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1 KOREAN J. FOOD SCI. TECHNOL. Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 257~262 (2010) š (SPE: Solid Phase Extraction) w ü Patulin rá ÁxÁŸ * w tœw The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology Rapid and Simple Analytical Method for Removing Patulin from Apple Juice Using Solid Phase Extraction JongGab Yim, HaeWon Jang, and KwangGeun Lee* Department of Food Science and Technology, Dongguk UniversitySeoul Abstract Patulin, a secondary metabolite of mold, is commonly found in rotten apples. Many countries regulate patulin at levels ranging from 30 to 50 µg/l. Most analytical methods for removing patulin from apple juice include liquidliquid extraction (LLE), which is time and labor intensive. To replace the LLE method, a solidphase extraction (SPE) method has been developed for apple juice and unfiltered apple juice. A portion of the test sample was applied to a macroporous copolymer cartridge and washed with 5 ml of 1% sodium bicarbonate, followed by 5 ml of 1% acetic acid. Patulin was eluted with 5 ml of 2% acetonitrile in anhydrous ethyl ether. The mobile phase was tetrahydrofuran in water (0.8:99.2) and was detected with a UV detector at 276 nm. Recoveries ranged from 95 to 101% in test samples, and the minimum detectable level was 30 ppb. Because this SPE method is fast, easy, reliable, and inexpensive, it could be applicable for companies or analytical agencies to analyze patulin concentrations in apple juice. Key words: Solid Phase Extraction, Apple juice, HPLC, Patulin x, ƒœt, w ƒ ³ w ƒ w ƒ š. q š wù»ƒ w q š, t. y» mw w(1,2). x¾ q ƒ, tù w ww w q 1020 ƒ (3). q w p ƒ š aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, patulin, penicillic acid, citrinin, zearalenone, trichothecenes(t2 toxin) (4). patulin(2hydroxy3,7dioxabicyclo[4.3.0]nona 5,9dien8one) q³ Penicillium expansum sww, P. griseofulvum, P. patulum Aspergillus clavatus, A. terreus, A, giganteus, Bassochlamys fulva, B. nivea q w (5,6) P. expansum patulin *Corresponding author: KwangGeun Lee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Dongguk UniversitySeoul, Seoul , Korea Tel: Fax: kwglee@dongguk.edu Received October 22, 2009; revised January 12, 2010; accepted January 22, 2010 w ƒ w q(7). Patulin w q (8) s,,. Patulin aflatoxin q w ûš ù, y» w p ƒw ùkü w x (Dickens and Jones) patulin w z(9), IARC( ) w 3 (8). Mice w LD mg/20 g(vw), 0.5 mg/20 g(), 0.7 mg/20 g( )š, rat n 4 ü ew. FAO WHO w tƒƒz(the Joint of FAO/ WHO Expert Community on Food Additives: JECFA) patulin x(tdi: Tolerable Daily Intake) 0.4 µg/kg body weight w(10), ù w 50 µg/kg body weight/day x w(tt š y). t sƒ w yš, z patulin y w. Patulin p yრš w ƒ y. Patulin w LLE(liquidliquid extraction) yw wš w w w ƒ w w w. w» ƒ vw» w y ƒ, xƒ» 257

2 258 w twz 42 «3y (2010) ƒ j ƒ j š (11). SPE(solidphase extraction) liquid xk solid phase(š) k z w k kj. cartridge w j x wš w w (12,13). w, SPE cartridge column k. x tœ x LLE w x š w x š. ƒ š AOAC ethyl acetate patulin wš sodium bicarbonate zw LLE (14). LLE w z kwš w. w m ü 3ƒ tœ LLE, ƒ SPE cartridge(strata/merck) w ww. x w t 3 t w 100% ü t x p w w, þ(5 o C) w. t x w patulin t Sigma(St. Louis, MO, USA) wš, ethyl acetate(hplc grade), water(hplc grade), acetic acid, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran(thf, HPLC grade) Burdick & Jackson t(muskegon, MI, USA) w. Sodium bicarbonate k Wako(Wako, Tokyo, Japan) t w. t Patulin ethyl acetate ww z 200 µg/ml ƒ w t w. t y w z þ w w. t t 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 µg/ml ƒ ƒ m j z w w þ w w. x Mobile phase tetrahydrofuran(thf, HPLC glade) 8 ml 1L vj š 3 w. 3 acetic acid ph 4.0 w w, 1.5%(w/v) sodium bicarbonate sodium bicarbonate 1.5 g ml w. LLE(liquidliquid extraction) LLE 5g x(i) y w ethyl acetate 10 ml š 1 z ew Pasteur pipette d x(ii). x(i) ethyl acetate 10 ml š 1 z ew d x(ii) ww. ethyl acetate 1.5% sodium bicarbonate 2mL š ew z d Pasteur pipette x(iii) Table 1. Analytical conditions for patulin using HPLC Items Conditions Instrument HPLC (Shiseido Nanospace) Column C 18 ( mm, 5 µm) Flow rate 0.7 ml/min Injection volume 20 µl Mobile phase THF:Water (0.8:99.2) Run time 25 min Detector UV Detector (276 nm) ¼. x(ii) ethyl acetate 5 ml š ew z d x(iii) ww. ethyl acetate sodium sulfate 1 g š 30 z d x(iv) w z ethyl acetate acetic acid 0.5 ml ww x w. SPE(solidphase extraction) StrataX SPE StrataX cartridge column 3 7 ml ü z methanol 7 ml y(conditioning) g. y column 5mL loading k z 1% sodium bicarbonate 5 ml 1% acetic acid 5 ml w w óù column 1 ew z ethyl acetate/ethyl ether 5 ml w w.» w w z 1% acetic acid 0.5 ml š yw(vortexing)w z syringe filter w amber vial w w. SPE(solidphase extraction) Merck Merck Extrelut NT20 cartridge y column loading w z 20 ƒ ew ethyl acetate /ethyl ether w w» z 1% acetic acid 0.5 ml š yww z w. HPLC Shiseido HPLC Nanospace SI2 Shiseido Nanospace 3002 UV Detector w w, column Shiseido C 18 ( mm, 5 µm) column kw w. Mobile phase (THF 8 ml/water 1 L) 0.7 ml/min 276 nm Ÿ dwš(table 1), patulin peak patulin tš w patulin w w. š z x LLE w, yw wš w w w q (mycotoxin), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs) ƒ x š. x w mw w w y z HPLC. LLE w patulin ƒw patulin t 200 ng/ml 500 ng/ml

