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1 대한진단검사의학회지제 29 권제 1 호 2009 Korean J Lab Med 2009;29:48-52 DOI /kjlm Original Article Diagnostic Immunology SD BIOLINE 키트의평가 지미정 1,2 노재상 2 조병기 2 조영식 2 김선주 3 윤병수 1 경기대학교자연과학대학생명과학과 1, 에스디바이오텍연구소 2, 경상대학교의과대학진단검사의학교실 3 Evaluation of SD BIOLINE Kit Mi Jung Ji 1,2, Jae Sang Noh 2, Byung Ki Cho, Ph.D. 2, Young Shik Cho, Ph.D. 2, Sun Joo Kim, M.D. 3, and Byoung Su Yoon, Ph.D. 1 Department of Life Science 1, College of Natural Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon; Biotech Laboratory 2, Standard Diagnostics Inc., Yongin; Department of Laboratory Medicine 3, Gyeongsang National University, School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea Background : disease is caused by cruzi, a protozoan parasite, which is transmitted by blood-sucking bugs or through blood transfusion or organ transplantation. It is endemic in Central and South America. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of immunochromatographic SD Bioline (Standard Diagnostics, Korea) with three immunochromatographic kits for the detection of antibodies to T. cruzi. Methods : A total of 320 serum specimens (140 positive and 180 negative) from National Reference Laboratory for and Leishmaniasis (NRLCL, Honduras) were used for the evaluation of four different test kits: SD Bioline, Stat-Pak (Chembio Diagnositc Systems, USA), OnSite test-cassette ( Biotech, USA), and Test ( International, USA). The results of four kits were compared with those of NRLCL. Cross-reactivity with other parasites was also evaluated. Results : Compared with the results of NRLCL, sensitivity and specificity were 99.3% and 100% for both of SD and Chembio kits, 97.2% and 100% for kit, and 97.9% and 98.8% for kit. None of other parasites showed cross-reactivity. Conclusions : SD Bioline kit showed test results highly correlating with those of National Reference Laboratory for and Leishmaniasis. It can be used for a rapid detection of disease in endemic region and monitoring the disease among overseas travelers in Korea. (Korean J Lab Med 2009;29:48-52) Key Words : disease, cruzi, Immunochromatography 서 론 샤가스병은아메리칸트리파노소마증이라고도하는데병원체 Received : October 27, 2008 Manuscript No : KJLM2185 Revision received : December 8, 2008 Accepted : December 12, 2008 Corresponding author : Byoung Su Yoon, Ph.D. Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Kyonggi University, San 94-6, Yiui-dong, Suwon , Korea Tel : , Fax : bsyoon@kyonggi.ac.kr *This study was performed by the research fund from Standard Diagnostic Inc. 는크루스파동편모충 ( cruzi) 으로 [1-3], 주로야생동물과빈대사이에서생활사를이어가며 [4], 빈대같은절지동물에물림으로써감염된다 [5]. 감염증세는급성형과만성형이있으며, 급성형은크루스파동편모충감염후 2-3주안에나타나고심장을침범하여심근염, 심부전을일으키거나충추신경계를침범하여뇌수막염을일으켜사망할수도있다. 만성형은 1-2개월동안유지되며심장과관련된증상이제일흔하고심계항진, 어지러움, 실신등과같은증상이나타난다 [6]. 샤가스병은미국남부부터멕시코, 아르헨티나, 칠레에이르는중남미지역에널리분포하고 [7], 중남미인구의 25% 가샤가스병의감염위 48
