20% Pass ng/ml Pass 12.44% Pass 10.6% Pass Lot 130 vs. CC-AFP-L 3.5 ng/ml 17.7% 4.02% Fail 4.6 ng/ml Pass 4.44 ng/ml Pass 19.24% Pass 13.8% Fail Lot 131 CC-AFP-M 13.1 ng/ml 14.0% 4.02% Fail 20% Pass ng/ml Pass 12.44% Fail 9.8% Fail (Jul 28) CC-AFP-H 27.2 ng/ml 13.2% 4.02% Fail 20% Pass ng/ml Pass 12.44% Fail 10.6% Fail HC-AFP-L 3.4 ng/ml 14.5% 4.02% Fail 20% Pass 4.44 ng/ml Pass 19.24% Pass 13.8% Fail HC-AFP-M 14.0 ng/ml 13.6% 4.02% Fail 20% Pass ng/ml Pass 12.44% Fail 9.8% Fail HC-AFP-H 26.7 ng/ml 12.5% 4.02% Fail 20% Pass ng/ml Pass 12.44% Fail 10.6% Fail Abbreviations: CC, commercialized control; HC, in-house control; L, low; M, medium; H, high; % Diff, % difference; Dcrit, critical difference; CVI, within-subject biological variability; RCPA, Royal College of Pathologists of Australalsia; EQA, External quality assessment
4 용하면, 5월 22일 lot 변경시자가제조저농도정도관리물질 (HC- AFP-L) 과 7월 28일모든농도의정도관리물질이이기준을벗어났다. 두번째로호주 RCPA 기준 (D crit 2) 을이용해보면상품화된저농도정도관리물질의농도만 23 ng/ml 이하인 21.5 ng/ml이므로 lot 간차이의허용기준을 ±4.60 ng/ml 이내로산정할수있었고, 실측 lot 간차이는 0.7 ng/ml (5월 22일 ) 와 3.5 ng/ml (7월 28일 ) 이었으므로허용기준이내였다. 중간농도및고농도정도관리물질은 ±20% 이내로허용범위가매우넓으므로본연구에서모두이기준을충족하였다. 세번째로 CLIA 기준 (D crit 3) 은 ±3 SD로허용범위가매우넓으므로본연구의두 lot 간차이는이조건을모두만족하였다. CLIA 기준은원래외부정도관리결과의차이의허용기준으로제시되었으나내부정도관리허용기준으로사용하기도한다. 하지만 lot 변경시의차이의허용기준으로는지나치게넓은것으로생각되었다. 네번째외부정도관리결과에근거한설정방법 (D crit 4) 으로임의로검사실간변이계수의 2배로설정하였을때허용기준은저농도에서 19.24%, 고농도에서 12.44% 가된다. 이기준을적용하면 5월 22일결과와 7월 28일저농도정도관리물질의결과는허용기준이내였으나, 7월 28일중간농도와고농도의정도관리물질결과는모두허용기준을초과하였다. 허용기준을구하는다섯번째방법으로내부정밀도데이터에근거한설정 (D crit 5) 으로허용기준을임의로 40일간변이계수의 2배로설정하면 13.8% (L), 9.8% (M), 10.6% (H) 로, 5월 24일 lot 간결과차이는모두허용기준내였으나 7월 28일결과는모두허용기준을벗어났다. 전체적으로 Table 3 결과를보았을때 5월 22일 lot 129와 lot 130의차이는검사실에서설정한허용범위 ( 임계차 ) 보다작았으므로두 lot는동등하다로결론지을수있지만, 7월 28일 lot 130과 lot 131의차이는허용범위를넓게잡았을때를제외하고는대부분허용범위 ( 임계차 ) 를벗어났으므로두 lot는동등하지않다고결론지을수있었다. 단지, 이결과에서고려해야할점은동일한 lot 130이 5월 22일과 7월 28일에큰차이로측정되었지만, 측정시기가다르고 lot도달랐던 5월 22일 lot 130과 7월 28일 lot 131의차이는거의없는것을확인할수있으므로 7월 28일의 lot 130 시약의정도관리결과가좋지않았을것으로추측되었다. 실제일별내부정도관리결과를확인한결과 7월 28일의정도관리결과가검사실내부정도관리허용범위범위내에는있었지만 -2SD 정도아래쪽으로치우쳐서나타났으며, 시약 lot 130을새롭게캘리브레이션한후에는정도관리물질수치가다시그동안의평균정도로상승한것을확인할수있어, 사용하고있던시약 lot의역가가떨어져서새롭게캘리브레이션한새로운 lot의시약과차이가있었을것으로생각되었다. 