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1 ISSN (PRINT) ISSN (ONLINE) 약학회지제 61 권제 4 호 233~239 (2017) Yakhak Hoeji Vol. 61, No. 4 DOI /psk 종설 Short Report 갈만추출물의미백기능및안전성에대한임상적유용성평가 황연실 * 김대성 ** 조다정 *** 김다은 * 장보윤 * 류자현 *** 김혜수 ** 조형권 ** 김성연 *,# * 원광대학교약학대학약품연구소, ** 한풍제약, *** 더마프로피부과학연구소 (Received January 10, 2017; Revised August 24, 2017; Accepted August 26, 2017) A clinical evaluation about whitening effect and safety of cosmetic containing aerial part of Pueraria lobata extract Yeon Sil Hwang *, Dae Sung Kim **, Da Jung Jo ***, Da Eun Kim *, Bo Yoon Chang *, Ja Hyun Ryu ***, Hye Soo Kim **, Hyoung Kwon Cho **, and Sung Yeon Kim *,# * Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea ** Hanpoong Pharm. CO., Ltd, st Palbok-dong, Deokjingu, Jeonju 54843, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea *** Dermapro Skin Research Center, 30 Bangbaejungang-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06684, Republic of Korea Abstract Melanin is major factor that determines skin color as well as one of the defense systems that prevent the UVinduced damage. White and clean skin is very important part of the satisfaction of appearance and life quality. The purpose of this clinical study was to investigate the anti-melanogenesis activity for whitening product containing aerial part of Pueraria lobata extract (APPL) can be utilized based on the increase in demands for cosmetics, particularly natural products. A total of 23 subjects who visited Dermapro Skin Research Center were included in this study. Volunteers were irradiated at a test site with UVA+B to induce pigmentation then applied 3% APPL at the test site for 8 weeks. Changes in visual evaluation on pigmentation, average melanin content were observed, and subjective skin lightness and color improvements were analyzed. In all parameters measured in this clinical study, APPL treated group showed significant improvement compared with the control group. After 4 weeks, subjects with 3% APPL treatment started to improve melanin content and visual evaluation on pigmentation and skin lightness. Skin colors have improved from 8 weeks of treatment with 3% APPL. The safety of product containing 3% APPL was also confirmed. Indexes of subjective irritation(itching, prickling, tickling, burning, stinging, stiffness, tightening etc.) and objective irritation(erythema, edema, scale, papule etc.) proved that there was no adverse reaction on skin upon treatment of products. Considering all the results obtained, 3% APPL product can be used as a safe and effective skin-whitening agent. Keywords APPL, whitening, safety, clinical study 피부는해부학적으로외부와의경계부에위치하며다양한외부인자로부터개체를보호하는임무를수행하고있다. 