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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp , April 2014 by The Korean Society of Safety (pissn ) All right reserved. 다중슬림형감쇠장치의개발및성능실험 성은희 김다위 박두환 * 박관순 박장호 ** 조해진 * 동국대학교건축공학과 * 테크스타코리아 ** 아주대학교건설시스템공학과 ( 접수 / 채택 ) Development of Multiple Slim Type Damper System and Performance Test E. H. Sung D. Kim D. H. Park * K.-S. Park J. H. Park ** H. -J. Cho * Department of Architectural Engineering, Dongguk University * TechStar Korea ** Department of Civil System Engineering, Ajou University (Received Octomber 29, 2013 / Accepted February 3, 2014) Abstract : For the vibration control of residential buildings, a multiple type slim damper system is developed and dynamic performance test is performed in this study. In conventional damping systems, larger installation space is required in order to achieve acceptable seismic performance, and as a result, it is difficult to determine efficient damping capacity of the device. The proposed damping device is composed of several small slim type dampers and linkage units. It can control damping capacity easily by changing the number of the small damper. To evaluate the proposed damping device, three slim type dampers (single-type, triple-type and penta-type) are designed and manufactured in real scale. Dynamic loading tests are performed by using the three manufactured dampers. From the tests, it is shown that damping coefficient is proportional to the number of the damper combined. Thus, test results validates the practicality of the proposed slim type dampers. applying nonlinear curve fitting technique, numerical model of the dampers are developed and presented. Key Words : installation space, damping capacity, multiple slim type damper, performance test, numerical model 1. 서론최근들어세계곳곳에서대규모지진이빈번히발생하고있으며, 그범위또한확대되고있다. 2008년 5 월중국쓰촨성지진 ( 규모 8.0) 1) 과 2010년 1월아이티포르토프랭스지진 ( 규모 7.0) 2), 2011년 3월동북부대지진 ( 규모 9.0) 은지진에대한더욱철저한준비가중요한요소임을알려주고있다. 국내기상센터의조사 3) 에따르면, 매년지진발생횟수가점점증가하고있는추세이며, 2013년에 (1~12월기준 ) 총 93회의지진이발생한것으로나타났다. 이는이전에비해월등히높은수치이며, 그중규모 3.0 이상의지진이 17회나발생하여지진에대한불안감이커지고있다. 또한인접국가인중국과일본의잦은지진발생은이러한불안감을가중시키고있는실정이다 4). 지진은모든자연재해의특성인불확실성과발생에 따른방대한피해로인해사후대응보다는사전대비가가장좋은방법이라고할수있다. 국내에서는건축물의내진설계및보강을위해그기준이 1988년에최초로도입되었고, 적용대상건축물이 6층이상또는연면적 100,000 m2으로규정하였다. 그이후 2005년에그범위가 3층이상또는연면적 1000 m2이상으로확대되었으며, 내진설계기준또한강화되었다 5). 2013년 10월현재서울시내진대상건축물 27만 3,636동가운데 22.2% 에해당하는 6만 685동의건축물만이내진설계가적용된것으로나타났다 6). 그리고비적용대상건축물까지포함할경우서울시전체건축물 65만 1,079여동중에서 9.3% 만이내진성능을확보하였으며, 이를통해서울시의대다수건축물이여전히지진에취약함을확인할수있다. 따라서신규건축물뿐만아니라기존의건축물의내진성능향상을위한보강기술이필요하다고할수있다. Corresponding Author : Jang Ho Park, Tel : , jangho@ajou.ac.kr Department of Civil System Engineering, Ajou University, San 5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon , Korea 31