2 Evaluation of Kit 49 험에노출되어있어매년 1,800만명이감염되고그중 45,000 명이상이사망한다고알려져있다 [8]. 국내의경우아직까지샤가스병환자가보고된사례는없으나중남미지역등의해외여행자수가늘어남에따라질병관리본부에서는 2000년샤가스병을지정전염병으로고시하여관리하고있다. 샤가스병의진단에는현미경관찰법, 기생충배양법, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 간접면역형광법등이있으며, 이중현미경관찰법과기생충배양법은기생충을직접확인할수있어샤가스병의진단에는용이할수있으나감염된기생충의수가적을경우위음성의결과를초래할수있다 [9]. PCR을기반으로하는진단법은급성인경우에높은감도를보이나만성인경우에는위음성의결과를보이기도한다. 또한급성의경우혈중에기생충농도가높아방금채혈한혈액에서는현미경으로도관찰이가능하지만수혈, 장기이식, 모자감염등으로인한만성감염인경우에는원충의농도가낮아현미경으로는관찰할수없어혈청학적검사만이유효하다 [1]. 혈청학적인검사로는 ELISA, 간접면역형광법등이사용되고있다 [8, 10-13]. 하지만현재사용되고있는진단방법중에서한종류의항원이나방법으로만검사하는것은민감도및특이도가떨어지므로, 두종류이상의항원을이용하여검사를하거나두종류이상의혈청학적검사를해야그정확도를높일수있다고알려져있다 [9, 14-16]. 면역크로마토그래피법은민감도와특이도면에서효소면역법만큼우수하며더짧은시간안에검사할수있으며, 기기와장소가필요하지않고실온에서검사가가능한장점이있다 [11]. 따라서본연구에서는샤가스병이풍토병인유행지역에서혈액은행또는응급실에서수혈에의한샤가스병감염전파를막고, 국내의경우중남미해외여행자를통한샤가스병감염을막고자면역크로마토그래피법을이용하여 SD Bioline 를개발하게되었다. 또한면역크로마토그래피법을이용한샤가스병진단제품들은이미개발되어기존검사방법들과비교하여임상적유용성이있음이확인된바있다 [8, 11]. 본연구에서는국내에서개발된샤가스항체검사용 SD Bioline 의평가를시행하고자하였고, 기존에개발된세가지검사제품과비교하여민감도, 특이도, 일치율, 검출한계, 교차반응등의성능을평가하고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상온두라스국립샤가스연구기관에서 2007년 8월부터 2008년 5월까지효소면역법 (test ELISA recombinante 3.0, Wiener lab, Rosario, Argentina와 ImmunoComb II, Orgenics, Yavne, Israel), 현미경법과 PCR로샤가스양성으로확인된검체 140건, 음성으로확인된검체 180건을연구용으로제공받아총 320건의검체를대상으로본연구를수행하였다. 네가지제품의면역크로마토그래피법으로는 Stat-Pak (Chembio Diagnositc Systems, Medford, USA; Stat-Pak), OnSite test-cassette ( Biotech, SanDiego, USA; OnSite), Test ( International, Seattle, USA; ), 그리고 SD Bioline (SD, Yongin, Korea; Bioline) 를사용하였다 (Table 1). 2. 방법 네종류의제품들은각기제조사에의해제시된방법에따라검사를시행하였고, 발색반응결과는육안으로 2명이각기독립적으로판정하였다. 발색이강하거나약한경우양성으로판단하고, 발색이없는경우에는음성으로판단하였다. 각신속항체검사의결과는온두라스국립샤가스연구원의결과와비교분석하였다. 검출한계평가는양성검체 140건을동량으로혼합한혈청을샤가스항체음성인혈청으로최종 256배까지희석하여제조한후, 각각의시약으로측정하였다. 교차반응평가에는기생충관련질병인리슈만편모충증 (Leishmaniasis), 필라리아증 (Filariasis), 말라리아 (Malaria), 톡소플라스마증 (Toxoplasmosis), 트리파노소마랑겔 ( rangeli) 과주혈흡충증 (Schistosomiasis) 에대한양성검체 3건을각각사용하였다. 이들검체는 Laboratoire Marcel Merieux (Lyon, France) 에서구입한것이다. Table 1. Characteristics of the four different test kits for the detection of antibodies to cruzi Methods SD BIOLINE Test Type Device Device Strip Device Specimen Serum, Serum, plasma Serum Serum, volume plasma 5 μl 5 μl 10 μl plasma 5 μl Whole Blood Whole Blood Whole Blood 10 μl 20 μl 10 μl Diluent 3 drops 2 drops 4 drops 6 drops volume ( μl) ( μl) ( μl) (-240 μl) Analysis time 15 min 15 min 10 min 15 min