1) 특히피부표피내기저층에존재하는색소세포 (melanocytes) 에서합성되는멜라닌단백질복합체인멜라노좀은자외선과같은외부 # Corresponding Author Sung Yeon Kim Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeollabuk-do, Korea Tel.: Fax.: sungykim@wku.ac.kr 자극에대해피부세포를보호하는중요한역할을하고있다. 2) 그러나최근환경오염으로인한자외선노출증가및노화로인한멜라닌과잉생성은피부에부분적으로색소침착현상을발생시키고있기때문에이와같은현상을예방하거나치료하기위한관심이높아지고있다. 3,4) 색소침착방지를위해사용되는 kojic acid, hydroquinone, vitamin C, azelaic acid 등의대부분은안정성, 이취, 부작용, 세포독성및안전성등의이유로그사용이제한적이다. 5) 따라서인체에부작용이적은천연물을이용한미백소재개발에대한연구가활발하게진행되고있다. 닥나무추출물, 유용성감초추출물은식품의약품안전처에서기능성미백원료로고시되었으 233
2 234 황연실 김대성 조다정 김다은 장보윤 류자현 김혜수 조형권 김성연 며, 삼백초, 당귀, 사삼, 울금, 인진쑥, 상백피등다양한천연물들이미백효과를나타내는것으로알려져있다. 6) 본임상실험에사용된갈만 ( 葛蔓 ) 은칡 ( 野葛, Pueraria lobata Ohwi) 의지상부이다. 칡은콩과에속하는덩굴성다년식물로극동아시아의온대영역에넓게분포하고있다. 예로부터칡의뿌리는갈근 ( 葛根 ) 이라하여해열작용, 폐경기질환, 술독제거, 담즙과위액의분비증가, 혈압저하작용, 심혈관계질병, 저산소증보호효과활성, 납독성에대한보호등에효과가있는것으로알려져있다. 7-9) 칡의뿌리 ( 葛根 ) 에대한효능및기전연구는많이이루어진반면칡의덩굴인갈만 ( 葛蔓 ) 이가지는효능에대한연구는상대적으로많지않다. 최근몇몇연구를통해서갈만추출물은 daidzin, daidzein, genistin, genistein, puerarin등의 isoflavonoid 를함유하고있고산화적스트레스로인한간손상에효과적인억제효과를나타낸다. 10) 특히, 본연구진의선행연구에따르면갈만은세포독성이보이지않는수준의농도에서흑색종세포 (B16F10) 내 MITF와 TRP-1, tyrosinase의 mrna 및단백질발현을억제한다. MITF 는멜라닌합성과정에관여하는주요효소인 tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 의발현을조절하는전사조절인자로작용한다. 뿐만아니라, 갈만은세포내 tyrosinase의활성을저해하며, 활성형 tyrosinase로전환시키는작용을하는 α-glucosidase의활성을저해하는효과를통해멜라닌합성을억제한다. 11) 그러나야생에서갈만은빠른성장속도로인하여도로변산림경관을저해하고생태계를파괴하는등피해를유발하고있다. 이를제거하기위해각지자체들은매년많은예산과인력이동원하고있으며, 미국에서는생태계교란식물로취급되고있다. 본연구는활용성이아직크지않은천연물인갈만추출물의미백효능및안전성에대한임상연구를통해갈만추출물의유용성을평가하고자한다. 실험방법 (Experimental Methods) 연구대상및기간헬싱키선언 (Declaration of Helsinki) 에근거한윤리규정, 인체적용시험가이드라인 ( 식품의약품안전처, 개정 ) 12) 및관련규정 13,14) 에따라더마프로피부과학연구소에임상시험을위해내원한피험자중선정기준에적합하고서면으로동의한 23 명에한해 2016년 03월 14일부터 2016년 05월 27일까지 2개월간더마프로연구원및전문의에의해진행되었다. 본임상시험은더마프로기관생명윤리위원회로부터승인을받았다 ( 승인번호제 A-N-02호 -DICN16043). 