2 성은희 김다위 박두환 박관순 박장호 조해진 현재국내에서는기존비내진건축물의내진보강을위해다양한공법 7-9) 을적용하고있으며, 그중에서도구조형식과사용성에구애받지않는제진보강공법 10-16) 을널리이용하고있다. 제진보강공법에사용되는감쇠장치 (damping device) 는주로수동형감쇠장치 (passive damper) 17-24) 로점 탄성댐퍼, 이력댐퍼, 마찰댐퍼등이있다. 점 탄성댐퍼는경제적이나중량대용량비가증가하여설치공간점유율이높고, 이력댐퍼는규모가큰지진에만유리하여다양한지진동에적용하기어렵다. 그리고마찰댐퍼는댐퍼의크기가작으나감쇠용량조절이어려운문제점을가지고있다. 따라서이연구에서는이러한기존의감쇠장치의문제점을보완하여신규및기존건축물의내진성능향상을위한다중슬림형감쇠장치를개발하였다. 개발된다중슬림형감쇠장치는한개의중량이큰감쇠기대신감쇠용량이작은여러개의감쇠기에이들을하나로묶어주는연결부를추가한것으로설치공간을줄일수있을뿐아니라, 감쇠용량조절이용이하여다양한지진동에적용가능한장점을가진다. 또한개발된다중슬림형감쇠장치는실물크기로제작하고, 동적실험을통하여감쇠성능을검증하였다. 동적성능실험및수치해석을통해감쇠성능을검토하였다 Fig. 1. Concept of multiple slim type damper system 2. 다중슬림형감쇠장치개발 2.1. 개요 본연구에서는기존감쇠장치의문제점을해결하기위하여점성댐퍼를이용한다중슬림형감쇠장치를개발하였다. 개발된다중슬림형감쇠장치는 Fig. 1 과같이기존의감쇠장치와달리슬림형감쇠장치를기본단위로하여, 요구되어지는감쇠성능에따라여러개의슬림형감쇠장치를병렬로결합하는방식이다. 따라서감쇠용량이증가하여도감쇠장치의단면지름이증가하지않아설치시필요한공간, 즉벽체두께증가없이도벽체내에설치가가능하여공간효율성이좋다. 그리고슬림형감쇠장치의결합수에따라감쇠용량을결정하므로, 감쇠용량조절이용이할뿐만아니라다양한지진동에적용이가능한특징을가지고있다 제작과정 Fig. 1 의개념을토대로다중슬림형감쇠장치를제작하기위하여, 먼저여러개의슬림형감쇠장치를결합하는연결부의형태를검토하였다. 다중슬림형감쇠장치는기존감쇠장치와달리면외거동가능성이있으므로연결부를직접연결할수있도록단순화하였 Fig. 2. Details of multiple slim type damper system 다. 그리고병렬로결합되는감쇠장치들은설치효율증가를위해기존의원형케이스를사각형으로변경하였다. 세부적으로는케이스별연결부위를좌굴방지를위해강접합이되도록처리하였으며, 단위슬림형감쇠장치의단면지름은기존의건축물의벽체두께와벽체내설치시예상소요되는공간, 케이스두께를합산하여 100 mm 로결정하였다. Fig. 2 는다중슬림형감쇠장치의최종상세도면을나타낸다. Fig. 3 (a)~(f) 는단위슬림형감쇠장치의제작과정으로, (a) 는연결부위의절삭과정으로슬림형감쇠장치가서로맞물려결합할수있도록하였다. (b) 는기존의감쇠장치와동일한방법으로피스톤로드를제작하였고, 실용화된점성댐퍼와같이점성이높은실리콘으로피스톤내부를충전하였다.((c)) 각연결부위를 (d) 와같이해당위치에맞게천공하였고, 위의모든부품들을체결하여최종단위슬림형감쇠장치를제작하였다. 제작된 32 Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 29, No. 2, 2014
3 다중 슬림형 감쇠장치의 개발 및 성능 실험 (a) Cutting (b) Piston rod (a) Single (b) Triple (c) Penta Fig. 5. Dynamic performance test for multiple slim type damper systems (c) Silicone filling (d) Boring (e) Fastening (f) Single slim type damper Fig. 3. Production process of a single slim damper 위해 Fig. 5와 같이 각각 1개, 3개, 5개의 슬림형 감쇠 장치를 결합한 실물모형의 다중 슬림형 감쇠장치 (single slim type damper: SSD, triple slim type damper : TSD, penta slim type damper: PSD)를 제작하였다. 그리 고 하중 재하기(actuator, 최고용량 500kN)를 이용하여 반복하중 재하시험을 실시하였는데, 이때 속도에 따른 점성댐퍼의 감쇠용량 변화를 알아보기 위하여 가력 속 도를 변수로 하여 실험을 수행하였다. 가력속도는 총 6 개(2 mm/sec, 3 mm/sec, 4 mm/sec, 5 mm/sec, 7 mm/sec, 10 mm/sec)로 나누어 실시하였다 결과분석 하중 재하기를 이용한 3개의 실물모형에 대한 성능 실험 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 SSD(single slim type damper)의 각 속도에 따른 이력곡선은 Fig. 6에 나타내었다. Fig. 6을 살펴보면 5 mm/sec를 제외한 경우에서 초기강성이 유사하게 나타 났으며, 5 mm/sec 경우에서의 차이는 실험시 오차에 Fig. 4. Triple slim type damper system 단위 슬림형 감쇠장치는 최대스트로크 ±40 mm, 33 kn 급으로 설계 제작되었다. Fig. 4는 제작된 단위 슬림형 감쇠장치를 3개 결합한 Triple Slim Type Damper 이다. 3. 다중 슬림형 감쇠장치의 성능 실험 3.1. 실험 개요 다중 슬림형 감쇠장치의 거동특성 및 감쇠성능을 평 가하기 위하여 동적실험을 수행하였다. 우선 동적실험을 한국안전학회지, 제29권 제2호, 2014년 Fig. 6. Load-displacement hysteresis curves of SSD according to variations 33
