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1 pissn / eissn J. Food Hyg. Saf. Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 470~476 (2017) Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety Available online at 곡류등다소비식품중곰팡이독소안전성조사연구 김재관 * 김영숙 이창희 서미영 장미경 구은정 박광희 윤미혜 경기도보건환경연구원첨가물분석팀 A Study on the Safety of Mycotoxins in Grains and Commonly Consumed Foods Jae-Kwan Kim*, Young-Sug Kim, Chang-Hee Lee, Mi Young-Seo, Mi Kyung-Jang, Eun-Jung Ku, Kwang-Hee Park, and Mi-Hye Yoon Team of Food Additives Analysis, Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health and Environment, Suwon, Korea (Received September 7, 2017/Revised October 7, 2017/Accepted October 23, 2017) ABSTRACT - The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate the safety of the grains, nut products, beans and oilseeds being sold in Gyeonggi province by analyzing mycotoxins. A multi-mycotoxins analysis method based on LC-MS/MS was validated and applied for the determination of eight mycotoxins, including aflatoxins (B 1, B 2 and G 2 ), fumonisins (B 1 ), zearalenone and ochratoxcin A in 134 samples. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the eight mycotoxins ranged from 0.14 to 8.25 µg/kg and from 1.08 to 7.21 µg/kg, respectively. Recovery rates of mycotoxins were determined in the range of 61.1 to 97.5% with RSD of 1.0~14.5% (n=3). Fumonisin B 1, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A were detected in 22 samples, indicating that 27% of grains, 12.5% of beans and 11.8% of oilseeds were contaminated. Fumonisin and zearalenone were detected simultaneously in 2 adlays and 3 sorghums. Fumonisin B 1 and B 2 were detected simultaneously in most samples whereas fumonisin B 1 was detected in 1 adlay, 1 millet and 1 sesame sample. The average detected amount of fumonisin was 49.3 µg/kg and 10.1 µg/kg for grains and oilseeds, respectively. The average detected amount of zearalenone was 1.9 µg/kg and 1.5 µg/kg for grains and beans, respectively. In addition, the average amount of ochratoxin A was 0.08 µg/kg for grains. The calculated exposure amounts of fumonisin, zeralenone and ochratoxin A for grains, beans and oilseeds were below the PMTDI/PTWI. Key words : Mycotoxin, Aflatoxin, Fumonisin, Zearalenone, Ochratoxin A 양조 발효식품및항생물질등을생산하는데활용되고있는곰팡이는여러가지유익한효과가있어상업적으로많이활용되고있지만이와는반대로농산물의생산및수확단계에서많은농작물에병을일으키기도하고 aflatoxin과같은독소를생산하기도한다. 한번생성된독소는저장 유통단계에서소실되지않고우리의건강에유해한작용을하기도한다. Aspergillus 속, Penicillium 속및 Fusarium 속등의곰팡이가생산하는대사물질인곰팡이독소 (mycotoxin) 는곡류와같은농산물에서빈번하게발생하여이를섭취하는사람과가축에암을비롯한각종질병을유발하는물질이다. 