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1 - ( ) , 1, ,.,. EGG, EMA, EPGG... formant Animated Vocal Tract Profiles. -.. I., -. Video- CD, T V,. ( ), (intelligibility) (naturalness) 104

2 ,,.. ( ) (masking).. MPEG Video- CD HDT V (Gersho, 1994).,.,,... 64Kbps (8KHz 8 bit ) ( VSELP ) 8Kbps 4.8Kbps ( 4.8Kbps naturalness ). (articulatory movement estimation) (articulatory speech synthesizer) (Schroeter and Sondhi, 1994).,. (feedback),.. 105

3 -... II. 1. :. (vocal tract). Schroeder (1967) Mermelstein s(1967).. Paige and Zue (1970) Atal and Hanauer (1971). Wakita (1973) < 1> Schroeter and Sondhi (1994). 106

4 < 1> ( : Schroeter and Sondhi, 1994). all- pole model, pulse.... (Wakita, 1973). < 2> Crichton and Fallside (1974)... A cou stic - A rticulat ory Mapping (Rahim et al., 1993; Guenther, 1994). < 3> Rahim et al.(1993)

5 - < 2> ( : Crichton and Fallside, 1974) < 3> ( : Rahim et al., 1994) 108

6 ..,...,., (transition state) (anti- resonance).,. Atal et al.(1978) EPG(electro- palatograph) EMA(electromagnetic articulograph).. X - Ray X - Ray Microb eam X- ray video.. ( ) microbeam. < 4> Wisconsin X- ray microbeam. MRI. 109

- < 4 > M ic ro b e a m X- ra y ( : http://www.biostat.wisc.edu/ubeam/ images/ shematic.gif).

7 - < 4 > M ic ro b e a m X- ra y ( : images/ shematic.gif). EPG (Electro- P alatograph ). < 5>... EPG. (dorsum ). < 5> Reading University EPG < 6> / s/ EPG (Javkin et al., 1993)

< 5 > EP G m o d e l 3 ( : http:// midwitch.reading.ac.

8 < 5 > EP G m o d e l 3 ( : midwitch.reading.ac.uk/ research/ speechlab/ epg) < 6 > / s/ EP G ( : Javkin et al., 1993). EMA (Electromag netic A rticulog raph ) EPG. EMA. < 7> 3 EMA (induced).. 111

9 - < 7 > 3 EMA ( : Perkell et al., 1992)... -, - EGG (electro- glottalgraph) - Airflow transducer Pneumotachograph - EPG (electro- palatograph) 1982). (, 112

10 < - 8 > P h ys io lo g ia ( : aix.fr/valorisation/ physiologia) III. LPC- Formant Based Vocal T ract Profile Graphics LPC (Linear Prediction Coefficient)- Formant Based Vocal T ract Profile Estimation (1992). opening, rounding degree. animated trajectory. 1. LP C 113

11 - LPC. LPC < 9>. < 9 > < 9> G, u (n). u (n), random (white noise). (time- varing digital filter),. s(n ). < 9> all- pole (1) (, G:, i:, p: ). H ( z ) = S ( z ) U( z ) = 1 - G p i = 1 iz - i (1) (1) s(n) AR., i G., (ai) (minimum mean squared error ; m in ), i G. 2. LP C LPC (linear prediction method) 114

12 , (auto- regressive; AR). 3. F o rm a n t F ormant (,, ). 17cm, 3KHz 3 4, 5KHz 4 5 (formant ).,., ( ),.. LPC., non- formant peak (McCandless, 1974). LPC (merging) 1, (vocal tract profile), (vocal tract ).., 1mm (resolution)., 115

13 -. (1). (2) 15. (3) X-. (4).,,,..,.,,., 15 LPC.,. 15 pipe 17cm 17cm section., X- Ladefoged et al.(1978) PARAFAC. 17 section 5 10., grid- line grid- line. < 10> Ladefoged et al.(1978) 17 section. 116

14 < 10 > Ha rs h m a n X- d at a 2 section, ( ) 11, 2 15 section..,, aspect ratio < 11>. < 1 1> 117

15 -. 15 section. LPC An (z) (2). A n ( z ) = forw ard v olum e v elocit y propag at ed v olum e v elocit y, n : section (2), section n n. n = n C n 1 - C n (3) Cn inverse filter. n section n - 1 section Y,. (4). (4) PARAFAC. X1 = c1f 2 + c2f2f3 + c3(f 1/ F 2) + c4 (4), c1 = , c2 = , c3 = 4.143, c4 = X1 X3. X 2 = X 1 + X 3 2 (5) rounding degree, height formant. (mapping ) 118

16 .,,,.,.. (Xp,Yp), (Xa,Ya) Xp,Yp (6). X p = X a + MX a + NX d M + N, Y p = Y a + M Y a + N Y d M + N (6), M = [ (X a - X d ) 2 + ( Y a - Y d ) 2 ] 1/ 2 N = 1- M Xd, Yd < 12> < 13>. < 12> 119