4 성은희 김다위 박두환 박관순 박장호 조해진 의한것으로보인다. 속도에따라 SSD 의항복강도가비례하여증가하는것을확인할수있다. 또한항복후에는더이상하중증가없이변형만증가하는소성변형구간이발생하였으며, 10 mm/sec 를제외한경우에서압축과인장거동이거의유사하게나타났다. Table 1 은가력속도별 SSD 의이력특성치를나타낸다. TSD(triple slim type damper) 의이력특성을살펴보면 Fig. 7 과같다. TSD 의이력곡선에서는모든속도에서초기강성이유사하게나타났으며, 항복강도는 SSD 의이력곡선과같이속도가증가함에따라비례하여증가하였다. 그리고항복후소성구간이발생하였으며, 모든속도에서인장과압축거동이유사하게나타났다. Table 2 는 TSD 의가력속도별이력특성치를나타낸다. PSD(penta slim type damper) 의가력속도변화에따른하중 - 변위이력곡선은 Fig. 8 과같다. PSD 의이력곡선을살펴보면이전의실험모형이력곡선과같이속도에관계없이초기강성이유사하고, 항복후소성구간또한존재한다. 그리고 2 mm/sec, 3 mm/sec, 4 mm/sec, 5 mm/sec 속도에서는속도가증가함에따라비례하여 Table 2. Maximum damping force of TSD according to variations 2 mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec Table 1. Maximum damping force of SSD according to variations 2 mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec Fig. 8. Load-displacement hysteresis curves of PSD according to variations 항복강도가증가하나 7 mm/sec, 10 mm/sec 속도에서는다른실험모형과달리항복강도가증가하지않고유사한값을보이고있다. 그리고속도가증가함에따라 PSD 의변위가감소하는특징을보이고있다. 가력속도별 PSD 의이력특성치를나타낸 Table 3 을살펴보면 7 mm/sec 와 10 mm/sec 의속도에서유사한항복강도를보이고있는데, 이는슬림형감쇠장치의결합수가 5 개로증가하면서감쇠장치간의마찰력이증가하였을 Table 3. Maximum damping force of PSD according to variations 2 mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec Fig. 7. Load-displacement hysteresis curves of TSD according to variations 7 mm/sec mm/sec Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 29, No. 2, 2014
5 다중슬림형감쇠장치의개발및성능실험 Table 4. Maximum displacement of PSD according to variations (mm) (mm) (mm) 2mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec mm/sec 뿐만아니라속도증가로인해감쇠장치의온도가증가하여감쇠장치의감쇠력에일부손실이발생하여위와같은현상이나타난것으로판단할수있다. 그리고 Table 4 와같이 PSD 실험모형의변위가감소하는것은감쇠장치의결합수증가로인해 PSD 의강성또한증가함으로서점탄성감쇠장치와유사한특성을지니게되어속도가증가함에따라감쇠장치의강성이증가하여변위가감소하는현상을나타내는것으로측정된다. 실험결과를살펴보면전체적으로속도에대하여비선형성을보이는점성감쇠장치의특징 25,26) 을나타내고있는것을확인할수있으며, 특히 PSD 는감쇠장치결합수의증가로인해점탄성감쇠장치의특성또한나타내고있음을확인할수있다. 그리고슬림형감쇠장치의결합수가증가함에따라감쇠용량이증가하고있음을확인할수있다 수치모델 개발한다중슬림형감쇠장치의하중 - 속도관계를구하기위하여각감쇠장치의이산화된실험치 (Table 1,2,3 의 value) 를 Nonlinear Curve Fitting 기법 27,28) 을적용하였다. 그리고점성댐퍼의이력특성식을이용하여하중 - 속도관계를식 (1) 과같이수식화하였으며, 그에따른각각의수치이력모델은 Table 5 와같다. 여기서각실험치들과하중 - 속도관계곡선간의최소오차간격을위하여비선형성을나타내는감쇠지수 는 0.2 로모두동일하게적용하였다. 함에따라타입별감쇠계수 (type of damping coefficient) 가증가하는것을확인할수있으나 SSD 와비교하여 TSD 는약 2.5 배, PSD 는약 4.3 배의감쇠계수를가지고있다. 이는연결등에서발생하는마찰로인해감쇠력손실이발생한것으로판단된다. 그러나이로인한손실량은예상된것이고, Nonlinear Curve Fitting 기법적용에의한오차또한감안한다면, 실손실량은크지않은것으로판단된다. Table 5 에서얻은수치모델을근거로하여각각의감쇠장치의하중 - 속도관계곡선을실험치와비교하면 Fig. 9 와같다. Fig. 9 를통하여수치모델에대한근사가잘이루어졌음을알수있다. 