곰팡이독소는화학적으로안정하여조리가공중에잘소실되지않아최종식품에잔존하여식탁에오르거나동 *Correspondence to: Jae-Kwan Kim, Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health and Environment, 95 Pa-jangcheon-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si Gyeonggi-do 16025, Korea Tel: , dagan@gg.go.kr 물사료로여러가지유해한영향을끼친다. 가장널리알려져있는 aflatoxin과같은곰팡이독소는국제암연구소 (IARC, International Agency for Researchon Cancer) 에서 Group 1에속한발암물질로분류하며다습한열대및아열대지방에서주로보고되고있다 1,2). Aflatoxin은 20여종의독소가있는것으로알려져있는데이중 aflatoxin B 1 의독성이가장크며체내에서간경변과간암등을유발시킨다고보고되고있다 3). 반면온대지방에서재배하는농작물에서는 Fusarium 속곰팡이가생산하는독소가주로발생하는데 zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fumonisin 등이있으며 fumonisin 을제외하곤 IARC에서 Group 3으로분류하고있는물질이다. 옥수수같은곡류에서주로발견되는것으로알려진 zearalenone은가축에서성성숙전증후군, 생식불능, 에스트로겐활성을나타내어생식기능에영향을끼치는것으로보고되고있다 1,2,4,5). 한편 fumonisin은 ochratoxin A 와같이발암가능성이있는 Group 2B로분류하고있는 470
2 A Study on the Safety of Mycotoxins in Grains and Commonly Consumed Foods 471 물질로사람에게서식도암의원인물질로추정되고있다 6). 열대지역의 Aspergillus ochraceus, 온대및한대지역의 Penicillium verrucosum과같은곰팡이가생산하는 ochratoxin A 는곡류외에도커피, 포도등에서많이발견되고신장독성이있는것으로보고되고있다 7,8). 이처럼열대및온대등지역에따라생성되는곰팡이독소는차이가있지만전세계적으로농산물들이서로이동하고있기때문에세계어느곳에서도 aflatoxin, fumonisin, zearalenone, ochratoxin 과같은곰팡이독소가존재하지않는곳은없다고할수있다 9). 이와같이식품위생상중요한물질인곰팡이독소를관리하기위해서다양한방법들이시도되었는데정량한계가높은편이지만실험실에서경제적으로쉽게접근할수있는 TLC (thin layer chromatograp hy) 법 10), 위양성에따른확인검사가필요하지만신속한결과를도출할수있는 ELISA (enzyme linked immu nosorbent assay) 법 11) 등이많이이용돼왔다. 현재식품공전에는형광검출기를이용한 HPLC법이수록되어있으나동시분석에어려움이있고검출될경우질량분석기로재확인해야하는번거로움을줄이기위해본연구에서는 LC/MS/MS만을이용하여 aflatoxin B 1, G 2, fumonisin B, B, zearalenone, 1 2 ochratoxin A 등 8종의곰팡이독소를동시분석하였다기후변화로인한폭염, 집중호우, 기온상승과같은환경변화로인해농산물과이를제조가공한식품에서곰팡이독소에대한노출가능성은지속적으로높아질것으로판단된다. 곰팡이독소와같이자연에서유래되는오염물질은사전에차단하거나식품에서완벽하게제거하는것은사실상불가능하기때문에본연구에서는곡류등에서곰팡이독소에대한오염수준을조사하고안전성을평가하여도민에게건강한먹거리선택에유용한정보를제공하고자하였다. Materials and Methods ochratoxin A, fumonisin B 1 와 formic acid는 Sigma- Aldrich사 (St. Louis, MO, USA) 제품을사용하였다. 시험에사용한용매는 Honeywell Burdick & Jackson사의 acetonitrile (Darmstadt, Germany) 과 methanol (Ulsan, Korea) 로 HPLC grade 제품을사용하였다. 물은 Thermo Scientific 사 (Langenselbold, Germany) 의초순수제조장치인 Lab Tower EDI 30으로제조한 3차증류수를사용하였다. 곰팡이독소표준원액은표준품을 50~500 mg/l이되도록 acetonitrile에녹여 20 o C 냉동보관하였고표준용액은표준원액을 0.1% formic acid 함유 50% methanol로희석하여사용하였다. 분석기기및조건시료의희석은 Scientific industries사 (Bohemia, NY, USA) 의 GENIE 2 볼텍스믹서를사용하였고곰팡이독소의추출및정제를위한 SPE (Solid Phase Extract) 고체상추출칼럼은 Biotage (Isolute, 60 mg/3 ml, Ystrad Mynach Hengoed, UK) 를사용하였다. 