1) 선정기준 1 만 18~60세의여성 2 피부질환을포함하는급 만성신체질환이없는건강한자 3 시험참여에앞서시험의목적, 내용, 시험제품의특성등에대하여충분히설명을듣고자발적으로임상시험에참여를결정하고서면으로동의한자 4 시험기간동안추적관찰이가능한자 2) 제외기준 1 임신, 수유중또는 6 개월이내에임신을계획하고있는경우 2 피부질환의치료를위해스테로이드가함유된피부외형제를 1 개월이상사용한경우 3 동일한시험에참가한뒤 6 개월이경과되지않는경우 4 민감성, 과민성피부를가진경우 5 광선조사부위에점, 여드름, 홍반, 모세혈관확장등의피부이상소견이있는경우 6 시험시작 3 개월이내에시험부위에동일또는유사한화장품또는의약품을사용한경우 7 광알레르기또는광감작의병력이있는경우 8 아토피피부염또는기타감염성피부질환이있는경우 9 시험시작 3 개월이내에면역제 ( 항히스타민제, 소염제등 ) 치료를받은경우 10 시험시작 1 개월이내에전신적스테로이드 ( 호르몬치료 ) 또는광선치료를받은경우 11 만성소모성질환이있는경우 ( 천식, 당뇨, 고혈압등 ) 12 장기간광에노출될수있는직업을가진경우 13 그외주시험자의판단으로시험이곤란하다고판단되는경우 3) 시험중단및탈락기준 1 선정및제외기준을위반한경우 2 피험자에게피부이상반응이발생한경우 3 피험자추적이되지않는경우 4 프로토콜을어긴경우 5 피험자또는법정대리인이시험참가동의를철회하거나시험중지를요구하는경우 6 책임연구자및담당자의판단에의해연구진행이적합하지않다고판단되는경우 4) 제한사항 1 피험자는시험제품외의기능성화장품혹은의약품과의혼용을금함 2 시험기간중과도한물리적마찰이나햇볕의노출은피하게함갈만추출물함유제품의적용본실험에사용한갈만은 2015년 7월전북진안에서채취하여, 한풍제약의조형권박사가검증한후사용하였으며갈만표본 (HP ) 은한풍제약표본실에보관하고있다. 갈만 10 kg Vol. 61, No. 4, 2017
3 갈만추출물의미백임상평가 235 을 30 mm로파쇄한다음추출기에넣고 10배의 30% 에탄올을넣어 90~100 o C에서 3시간추출하였다. 추출액을 1μm 크기의마이크로필터를이용하여여과하고잔사를동일조건으로 2차추출하여여과후 60 o C 이하에서감압농축과건조를통해건조물 2.3 kg( 수율 23%) 을얻었다. 건조물에적당량의물과에틸아세트산을넣어분획후에틸아세트산층을농축및건조하여분말 kg( 수율 1.57%) 을얻었다. 지표성분분석을위해갈만추출물분말 0.5 g을메탄올 50 ml에넣어환류냉각기를달고수욕에서 2시간환류추출한다음여과한액에메탄올을추가해 100 ml로만든후메탄올로 5배희석하여만들었다. 지표성분 puerarin 10 mg에메탄올을넣어 100 ml로만들어표준액으로사용하였다. 컬럼은 Capcell Pak C18, UG 120(4.6 mm 250 mm, 5 μm, Shiseido, Japan) 을사용하였다. 이동상은물과메탄올 3:1 비율로조제하였고유속은 1 ml/min, 컬럼온도는 30 o C, 파장은 254 nm로측정하였다. 지표성분의함량은추출물의 9.45% 였다. 임상시험에사용된시험제품은한풍제약에서개발한갈만추출물 3% 를함유한고보습크림이며, 대조제품으로는갈만추출물을함유하지않은크림이다. 갈만추출물은산업적제조단위공정을통해제조된추출물을사용하였다. 11) 시험제품은물과다이에틸렌글라이콜을 7대 1의비율로혼합된용제에주성분인갈만추출물이 3% 함유되도록제조하였다 (puerarin으로 0.282%). 이외에보습제, 피부유연제, 피부컨디셔닝제, 유화제, 향료등을첨가하였다. 갈만추출물함유제품적용을위해모든피험자는방문시마다시험부위를세정한후에항온항습실 (22±2 o C, 50±5%) 에입실하여, 20분동안안정을취한후시험에참여하였다. 피험자의전박부위에인공적으로색소침착을유도한뒤 (Fig. 1), 8주동안 1일 2회 ( 아침, 저녁 ) block randomization을통해대조제품과시험제품을바르고충분히흡수시키도록하였다. 인공색소침착유도선정된피험자의전박부위에 LS1000 Solar Simulator (Solar Light, USA) 를이용하여자외선 (UVA+B) 조사후조사부위를 관찰하여최소홍반량 (Minimal Erythema Dose: MED) 을결정하고, MED의 2-4.5배에해당하는자외선을전박부위에조사하여인공적으로색소침착을유발시켰다. 사진촬영및육안평가제품사용전, 제품사용 2주, 4주, 6주및 8주후평가시점에서디지털카메라 (Digital Camera D-90, Nikon, Japan) 를이용하여시험부위를일정한조명하에서광량 80, F5.6, Flash 1/64의조건으로사진을촬영하였다. 육안평가는시험부위의색소침착정도를 10점척도 (0, 밝고투명함 ; ~9, 어둡고칙칙함, 0.5 단계로진행함 ) 로 2명의시험자가독립적으로평가한뒤, 평균값을적용하여분석하였다. 멜라닌지수측정멜라닌지수측정은 Mexameter MX18(C+K, Germany) 를이용하여측정하였다. 이는피부색을결정하는주요요인인멜라닌과헤모글로빈의양을흡광원리를이용하여측정하는장치로서방출기에서일정량의빛을방출하고, 피부에서반사된빛의양을수용기에서감지하여피부에서흡수된빛의양을계산할수있다. 멜라닌지수는 2개의다른파장영역에서의흡수율로측정된다. 각파장영역의피부흡수율을디지털화하여멜라닌지수 (N, melanin) 와홍반지수 (EI, erythema) 로나타내었다. 본시험은각평가시점에서색소침착부위를 3회측정한후멜라닌지수의평균값을분석하였다. 피부밝기 (L* value) 및색 (ITA o value) 측정피부밝기 (L* value) 및색 (ITA o value) 의측정은 Spectrophotometer CM-2500d (Minolta, Japan) 을이용하여측정하였다. 