3 50 지미정 노재상 조병기외 3 인 Table 2. Performance of four test kits in comparison with the results of National Reference Laboratory for and Leishmaniasis (Tegucigalpa, Honduras) Parameter SD BIOLINE Test Positive (N=140) Negative (N=180) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Kappa agreement (95% CI) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) breviation: CI, confidence interval. Table 3. Results of 8 discordant cases of four test kits for the detection of antibodies to cruzi in comparison with the results of NRLCL Specimen No. (onset day) Result of NRLCL SD BIOLINE Test 1 (3) (2) (6) (4) (2) (5) 결 과 breviation: NRLCL, National Reference Laboratory for and Leishmaniasis (Tegucigalpa, Honduras). 본연구에서네가지샤가스항체검사제품중 Bioline과 Stat-Pak은민감도 99.3%, 특이도 100% 로민감도, 특이도가가장높았고, 는민감도 97.2%, 특이도 100%, OnSite는민감도 97.9%, 특이도 98.8% 이였다. 온두라스국립샤가스연구원의결과와비교한결과, 네가지샤가스항체검사제품중 Bioline와 Stat-Pak의일치율이 99.7% 로가장높았으며, 는 98.8%, OnSite는 98.4% 였다 (Table 2). 샤가스병항체양성검체 140건중네가지면역크로마토그래피법을이용한제품모두에서동일하게양성으로나온경우는 134건 (95.7%) 이었으며, Bioline와 Stat-Pak 1건 (0.7%), 4건 (2.8%), OnSite 3건 (2.1%) 이음성이었다 (Table 3). 음성검체 180건중모두에서동일하게음성으로나온경우는 178건 (98.8%) 으로 Bioline, Stat-Pak와 는 180건모두에서음성결과를나타내어 100% 일치율을보였고, OnSite는 2건 (1.1%) 이양성이었다. 총 320건의샤가스음성, 양성검체중검사결과가일치하는경우가 312건으로일치율은 97.5%, 카파일치율은 (95% 신뢰구간 : ) 이었고, 제품간결과가일치하지않는것은모두 8건 (2.5%) 으로 Table 3에정리하였다. 희미한발색이나타난경우는 Bioline, Stat-Pak, 3건, OnSite 4건으로모두약양성으로간주하였다. 각제품의검출한계검사결과 Bioline와 Stat-Pak는 1:128, 1:32, OnSite 1:64까지검출가능하였다. 또한네가지제품에대한기생충관련질병과의교차반응검사결과리슈만편모충증, 필라리아증, 말라리아 ( 삼일열말라리아 2건, 열대열말라리아 1건, 농도 200 parasite/μl 이상 ), 톡소플라스마증, 트리파노소마랑겔과주혈흡충증각각의양성검체 3건에대해모두음성의결과를나타내었다. 네가지제품의용법, 용량을비교해보면 Bioline, Stat-Pak 와 제품은혈청, 혈장및전혈사용이가능하나 OnSite 제품은혈청, 혈장만사용가능하였다. 검사에소요되는시간과검체량은 Bioline, Stat-Pak와 OnSite가모두 15 분, 혈장, 혈청5 μl 또는전혈 10 μl 였으며, 제품이 10분으로가장짧았으나사용검체량은혈장, 혈청 10 μl 또는전혈 20 μl 로가장많았다. 고찰본연구에서샤가스병을진단하기위해네가지면역크로마토그래피법제품을온두라스국립샤가스연구원의결과와비교해본결과시약에따라음성검체 180건에서양성으로나오는비율이 0-1.1%, 양성검체 140건에서음성으로나오는비율이 %, 민감도 %, 특이도 % 의결과를보였다. 이는네가지다른방법즉, 면역크로마토그래피법, 효소면역법, 간접형광항체법및간접응집법으로검사한결과면역크로마토그래피법의민감도와특이도가 100% 와 98.6% 로다른방법들과동등하다고보고한 Luquetti 등 [17] 의결과와비슷하였다. 또한 Ponce 등 [11] 이효소면역법과면역크로마토그래피법의비교결과에서면역크로마토그래피법의민감도 99.8%, 특이도 100% 로보고한결과와도일치하였다. 본연구에서네가지면역크로마토그래피법제품의양성검체에대한검사결과가비교적일치하였고시약에따라다른결과를보이는경우가모두 6건있었는데, 양성검체중음성의결과를나타낸검체번호는 Bioline는 1번, Stat-Pak는 5번, 는 2번, 3번, 5번과 6번이었으며, OnSite는 1번, 2번, 4번이었
4 Evaluation of Kit 51 다. 이들검체들은샤가스병증상이나타난후 2일에서 6일사이의검체로제품에따라검체의음성, 양성결과가다르게나타나는것은각제품에사용되고있는항원및각제조사제품의특징에기인한것으로판단되었다. Bioline 제품에는두가지항원 (H49, 1F8) 이사용되었고, Stat-Pak 제품에는네가지항원 (B13, 1F8, H49/JL7)[11] 이사용되고있으며, 제품에는일곱가지항원 (ITC-6, ITC-8.2, peptide 2, TcD, TcF, TcLo, SA- PA)[8] 이사용되고있다. 샤가스병진단에있어서 Umezawa 등 [2] 의연구결과에의하면여섯종류의유전자재조합항원 (H49, JL7, A13, B13, JL8, 1F8) 이효소면역법에서각각의민감도와특이도가 H %, 100%, JL7 97.4%, 99.5%, A %, 100%, B %, 99.5%, JL8 93.8%, 95.4%, 1F8 99%, 99.5% 로항원들간에민감도와특이도차이가있다고보고하였고, 2004년연구결과에따르면유전자재조합항원을두개이상혼합하여사용할경우단독항원을사용하는것보다반응이높다고보고하였다. 