분석기기는 5100 Autosampler NASCA, SP 3301 Dual pump MSI, SP 3004 oven을사용하는 Shiseido사의 SPLC (Tokyo, Japan) 와 Thermo Scientific사 (San Jose, CA, USA) 의 TSQ Quantum Ultra로구성된 LC/MS/MS system을사용하였으며 mass spectrometry 분석은 xcalibur 2.1 soft ware를이용하였다. 컬럼은 waters Xbridge C 18 ( mm, 3.5 µm) 를이용하였고컬럼온도는 40 o C, 유속은 0.2 ml/min, 시료는 10 µl씩주입하였으며 LC 분석조건은 Table 1과같다. SRM detection을위해 aflatoxin, ochratoxin, fumonisin 분석에는 ESI positive mode를, zearalenone 분석을위해서는 ESI negative mode를사용하였다. 나머지 TSQ 조건및곰팡이독소별검출조건은 Table 2 및 3과같다. 시료본연구에사용한시료는곡류 63건 ( 귀리 9, 율무 12, 밀 2, 메밀 1, 쌀 10, 보리 6, 조 5, 퀴노아 5, 수수 8, 기장 5), 콩류 24건 ( 콩 16, 팥 5, 녹두 3), 견과류 30건 ( 캐슈넛 5, 호두 6, 잣 3, 아몬드 6, 헤이즐넛 2, 피스타치오 5, 마카다미아 3), 유지종실류 17건 ( 참깨 3, 들깨 3, 호박씨 5, 해바라기씨 6) 으로 24종 134건으로 2016년 10월부터 2017 년 3월사이에경기도내대형유통매장및백화점에서구입하였다. 국산품은 81건, 수입품은 53건 ( 곡류 9건, 땅콩및견과류 25건, 유지종실류 11건두류 8건 ) 이었고미국, 베트남, 인도, 중국, 캐나다, 터키, 페루, 호주, 불가리아등에서수입되었다. 시약및표준용액곰팡이독소표준품인 aflatoxin B 1, G 2, zearalenone, Table 1. HPLC condition for mycotoxin analysis Parameter Condition Column waters Xbridge C 18 ( mm, 3.5 µm) Oven Temp. 40 o C Flow rate 0.2 ml/min Injection volume 10 µl Time (min) A (%) B (%) Pump gradient program A : 0.1% formic acid in water, B : 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile
3 472 Jae-Kwan Kim et al. Table 2. TSQ conditions for LC/MS/MS system ESI Mode Spray voltage Extractor voltage Capillary temp. Vaporizer temp. Sheath gas flow (N 2 ) Desolvation gas flow (N 2 ) Aux gas pressure (He) Collision gas pressure positive negative 3.0 kv 3.0 V 330 o C 400 o C 40mL/min 750 ml/min 10 ml/min m Torr 시료전처리방법 12) 본연구에사용한시험법은곰팡이독소분석법에초음파추출과정을추가하는등원시험법을약간변형하여수행하였다. 시험과정은시료를 blender로분쇄한후약 5g 을코니칼튜브에취하여 50% acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid 함유 ) 20 ml를가하고 1시간초음파추출한후다시볼텍스믹서로 2분간추출하였다. 이것을원심분리 (4,000 rpm, 5 min, 4 o C) 한후유리섬유여과지 GF/A로여과하였다. Acetonitrile 4 ml, 물 4mL로미리활성화시킨카트리지에여과액 5mL를흘려보내고다시물 4 ml, 10% acetonitrile 4mL를흘려보내불순물을제거하고 acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid 함유 ) 4 ml, methanol 4 ml로곰팡이독소를용출시킨후 40 o C에서질소가스를이용하여증발건고하였다. 잔류물을 50% methanol (0.1% formic acid 함유 ) 1 ml로용해시킨후 0.2 µm PTFE syringe filter로여과하여기기분석용시험용액으로하였다. 검출정량한계및회수율시험곰팡이독소의검출한계 (LOD, Limit of Detection) 와정량한계 (LOQ, Limit of Quantitation) 를구하기위해곰팡이독소가검출되지않은율무, 대두, 깨, 땅콩시료를이용하여시료전처리방법에따라시험용액을만든후이를이용하여 solution standard를제조하고검량선을작성하였다. Aflatoxin B 1, G, ochratoxin A는 0.5~20 µg/kg, 2 fumonisin B 1 는 2.0~80 µg/kg, zearalenone은 10.0~160 µg/kg의범위에서검량선을작성하였고율무, 대두, 깨, 땅콩에검량선작성에필요한최저농도의 2배를첨가한후 7회분석하여얻어진표준편차와기울기를바탕으로검출한계와정량한계를구하고회수율을산출하였다. Results and Discussion 검량곡선의직선성시험용액을이용하여제조한 solution standard로 0.5~160 µg/kg의범위에서 matrix matched calibration curve를작성한결과양호한직선성을확인할수있었으며결정계수 (R 2 ) 는 0.995이상으로나타났다. 