그리고이러한수치모델을통해해당감쇠장치의결합수 Table 5. Characteristics of multi slim type damper type SSD (kn sec/mm) TSD (kn sec/mm) PSD (kn sec/mm) (a) Nonlinear curve fitting of SSD (b) Nonlinear curve fitting of TSD (1) 여기서, (type of damping coefficient) 는타입별감 쇠계수, V(damper velocity) 는댐퍼속도, (damping index) 는감쇠지수를나타낸다. Table 5 를살펴보면슬림형감쇠장치결합수가증가 (c) Nonlinear curve fitting of PSD Fig. 9. Load-velocity curves for multiple slim type damper 한국안전학회지, 제 29 권제 2 호, 2014 년 35
6 성은희 김다위 박두환 박관순 박장호 조해진 별감쇠계수의값을추정할수있다. 4. 결론 본연구에서는신규및기존건축물의내진성능향상을위하여새로운형상의다중슬림형감쇠장치를개발하였다. 제시된감쇠장치는요구되어지는내진성능을위해다양한감쇠용량을가질수있도록여러개로나누어조합및결합할수있으며설치공간을줄일수있는장점을가지고있다. 다중슬림형감쇠장치의감쇠성능평가를위해하중재하기를이용한동적실험을실시하였다. 실험수행결과실험모형모두점성댐퍼의특성을나타내고있음을확인할수있었다. 그리고슬림형감쇠장치의결합수에따라감쇠계수가증가하는것으로나타나개발된다중슬림형감쇠장치가충분히실용성이있음을확인할수있었다. References 1) T. Parson, C. Ji and E. Kirby, Stress Changes from the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Increased Hazard in the Sichuan Basin, Nature 454, pp , ) R. Bilham, Lesson from Haiti Earthquake, Nature 463, pp , ) weather/earthquake/domesticlist.jsp 4) S. -K. Kim and T. -S. Bae, Analysis of Crustal Deformation on the Korea Peninsula after the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, Journal of Korea Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 7-14, ) Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, Earthquake Recovery Plans Act, ) The Metropolis of Seoul, The Present Condition of Seismic Design of Bulidings in Seoul, ) W. Yi, Seismic Performance Evaluation and Retrofit for Existing RC Building, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol. 48, No. 28, pp , ) K. Lee and S. Oh, Seismic Performance Evaluation and Retrofit for Existing Steel Buildings, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol. 48, No. 8, pp , ) T. -S. Ahn and H. -J. Kim, Efficient Seismic Retrofit of Existing Structures, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol. 52, No. 10, pp , ) Korea Society of Seismic Isolation and Vibration Control, Peer-Review Guideline for Design of Structures with Damping System, Kimoondang, ) J. -K. Kim, Seismic Isolation and Control of Building Structures, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol. 48, No. 8, pp , ) J. S. Hwang, Vibration Control System for Serviceability Enhancement of a Structure, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol. 48, No. 7, pp , ) H. -H. Choi and J. -K. Kim, Seismic Design of Steel Structure with Buckling Restrained Braces, International Journal of Steel Structures, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp , ) J. S. Hwang, J. G. Song, K. S. Kang and