이는물체색의분광반사율측정을통해 tristimulus values를계산하여 CIE의표색계인 L*, a*, b* 로나타낸다. L*a*b* 표색계에서명도는 L* 로, 색상과채도는 a*, b* 로표현된다. 본시험은각평가시점에서색소침착부위를 3회측정한후평균값을이용하여피부밝기 (L* value) 를분석하였고, 아래의식을이용하여피부색 (Individual Typology Angle (ITA o ) value) 을분석하였다. ITA o = [Arc Tangent ((L* - 50)/ b*)] 180 / Fig. 1 Determination of minimal erythema dose(med) and inducing hyperpigmentation. 안전성평가각평가시점에서시험자가피험자의피부상태를관찰하고, 피험자와의질의응답을통해제품의안전성유무를확인하여기록하였다. 또한반응의양상및강도, 발생시점, 지속기간등에대해시험자가피험자의피부이상반응을문진과육안으로판단한후피부이상반응보고를작성하도록하며, 이에대한시험제 J. Pharm. Soc. Korea
4 236 황연실 김대성 조다정 김다은 장보윤 류자현 김혜수 조형권 김성연 Table I Skin characteristics of volunteers Item Classification Frequency (N) Percentage (%) 30's Age 40's 's Dry Normal Skin type Oily Dry and oily Problematic 품과의관련성에관해서는시험책임자가판단하였다. 통계분석모든데이터의통계적유의성은 SPSS Package Program (IBM, USA) 을이용하여분석하였다. 정규성은첨도 (kurtosis) 와왜도 (skewness), 사전동질성은 paired t-test를통해검증하였다. 군간비교는 RM ANOVA 를, 전후시점별비교는모수일경우 RM ANOVA, 비모수일경우는 Wilcoxon signed-ranks test를이용하여검증하였다. 설문평가분석시효능에관한설문평가는두군의비모수적평균값을비교하기위해 Mann-Whitney U- test를, 사용성종합설문평가는 Chi-Square test를이용하였다. 통계학적유의수준은 p<0.05로설정하였다. 결과및고찰 (Results and Discussion) 피험자의구성및피부특성본시험은기능성화장품의유효성평가를위한가이드라인 13), 화장품표시 광고실증을위한시험방법가이드라인 15) 에서제시한 20명이상을대상으로임상시험을진행하였다. 최저연령 39 세부터최고연령 52세까지의여성 24명에대해선정검사를수행하였으나, 1명의피험자가탈락하여총 23명이시험에참여하였다. 연령대는 30대 2명, 40대 18명, 50대 3명이었으며, 시험에참여한피험자의평균연령은 45.30±3.30세였다 (Table I). Fitzpatrick skin type 분류에따라광피부타입이 III 또는 IV인피험자로구성되었다. 건성피부타입 12명으로가장많은부분을차지했고, 중성과건지성이각각 5명과 4명, 지성이 2명으로문제성피부를제외한모든피부타입의피험자들이실험에참가하였다. 인공색소침착부위의육안평가분석같은인종, 같은피부색이라해도개개인마다 UV에대한피부반응이다르기때문에 UV를조사하기전에피험자마다개개인의최소홍반량 (Minimal Erythema Dose: MED) 를알아야알맞은 Fig. 2 Changes of visual assessment following 8 consecutive weeks application of 3% APPL and control. Decrement of the mean-value represents improvement of skin color on hyperpigmentation (Mean±SD, *p<0.05 vs. before treatment, #p<0.05 vs. control group). UV량을조사할수있다. 일반적으로 MED량의 2배의자외선을사용하나개개인의흑화정도를고려하여추가자외선을조사할수있어본실험에서는 2-4.5배의자외선조사가이루어졌다. 분석결과, 제품사용전후비교시갈만추출물함유제품사용군과대조군모두에서사용 2주후부터색소침착정도가개선되었다. 6주이후부터는갈만추출물함유제품사용군이대조군에비해색소침착정도가유의적으로개선되었다. 6주의갈만추출물함유제품사용군과대조군의육안평가결과는각각 5.03±0.66과 5.17±0.75 (p=0.035), 8주의결과는 4.32±0.79과 4.42±0.82 (p=0.019) 로관찰되어갈만추출물함유제품사용군의색소침착개선효과가더욱큰것으로나타났다 (Fig. 2). 흡광원리를이용한멜라닌지수분석갈만추출물함유제품멜라닌지수분석결과, 제품사용전과비교시갈만추출물함유제품사용군및대조군모두제품사용 2주후시점부터멜라닌지수가개선되었다. 두군간비교시제품사용 4주부터대조군과비교하여갈만추출물함유제품사용군의멜라닌지수감소의폭이유의적으로크게나타났다 (Fig. 3). 멜라닌지수감소의폭은시간이지날수록커짐이관찰되었다. 흡광원리를이용한멜라닌분석에서육안분석보다갈만추출물함유제품의빠른효과가관찰되었으나, 전체적인결과는육안적평가의결과와일치하는것으로사료된다. 분광반사율을이용한피부밝기 (L* value) 및색 (ITA o value) 분석피부밝기 (L* value) 분석결과또한멜라닌지수와동일한경향을보였으며, 제품사용전과비교시갈만추출물함유제품사용군및대조군모두제품사용 2주후시점부터피부밝기 (L* Vol. 61, No. 4, 2017