검출한계및정량한계위의검량식을이용하여곰팡이독소의검출한계및정량한계를구하기위해율무, 대두, 깨, 땅콩에 aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G, ochratoxin A는 1.0 µg/kg, fumonisin B, B 는 µg/kg, zearalenone은 20 µg/kg의농도로첨가하여시료와같은방법으로분석하여결과를산출하였다. 각독소의검출한계및정량한계는 Table 4와같이율무에서각각 Table 3. SRM parameters for mycotoxins detection Mycotoxin Parent ion Product ion CE (V) Polarity Tube lens Aflatoxin B Aflatoxin B Aflatoxin G Aflatoxin G Ochratoxin A Zearalenone Fumonisin B Fumonisin B
4 A Study on the Safety of Mycotoxins in Grains and Commonly Consumed Foods 473 Table 4. LODs and LOQs of myotoxins Mycotoxin Adlay Soybean Sesame Peanut LOD LOQ LOD LOQ LOD LOQ LOD LOQ Total Aflatoxin Aflatoxin B Aflatoxin B Aflatoxin G Aflatoxin G Ochratoxin A Zearalenone Fumonisin (B 1 +B 2 ) Fumonisin B Fumonisin B ~3.69 µg/kg, 1.27~12.17 µg/kg로나타났고대두에서 0.17~2.71 µg/kg, 0.57~8.95 µg/kg이었으며, 깨에서 0.14~ 5.79 µg/kg, 0.47~19.12 µg/kg, 땅콩에서는 0.19~2.11 µg/kg, 0.63~0.97 µg/kg로나타났다. 총 aflatoxin의검출한계및정량한계는각각율무 2.30 µg/kg, 7.59 µg/kg, 대두 2.28 µg/ kg, 7.51 µg/kg, 깨 2.24 µg/kg, 7.39 µg/kg, 땅콩 1.58 µg/kg, 5.21 µg/kg로나타났다. Ochratoxin A는율무 0.55 µg/kg, 1.81 µg/kg, 대두 0.17 µg/kg, 0.57 µg/kg, 깨 0.37 µg/kg, 1.23 µg/kg, 땅콩 0.20 µg/kg, 0.65 µg/kg이고 zearalenone은율무 1.62 µg/kg, 5.36 µg/kg, 대두 2.71 µg/kg, 8.95 µg/kg, 깨 4.02 µg/kg, µg/kg, 땅콩 2.00 µg/kg, 6.61 µg/kg로나타났다. Fumonisin (B 1 +B 2 ) 은율무 4.09 µg/kg, µg/ kg, 대두 1.28 µg/kg, 4.20 µg/kg 깨 8.25 µg/kg, µg/kg 땅콩 3.56 µg/kg, µg/kg로나타났다. 곰팡이독소중깨와같이지방함량이높은식품에서총 fumonisin이높은것으로나타났는데특히 fumonisin B 1 이높게나타났다. 회수율율무시료에최종농도가 aflatoxin B 1, G, ochratoxin 2 A는 1.0 µg/kg, fumonisin B 1 는 4.0 µg/kg, zearalenone Table 5. The recovery of mycotoxin in adlay, soybean, sesame, and peanut matrices Mycotoxin Adlay Soybean Sesame Peanut Aflatoxin B ± 9.3 * 61.1 ± ± ± 3.1 Aflatoxin B ± ± ± ± 3.8 Aflatoxin G ± ± ± ± 4.7 Aflatoxin G ± ± ± ± 11.3 Ochratoxin A 64.4 ± ± ± ± 1.8 Zearalenone 75.1 ± ± ± ± 1.0 Fumonisin B ± ± ± ± 4.7 Fumonisin B ± ± ± ± 5.2 *standard deviation 은 20 µg/kg 이되도록표준용액을첨가하고, 대두, 깨, 땅콩과같이지방이많은시료는율무의 2배농도를첨가하여시료와동일하게전처리한후회수율을구한결과 Table 5와같이나타났다. 각곰팡이독소의회수율은율무 63.8~ 98.5%, 대두 61.1~84.2%, 깨 63.0~86.4%, 땅콩 63.4~86.3% 이었으며표준편차는각각 1.31~13.48%, 1.2~7.0% 1.7~ 5.6% 1.0~11.3% 로나타났다. 전체적으로대부분 60% 이상의회수율을나타냈는데깨는 60% 대의가장낮은회수율을나타냈다. 곰팡이독소검출량곡류등총 134건을분석한결과약 16.4% 인 22건에서 fumonisin B 1, zearalenone, ochratoxin A 등 4종의곰팡이독소가검출되었다. 원재료별검출결과를살펴보면 Table 6에서와같이곡류 63건중 17건 (27%), 콩류 24건중 3건 (12.5%), 유지종실류 17건중 2건 (11.8%) 에서곰팡이독소가검출되었는데특히곡류에서검출율이높은것으로조사되었다. 