이처럼 lot 간차이가있을경우사용하고있던기존 lot (old lot) 와새 lot (new lot) 의시약모두새롭게캘리브레이션하여재검하는과정이필요할것이나, 본연구의실험당시에는사용하고있던 lot의시 약을다시캘리브레이션하고 lot 간동등성검증을시행하지는않았다. 본연구에서시약 lot 변경시의 lot 간동등성여부를상품화된정도관리물질과자가제조정도관리물질을이용하여, CLSI C54-A 에서제안한여러가지방법에따라서허용범위를설정하고 lot 간동등성을검증하여보았는데, 동일한결과라도어떤허용기준을사용하느냐에따라 lot 간결과의동등성이달리판정될수있는것을확인하였다. 따라서검사실책임자는위에서언급된참고할만한여러가지허용기준, 해당검사종목의과거의정밀도수준, 그리고해당검사종목에대한축적된경험등을토대로 lot 간차이의허용기준을설정해야하겠다. 그리고시약 lot 간동등성검증시검사실에서설정한허용범위를벗어날경우는두 lot의시약을모두새롭게캘리브레이션을한후정도관리물질과환자검체로 lot 간동등성검증을다시진행하고, 이경우도허용범위를벗어난경우에는시약회사에연락하여다른 lot로교체해본다든지등의조치가필요하겠다. 본연구가각검사실에서시약 lot 교체시 lot 간동등성을검증하고허용범위를설정하는데도움이되기를바란다. 요약 면역검사에서시약 lot 간재현성은중요한문제이다. 시약 lot 간차이를검출하기위해서새 lot의시약과사용중인 lot의시약으로환자검체나정도관리물질을측정하여결과를비교하는시약 lot 간동등성검사가흔히이용된다. 그러나시약 lot 간동등성검사에관한보편적인허용기준은없다. 저자들은 AFP 종목에대해시약 lot 간동등성검사를수행하고다양한허용기준에따라동등성을판정하고자하였다. AFP 시약 lot 변경시에상품화된정도관리물질과환자혈청으로만든자가제조정도관리물질을새 lot의시약과사용중인 lot의시약으로각각 10회씩측정하여두 lot 간평균차이 (difference), 차이의백분율 (% difference), 차이 : 표준편차비 (D:SD ratio) 를계산하였다. CLSI C54-A에서제안한여러가지방법으로시약동등성검사의허용기준을임의로설정하고시약동등성검사결과와비교하였다. 시약 lot 간동등성여부는허용기준을얼마나엄격하게설정하느냐에따라다르게나타났으나일부 lot 간의차이가검출되었다. 본연구의결과가다른검사실에서시약 lot 교체시 lot 간동등성을검증하고허용범위를설정하는데도움이되기를바란다. 감사의글 본연구는 2009년도대한진단검사의학회검사실신임위원회질향상연구사업과제의연구비지원을받아수행되었습니다. 본논 238
5 문의일부내용은 Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science에수록된논문내용과중복되어두잡지의편집장의허가를받아서게재합니다. 참고문헌 1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Verification of comparability of patient results within one health care system; approved guideline. CLSI document C54-A. Wayne PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Kim HS, Kang HJ, Whang DH, Lee SG, Park MJ, Park JY, et al. Analysis of reagent lot-to-lot comparability tests in five immunoassay items. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2012;42: Westgard JO (Ed.), Desirable specifications for total error, imprecision, and bias, derived from intra- and inter-individual biologic variation. (Updated on Apr 2012). 4. Westgard JO (Ed.). Royal college of pathologists of Australasia analytical quality requirements. (Updated on Apr2012). 5. Westgard JO (Ed.). Quality requirements (CLIA and others). westgard.com/clia-quality.htm (Updated on Apr 2012)
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