5 갈만추출물의미백임상평가 237 Fig. 3 Changes of melanin index following 8 consecutive weeks application of 3% APPL and control. Decrement of the meanvalue represents decrease of melanin index (Mean±SD, *p<0.05 vs. before treatment, #p<0.05 vs. control group). Fig. 5 Changes of skin color (ITA o value) following 8 consecutive weeks application of 3% APPL and control. Increment of the mean-value represents improvement of skin color (ITA o value) (Mean±SD, *p<0.05 vs. before treatment, #p<0.05 vs. control group). Fig. 4 Changes of skin lightness (L* value) following 8 consecutive weeks application of 3% APPL and control. Increment of the mean-value represents improvement of skin lightness (L* value) (Mean±SD, *p<0.05 vs. before treatment, #p<0.05 vs. control group). value) 가개선되기시작하였다. 군간비교시제품사용 4주, 6주및 8주후시점에서갈만추출물함유제품사용군은대조군에비해시험군의피부밝기가유의하게개선되었다 (Fig. 4). 피부색분석결과제품사용전과비교시갈만추출물함유제품사용군은제품사용 4주후시점부터, 대조군은제품사용 2주후시점부터피부색 (ITA o value) 이개선되었으며, 군간비교시제품사용 8주후시점에서시험군의수치는 36.71±5.46, 대조군의수치는 35.61±5.60으로유의하게개선되었다 (Fig. 5). 피부안전성평가제품사용후각평가시점에서문진을통해얻어진주관적피부자극감지표 ( 가렵다, 바늘로찌르듯이아프다, 근질거린다, 화 Table II Skin adverse reactions Subjective irritation Symptom 3% APPL/Control 2W 4W 6W 8W Itching Prickling Tickling Burning Stinging Stiffness Tightening etc Erythema Edema Objective irritation Scale Papule etc Total number of subjects 끈거린다, 따끔거린다, 뻣뻣하다, 당긴다등 ) 와관찰을통해얻어진객관적자극지표 ( 홍반, 부종, 인설, 구진등 ) 에서갈만추출물함유제품사용으로인한피부이상반응은모든피험자에게서관찰되지않았다 (Table II). 이러한결과는본실험에앞서수행한인체피부일차자극시험과동일한결과이다. 인체피부일차자극시험의경우, 기능성화장품심사에관한규정의독성시험법 7항 (1) 인체첩포시험방법에근거하여평균연령이 43.9±5.7세인피험자를선정하여, 48 시간동안첩보후, Frosch & Kligman 16) 법을반영하여평가한결 J. Pharm. Soc. Korea
6 238 황연실 김대성 조다정 김다은 장보윤 류자현 김혜수 조형권 김성연 Table III Results of human skin primary irritation test No Test material No. of responder 48hr Reaction Grade h Mean 1 3% APPL Control 과로, 단 1명의피험자에서 1+ grade(slight erythema, either spotty or diffuse) 의피부반응이관찰되어저자극범주의물질로판단되었다 (Table III). 결론 (Conclusion) 멜라닌은동물, 식물에널리분포하는페놀류고분자화합물로피부와머리카락의색상을결정하는주요인자이다. 일반적으로멜라닌은자외선이나자유라디칼과같은외부자극요인으로부터피부세포의손상을억제하기위해만들어진다. 17,18) 멜라닌이과도하게합성되면피부표면에침착되어기미, 주근깨등다양한색소침착을유발하고피부노화를촉진시킨다. 