농산물별검출빈도를살펴보면곡류는율무 12건중 8건 (66.7%), 수수 8건중 7건 (87.5%), 조 5 건중 1건 (20%), 기장 5건중 1건 (20%) 이검출된것으로나타났고, 콩류는팥 5건중 3건 (60%), 유지종실류는들깨 3건중 1건 (33.3 %), 참깨 3건중 1건 (33.3%) 이검출됐으며견과류에서는검출되지않은것으로나타나수수 > 율무 > 팥 > 깨의순으로오염율이높은것으로나타났다. 원재료별곰팡이독소의평균검출량은 fumonisin이곡류 49.3 µg/kg, 유지종실류 10.1 µg/kg이었고, zearalenone이곡류 1.9 µg/kg, 콩류 1.5 µg/kg이었으며 ochratoxin A는곡류에서 0.08 µg/kg이검출된것으로나타났다. 반면모든시료에서 aflatoxin은검출되지않았는데이와같은결과는국내유통중인견과류, 장류등에서총아플라톡신이 0.01~3.96 µg/kg 수준으로검출되었고경기도내유통중인곡류및가공품에서총아플라톡신이 0.01~27.88 µg/kg 수준으로검출되었다는보고와는상이하고한국산농산물
5 474 Jae-Kwan Kim et al. 에대한곰팡이독소오염실태를조사한결과와는비슷한경향을나타냈는데이는농산물재배당시의기상환경, 저장및유통상태그리고분석시료의종류등에기인한것으로판단된다 13-15). 품목별곰팡이독소검출범위를살펴보면 Table 7과같이 fumonisin이율무에서 29.2~560.2 µg/kg, 수수 91.0~ µg/kg, 조 43.1 µg/kg, 참깨 0.48 µg/kg 들깨 µg/ kg이검출되었고, zearalenone은율무 20.4~26.5 µg/kg, 수수 20.1~28.6 µg/kg, 팥 0.22~19.9 µg/kg이검출되었으며 ochratoxin A는기장에서 4.8 µg/kg으로기준치인 5.0 µg/ kg에근접하여검출되었다. 곰팡이독소별검출품목을살펴보면 Table 8에서와같이 fumonisin B 1 이율무, 수수, 조, 참깨, 들깨에서검출되었고 fumonisin B 2 는율무, 수수, 들깨에서검출되었다. 대부부의시료에서 fumonisin B 1 가동시에검출되었는데율무 1건, 조 1건, 참깨 1건에서는 fumonisin B 1 만검출되었다. 또한율무 2건, 수수 3건에서는 fumonisin과 zearalenone이동시에검출되었다. 한편곰팡이독소에오염된농산물중율무, 수수, 팥은 2015 년에생산된제품이었고기장은 2016년에생산된제품으로모두국산품이었다. 곰팡이독소노출량현재국제적으로아플라톡신에대한노출기준은설정되어있지않으며 WHO/JECFA (Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives) 에서 PMTDI (Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake, 잠정최대일일섭취허용량 ) 로 fumonisin은 2 µg/kg b.w./day, zearalenone은 0.5 µg/kg b.w./day로설정되어있고 ochratoxin A는 WHO/JECFA에서 PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake, 잠정주간섭취허용량 ) 로 112 ng/ Table 8. The detected items by analysis Mycotoxin No. of detected samples Detected samples Fumonisin B 1 18 adlay, sorghum, foxtail millet, sesame, perilla Fumonisin B 2 15 adlay, sorghum, perilla Zearalenone 8 adlay, sorghum, adzuki beans Ochratoxin A 1 proso millet kg b.w./week, EC (Europeon Community, 유럽공동체 ) 에서 TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) 로 5 ng/kg b.w./day으로설정하고있다 16,17). Table 6의곰팡이독소평균검출량과 2014년국민건강통계의곡류일일섭취량 g, 두류섭취량 35.8 g, 종실류섭취량 7.3 g, 체중 55 kg을기준으로 1인 1일추정섭취량 ( 노출량 ) 을산출한결과곡류는 fumonisin µg/ kg b.w./day, zearalenone µg/kg b.w./day, ochratoxin A ng/kg b.w./day 으로나타났고, 콩류는 zearalenone µg/kg b.w./day, 종실류는 fumonisin µg/ kg b.w./day이었다. WHO/JECFA에서설정한 PMTDI 대비 fumonisin의 1일노출량은곡류 0.72% 종실류 0.004% 수준으로곡류를통한 fumonisin의노출량이가장크게나타났는데이는율무와수수에서검출율과검출량이높게나타난것에기인한다. 