17 - Intensity Fundamental Frequency Nasality Vocal T ract Log Spectrum Profile Formant Frequency Articulatory Distance Computation Representation Vocal T ract Area < 13 > IV. 4 5 /,,,, / < 14>.., 4 /,,,, /, Harshman X- < 15>. X-,,. < 16>. (intensity ), (pitch), (nasality ), (spectrum). 120

18 ,,,... < 16> / / / / / / / /. (Park et al., 1994). LPC- F ormant Based Vocal T ract Profile Graphics LPC, opening rounding degree -.. LPC, glottal source. pseudo- glottal w aveform glottal source vocal tract filter pitch- synchronou s tw o channel analy sis

19 - < 14 > / /, / /, / /, / /, / / 5 122

20 < 15 > X- < 16 > ( / /, / / ) V.,. 123

21 -. EGG, EMA, EPGG..,... (1992).., 41, (1982).., 5, Atal, B. S. and Hanauer, S. L. (1971). Speech analysis and synthesis by linear prediction of the speech w ave. J ournal of the A coustical S ociety of A m erica, 50, Atal, B. S., Chang, J. J., Mathew s, M. V., and T ukey, J. W. (1978). Inversion of articulatory to acoustic transformation in the vocal tract by a computer sorting technique. J ournal of the A cous tical S ociety of A m erica, 63, Crichton, R. G. and Fallside, F. (1974). Linear prediction model of speech production with applications to deaf speech training. P roceedings of Institute of E lectrical E ng ineering Control & S cience, 121, Gersho, A. (1994). Advances in speech and audio processing. P roceedings of Institute of E lectrical and E lectronic E ng ineering, 82, Guenther, F. (1994). A neural netw ork model of speech acquisition and motor equivalent speech production. B iolog ical Cy bernetics, 72, Javkin, H., Baroso, N. A., Das, A., Zerkle, D., Yamada, Y., Murata, N., Levitt, H., and Youdelman, K. (1993). A motivation- sustaining articulatory/ acoustic speech training system for profoundly deaf children Internationnal Conference on A coustic, Sp eech and S ignal P rocessing, 1, Ladefoged, P., Harshman, R., Goldstein, L., and Rice, L. (1978). Generating vocal tract shapes from formant frequencies. J ournal of the A coustical S ociety of A m erica, 64,

22 McCandless, S. S. (1974). An algorithm for automatic formant extraction using linear prediction spectra. Institute of Electrical and E lectronic Eng ineering Transactions on A coustic Sp eech and S ignal P rocess ing, 20, Mermelstein, P. (1967). Determination of the shape of the human vocal tract from acoustical measurements. J ournal of the A coustical Society of A m erica, 41, Paige, A. and Zue, W. (1970). Computation of vocal tract area functions. Institute of E lectrical and E lectronic E ng ineering T ransactions on A udio E lectroacous tics, 18, Park, S. H., Kim, D. J., Lee, J. H., and Yoon, T. S. (1994). Integrated speech training system for the hearing impaired. Institute of E lectrical and E lectronic E ng ineering Transactions on R ehabilitation, 2, Perkell, J. S., Cohen, M. H., Svirsky, M. A., Matthies, M. L., Garabieta, I., and Jackson, M. T. (1992). Electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer systems for transducing speech articulatory movements. J ournal of the A cous tical S ociety of A m erica, 92, Rahim, M. G., Goodyear, C. C., Kleijin, W. B., Schroeter, J., and Sondhi, M. (1993). On the use of neural network in articulatory speech synthesis. J ournal of the A cous tical S ociety of A m erica, 93, Schroeder, M. R. (1967). Determination of the geometry of the human vocal tract by acoustic measurements. J ournal of the A cous tical S ociety of A m erica, 41, Schroeter, J. and Sondhi, M. M. (1994). T echniques for estimating vocal- tract shapes from the speech signal. Institute of E lectrical and E lectronic Eng ineering Transactions on Sp eech and A udio P rocessing, 2, Wakita, W. (1973). Direct estimation of the vocal tract shape by inverse filtering of acoustic speech w aveforms. Institute of E lectrical and E lectronic E ng ineering T ransactions on A coustic, sp eech and s ignal P rocess ing, 21,

8-VSB (Vestigial Sideband Modulation)., (Carrier Phase Offset, CPO) (Timing Frequency Offset),. VSB, 8-PAM(pulse amplitude modulation,, ) DC 1.25V, [2

8-VSB (Vestigial Sideband Modulation)., (Carrier Phase Offset, CPO) (Timing Frequency Offset),. VSB, 8-PAM(pulse amplitude modulation,, ) DC 1.25V, [2 VSB a), a) An Alternative Carrier Phase Independent Symbol Timing Offset Estimation Methods for VSB Receivers Sung Soo Shin a) and Joon Tae Kim a) VSB. VSB.,,., VSB,. Abstract In this paper, we propose

歯LANG5.PDF

歯LANG5.PDF