19) 멜라닌은 tyrosine을기질로 tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein-1(trp-1), tyrosinase related protein-2(trp-2) 에의해 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine(DOPA) 와 DOPA quinone, DOPA chrome을거쳐생성된다. 20,21) 이러한멜라닌의생성의상위단계에신호전달계가작용하는것으로알려져있다. 멜라닌을증가시키는주요요인중하나인 α-msh는 MC1R(melanocortin receptor 1) 과결합하고신호전달단백질인 adenylate cyclase를활성화하여 cyclic AMP(cAMP) 를증가시킨다. 연속적으로 protein kinase A(PKA) 를통해 camp responsive element binding protein(creb) 을활성화시킨다. 활성화된 CREB는 MITF 단백질의발현을증가시켜 tyrosinase 유전자의발현을촉진하는것으로알려져있다. 22) 많은천연물미백소재연구중최근닥나무추출물중유효성분의유도체로진행한실험에서멜라닌생성의조절의주요인자인 tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 등의억제를통해유효하게미백효과를나타남이보고되었다. 23) 갈만추출물도닥나무추출물과유사한멜라닌생성의억제의기전을갖고있으나, 기존사용되었던 kojic acid나 hydroquinone 의작용과는달리 mushroom tyrosinase 직접적인억제효과는나타나지않는것으로밝혀졌다. 갈만추출물은세포내 tyrosinase 활성의감소를나타냈으며, 이는상위단계인 MITF, TRP-1, tyrosinase 단백질및 mrna 3가지인자발현의억제를통해나타나므로, 11) 기존의제품에비하여효능의발현시간의차이가있을수있을것으로예상되었다. 또한갈만추출물은 tyrosinase의성숙과정에도관여하며, 높은항산화효과를함께나타냄으로써멜라닌생성을효과적으로조절이가능할것이다. 따라서본연구에서는갈만추출물함유한제품의미백효과를확인하기위해인공색소침착법을이용하여임상시험을진행하였다. 임상시험선정기준에적합한피험자 23명을대상으로색소침착유도후 8주간제품을사용하게하여육안평가 ( 색소침착 ), 멜라닌지수측정, 피부밝기 (L* value) 측정, 피부색 (ITA o value) 측정및안전성평가등을수행하였다. 대조군과시험군간비교시제품사용 6주및 8주후시점에서갈만추출물을함유한제품시험군은대조군에비해색소침착정도가유의하게개선되었다. 갈만추출물을함유한제품은대조제품에비해멜라닌지수측정, 피부밝기 (L* value) 측정, 피부색 (ITA o value) 지표에서 4주부터유의적인개선이관찰되었다. 또한갈만추출물함유제품에대한안전성평가에서모든시험자에게이상반응이관찰되지않아피부에대한안전성도확인할수있었다. 이를통해미백소재로서갈만추출물의유용성및안전성을확인하였으며, 갈만추출물함유제품은피부색소침착개선에도움을줄것으로사료된다. 감사의말씀 (Acknowledgment) 본연구는산업통상자원부와한국산업기술진흥원이지원하는경제협력권산업육성사업 ( 과제번호 : R ) 의지원에의하여수행된결과입니다. References 1) Korean Dermatological Association : Dermatology 5th ed., Ryo Moon Gak. P. Co, p. 11 (2008). 2) James, J. N., Raymond, E. Boissy., Vincent, J. H., Richard, A. K., William, S. O. and Ortonne, J. P. : The pigmentary system: physiology and pathophysiology, Oxford University Press, p. 489 (1998). 3) Maeda, K. and Fukuda, M. : In vitro effectiveness of several whitening cosmetic components in human melanocytes. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 42, 361 (1991). 4) Prota, G. : Pigment cell research; what directions?. Pigment Cell Res. 10, 5 (1997). 5) Seo, E. J., Hong, E. S., Choi, M. H., Kim, K. S. and Lee, S. J. : Antioxidant and skin whitening effects of Rhamnus yoshinoi extracts. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 42, 750 (2010). Vol. 61, No. 4, 2017
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