T. H. Yun, Vibration Control of Structure using the Toggle System, Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp , ) J. H. Park, S. C. Ahn and K. -S. Park, Performance Evaluation of a Pivot-Type Displacement Amplification Damper System for Seismic Strengthening, Journal of the Korea Society of Safety, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp , ) I. Takewaki, Building Cntrol with Passive Dampers, John Wiley & Sons, ) H. J. Kim, Practical Applications of Seismic Dampers in Foreign Countries, Korea Society of Seismic Isolation and Vibration Control, Vol. 10, pp , ) Y. -S. Chun and Y. -W. Park, Energy Dissipation Systems for Seismic Applications : Current Practice and Recent Developments, Korea Society of Seismic Isolation and Vibration Control, Vol. 9, pp , ) J. Kim, K. -W. Min and Y. -J. Kwun, Behavior of a Structure with Linear Viscous fluid Dampers, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol. 144, pp , ) J. -H. Park, T. -W. Park, O. -J. Kim and D. -B. Lee, Structural Characteristic and the Evaluation Method for Application of Steel Damper, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp , ) J. K. Kim, Y. K. Kim and H. H. Choi, Design of Unbond Braces to Satisfy Given Performance Acceptance Criteria, Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp , ) K. -W. Min and H. -S. Kim, Performance Based Design of Friction Dampers for Seismically Excited Structures, Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea, Vol. 7, No. 6, pp , ) S. -H. Lee, J. -S. Hwang, K.-W. Min and M. -K. Lee, Seismic Response Control of a Building Structure Using Toggle-Brace System with an MR Damper, Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea, 36 Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 29, No. 2, 2014
7 다중슬림형감쇠장치의개발및성능실험 Vol. 19, No. 3, pp , ) H. -S. Kim, J. -H. Park, K. -W. Min, S. -H. Lee and M. K. Lee, Experimental Study on Equivalent Linear System for Rotational Friction Damper, Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea, pp , ) K. -S. Choi, H. -J. Cho, Y. -C. You and K. -H. Kim, Behavior of Viscous Damper for Passive Energy Dissipation System, Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp ) Y.-C. You, K. -S. Choi and K. -H. Kim, Seismic Retrofit using Displacement Amplifying Damping System, Journal of the Korea Society of Seismic Isolation and Vibration Control, Vol. 11, pp , ) S. C. Chapra and R. P. Canale, Numerical Method for Engineers, McGraw-Hill, ) S. C. Chapra, Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists, McGraw-Hill, 한국안전학회지, 제 29 권제 2 호, 2014 년 37
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