3 Table 2. Recovery rates of patulin using LLE and SPE ü rá Patulin 259 Added (ng/ml) SPE LLE StrataX ExtrelutNT20 Recovery (%) SD 1) (%) RSD 2) (%) Recovery (%) SD (%) RSD (%) Recovery (%) SD (%) RSD (%) ) Standard deviation 2) Calculated as (standard deviation/mean) 100, expressed as the coefficient of variance (%CV) Fig. 1. HPLC chromatogram of patulin in apple juice using LLE method. (A) standard, (B) apple juice I, (C) apple juice II and (D) apple juice III. w 92106% z š(table 2), x w ü (w 100%) w patulin 1315 w peakƒ ƒ yw (Fig. 1). Patulin ƒ w» w wš š(17). (18) LLE mw x» 50 µg/kg šw,, patulin ƒ(spiking)w z dw, ƒƒ 8592%, 9799%, % z. w (LOD: limit of detection) y ƒ(signal/noise, S/N)ƒ 3 w wš 30 ng/ml. SPE LLE wù w, rw wš yw w w t y š. x 200 SPE cartridgeƒ Phenomenex StrataX Merck Extrelut NT 20 w x ww. StrataX SPE w y ƒ w 12 w» w vacuum pumpù syringe cartridge w ƒw w(19). x vacuum pump w ww w ƒw. ü A, B, C w patulin ƒƒ ng/ml, z 96101% (Table 3, Fig. 2). Li (20) Agilent Technologies AccuBoII ODSCartridge w SPE mw patulin w % z ùküš, SPE patulin kwš yw. Cho (17), GonzlezOsnaya (21) š w ü patulin w 50 ng/ml w šš. SPE 1 t ƒ, cartridge y j» w (22). ExtrelutNT20 y cartridge t w vƒ š, w vacuum pumpù syringe w j w. Patulin t peak

4 260 w twz 42 «3y (2010) Table 3. Concentrations of patulin in apple juice using various extraction methods Apple juice Concentration (ppb) LLE SD 1) (%) RSD 2) (%) Concentration (ppb) StrataX SD (%) RSD (%) SPE Concentration (ppb) ExtrelutNT20 SD (%) RSD (%) A B C ) 3) ) Standard deviation 2) Calculated as (standard deviation/mean) 100, expressed as the coefficient of variance (%CV) 3) Not detected Fig. 2. HPLC chromatogram of patulin in apple juice using SPE (stratax) method. (A) standard, (B) apple juice I, (C) apple juice II and (D) apple juice III., ƒwù, ü A, B, C patulin (Fig. 3). j LLEù StrataX w û, ü w ƒ. x z Patulin t w š ü (R 2 ) , w 30.0 ng/ml d. HPLC mw mobile phase tetrahydrofuran(thf) ƒ w xw 3 THF 8 ml w g 1 L w ƒ chromatogram pattern.»» HPLC column k w ƒ patulin mm mm C 18 column w ƒ mm C 18 column w patulin 67 j mm C 18 column 7 (RT) yw. w, patulin w y HMF(Hydroxy methyl furfural) peakƒ w mm C 18 column w w v patulin 1315 ùk û, HMF 1 yw (Fig. 4). Li (20), Gaspar (23) š w patulin wj» w mm C 18 column w. LLE SPE w z LLE 92106%, SPE strataxƒ 96101% ExtrelutNT % z»(acceptance criteria) j ùkû(table 1). š SPE w t r strataxƒ %, ExtrelutNT %

5 ü rá Patulin 261 Fig 3. HPLC chromatogram of patulin in apple juice using SPE (ExtrelutNT20) method. (A) standard, (B) apple juice I, (C) apple juice II and (D) apple juice III.. strataxƒ %, ExtrelutNT % w. Fig. 4. HPLC chromatogram of patulin using various C18 columns. (A) mm C 18 column, (B) mm C 18 column. Patulin q. sw patulin w x LLE w. w» w SPE mw patulin ww. œ w š ep w z 1% sodium bicarbonate 5mL 1% acetic acid 5 ml w w ƒ óù ep 1 ew z ethyl acetate/ethyl ether 5 ml w w.» w w z 1% acetic acid 0.5 ml š yw z syringe filter w amber vial w w. HPLC THF 8 ml 1L v j š w. HPLC 0.7 ml/min 276 nm Ÿ dwš, v 20 µg/l w. LOD 30 ng/ml. x SPE» tœx(lle) 1/ 3 š, ƒ ƒw x w œ w. p, stratax mw SPE z w w ww.» w wš w yw w z w»

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