한편 zearalenone은곡류 0.11%, 콩류 0.01% 수준으로나타났으며 ochratoxin A는 JECFA의잠정주간섭취허용량 (PTWI) 과 EC 기준에서계산한 1일섭취허용량의 0.14% 와 0.45% 에해당하는것으로나타나곰팡이독소에서유발되는유해가능성은낮은것으로판단된다. Table 6. The average detected amounts of mycotoxins in samples (µg/kg) Samples No. of samples No. of detected samples Fumonisin Zearalenone Ochratoxin A Contamineated agricultural products Cereals adlay, sorghum millet, proso millet Beans adzuki beans Oilseed sesame, perilla Peanut & nuts Table 7. The detection range of mycotoxins in samples (µg/kg) Samples Fumonisin (B 1 +B 2 ) Fumonisin B 1 Fumonisin B 2 Zearalenone Ochratoxin A Adlay 29.2~ ~ ~ ~ Sorghum 91.0~ ~ ~ ~ Foxtail millet Sesame Perilla ~ Adzuki beans ~ Proso millet
6 A Study on the Safety of Mycotoxins in Grains and Commonly Consumed Foods 475 국문요약 References 시중유통중인곡류, 콩류, 견과류, 종실류등 134건에대하여 8종의곰팡이독소를 LC-MS/MS를이용하여동시분석하였다. 전체시료중 22건에서 fumonisin B 1, zearalenone, ochratoxin A 등 4종이검출되어 16.4% 가곰팡이독소에오염된것으로나타났으며독성이강한 aflatoxin B 1, G 2 는검출되지않았다. 검출된곰팡이독소중 fumonisin (B 1 +B 2 ) 은 0.48~560.2 µg/kg, zearalenone은 0.22~ 28.6 µg/kg 수준으로검출되었고평균검출량은 fumonisin 이곡류 49.3 µg/kg, 유지종실류 10.1 µg/kg, zearalenone이곡류 1.9 µg/kg, 콩류 1.5 µg/kg이었으며, ochratoxin A는곡류에서 0.08 µg/kg 수준으로검출되었다. 기장에서검출된 ochratoxin A는 4.8 µg/kg으로기준치인 5.0 µg/kg에근접하여검출되었는데생산년도가 2016년인것을감안하면상당히높은수준으로지속적인관심이필요한것으로판단된다. 곰팡이독소가검출된나머지품목은 2015년에생산되었는데특히곡류중율무와수수는대부분의시료에서곰팡이독소가검출됐으며땅콩및견과류에서는검출되지않았다. 곰팡이독소가검출된품목의검출빈도를살펴보면율무 66.7%, 수수 87.5%, 조 20%, 기장 20% 로곡류중약 27% 가독소에오염된것으로나타났고, 콩류는팥에서 60% 가검출되어콩류전체로는 12.5% 가오염됐으며유지종실류는깨에서 33.3% 가검출되어유지종실류전체로는 11.8% 가독소에노출된것으로나타났다. 한편곰팡이독소중 fumonisin과 zearalenone이동시에검출된품목은율무 2건, 수수 3건이었으며 fumonisin이검출된경우대부분의시료에서 fumonisin B 1 가동시에검출되었으나율무, 조, 참깨각 1건에서 fumonisin B 1 만검출되었다. 본연구결과를기초로하여산출한 1인 1일노출량은곡류의경우 fumonisin µg/kg b.w./day, zearalenone µg/kg b.w./day, ochratoxin A ng/kg b.w./day 이었으며콩류에서는 zearalenone µg/kg b.w./day, 종실류는 µg/kg b.w./day으로이를바탕으로 WHO/JECFA에서제시한자료를바탕으로 PMTDI 대비인체노출량을산출한결과 fumonisin은곡류 0.72% 종실류 0.004% zearalenone 곡류 0.11%, 콩류 0.01% 에해당하는양이었으며 ochratoxin A는 PTWI 대비 0.14%, EC의 TDI 대비 0.45% 로검출된곰팡이독소가인체에대한유해할가능성은낮은것으로판단된다. 본연구결과곰팡이독소는기준치이내의아주적은양검출되었지만기후온난화로인해독성이강한곰팡이독소가생성되기쉬운환경으로변해가고있어농산물의생산, 저장, 포장과정에이르기까지보다폭넓은연구가이루어져곰팡이독소로인한안전성논란에대비해야할것으로판단된다. 1. International Agency for Researchon on Cancer. Available from /Classification/index.php. 2. Song H.H., Kim J., Lee C.: A Review of mycotoxins from Fusarium Species. J. Food Hyg. Saf, 1(3), (2006). 3. MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety).: Risk profile (Aflatoxin). Available from kr/portal/board/boarddetail.do. 4. Kim Y.J., Kim M.R., Choi T.S., Kim Y.S., Lee J.H.: Monitoring of 7 mycotoxins in pork. Korean J. Vet. Serv., 36(4), (2013). 5. Seeling K., Dänicke S., Ueberschär K.H., Lebzien P., Flachowsky G.: On the effects of Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat and the feed intake level on the metabolism and carry over of zearalenone in dairy cows. Food Additives & Contaminants Part A, 22(9), (2005). 6. Rheeder, J. P., Marasas., W. F. O., Thiel, P. G., Sydenham, E., W., Shephard, G. S., Van Schalkwyk, D. J.: Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisins in corn in relation to human oesophageal cancer in transkei. Pathophysiology, 82(3), (1992). 7. Yong K.C.: Contamination and detoxification of ochratoxin A in alcoholic beverages. Department of Health Graduate School of Public Health & Welfare Dankook University (2011). 8. Ahn S.J., Jeoung S.Y., Lim M.S., Park S.I., Han J.H., Kim D.: Canine Renal Failure Caused by Ochratoxin A and Citrinin in the Commercial Dog Food. J. Vet. Clinics, 24(2), (2007). 9. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans.:world Health Organization. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 82, (2002). 10. Nahm K. H., Nahm. K. S.: Detection of mycotoxins by thinlayer chromatography (TLC) a review. Korean J. Animal Sci. (Korea R.) 28(6), (1986). 11. Giray B., Atasayar S., Sahin G.: Determination of ochratoxin A and total aflatoxin levels in corn samples from Turkey by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mycotoxin Res., 25(2), (2009). 12. MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety): Mycotoxin analysis in 2016 (Simultaneous determination). 13. Park M.J., Yoon M.H., Hong H.G., Joe T.S., Lee I.S., Park J.H., Ko H.U.: A study on the conditions of mycotoxin production- based on the aflatoxin contents and production in food. The Report of Gyeonggi-do Insititute of Health and Environment, (2007). 14. Kim Y.S., Kim Y.S., Kim M.G., Lee S.B., Lee J.Y., Oh S.H., Jung Y.J., Seo M.Y., Sung J.H., L W.. Lee J.B., Yoon M.H.: The safety assessment of aflatoxins and deoxynival enol in cereals and their products. J. Food Hyg. Saf., 28(2), (2013). 15. Kim D.H., Jang H.S., Choi G.I., Kim H.J., Kim H.J., Kim H.L., Cho H.J., L C.: Occurrence of mycotoxins in korean grains and their simultaneous analysis. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol., 45(1), (2013).
7 476 Jae-Kwan Kim et al. 16. JECFA (Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives): Available from int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/search.aspx. 17. MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety): Risk profile (Ochratoxin A). Available from
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