또한 Marcipar 등 [18] 의연구결과에의하면크루스파동편모충감염후항체가반응하는항원의수는 7일 1개, 15일 7개, 30 일 5개, 60 일 21개로항원에따라항체가반응하는시기가다르다고보고하였다. Ponce 등 [11] 은면역크로마토그래피법이민감도와특이도면에서효소면역법만큼우수하며더짧은시간안에검사할수있고, 기기와장소가필요하지않고실온에서검사가가능한장점이있어샤가스병이풍토병인유행지역의혈액은행또는응급실에서수혈에의한샤가스병감염을막기위한검사로면역크로마토그래피법이유용할것이라고보고하였다. 국내의경우해외여행자를통한샤가스병감염을신속하게관리할수있고, 효소면역법처럼일정검체가수집되지않더라도검사가가능하므로의뢰검체수가적은검사실에서사용하기적당하다고할수있다. 본연구에서비교평가된네가지제품모두민감도와특이도가우수하였고, 그중에서 Bioline와 Stat-Pak의민감도와특이도가 와 OnSite 보다우수한결과를보였다. 이상의결과를종합해볼때에스디에서개발된면역크로마토그래피법인 SD Bioline 가민감도와특이도면에서다른제품보다우수하였고검사방법이간단하고검체는혈장, 혈청 5 μl 또는전혈 10 μl 을사용하여 15분이내에검사결과가육안으로확인가능하여헌혈자검사뿐만아니라감염진단에도유용하며, 사용할수있는검체가혈청, 혈장뿐만아니라전혈도가능하여응급실에서수혈을요하는경우에신속하게검사할수있다는점에서기존의검사방법보다우수한것으로사료된다. 또한외산제품에의존하지않고국산제품을개발하여사용할수있다는점도이연구의큰의의라고 사료된다. 요약배경 : 샤가스병은크루스파동편모충 ( cruzi) 이원인으로빈대에물리거나수혈과장기이식등에의해감염되는중남미지역의풍토병이다. 국내의경우감염된사례는없으나중남미지역의해외여행자를통한샤가스병의감염을관리할필요가있다. 본연구에서는최근국내에서개발된면역크로마토그래피법의 SD Bioline ( 에스디, 대한민국 ) 를세가지면역크로마토그래피법시약과비교평가하고자하였다. 방법 : 온두라스국립샤가스연구원으로부터수집한검체 320건 ( 샤가스양성검체 140건, 음성검체 180건 ) 을대상으로, SD Bioline 키트를 Stat-Pak (Chembio Diagnositc Systems, USA), OnSite test-cassette ( Biotech, USA), Test ( International, USA) 등과비교하였다. 온두라스국립샤가스연구원의결과에대한민감도와특이도를비교하였고, 다른기생충질환과의교차반응을평가하였다. 결과 : 온두라스국립샤가스연구원검사에의한결과와비교시각검사키트의민감도와특이도는 SD 키트와 Chembio 키트는 99.3%, 100% 이었고, 키트는 97.2%, 100%, 키트는 97.9%, 98.8% 이었다. 다른기생충질환과의교차반응은없었다. 결론 : SD Bioline 키트는온두라스국립샤가스연구원결과와의일치율이우수하였다. 따라서국내에서개발된 SD Bioline 키트는샤가스병이풍토병인지역의감염진단과해외여행자를통한국내샤가스병감염관리에유용할것이다. 참고문헌 1. Cheng KY, Chang CD, Salbilla VA, Kirchhoff LV, Leiby DA, Schochetman G, et al. Immunoblot assay using recombinant antigens as a supplemental test to confirm the presence of antibodies to cruzi. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007;14: Umezawa ES, Bastos SF, Camargo ME, Yamauchi LM, Santos MR, Gonzalez A, et al. Evaluation of recombinant antigens for serodiagnosis of disease in South and Central America. J Clin Micro-
5 52 지미정 노재상 조병기외 3 인 biol 1999;37: Oelemann WM, Teixeira MD, Verissimo Da Costa GC, Borges-Pereira J, De Castro JA, Coura JR, et al. Evaluation of three commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of disease. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36: Hoft DF, Kim KS, Otsu K, Moser DR, Yost WJ, Blumin JH, et al. cruzi expresses diverse repetitive protein antigens. Infect Immun 1989;57: Houghton RL, Benson DR, Reynolds LD, McNeill PD, Sleath PR, Lodes MJ, et al. A multi-epitope synthetic peptide and recombinant protein for the detection of antibodies to cruzi in radioimmunoprecipitation-confirmed and consensus-positive sera. J Infect Dis 1999;179: Paranhos GS, Cotrim PC, Mortara RA, Rassi A, Corral R, Freilij HL, et al. cruzi: cloning and expression of an antigen recognized by acute and chronic human chagasic sera. Exp Parasitol 1990;71: Ferreira AW, Belem ZR, Lemos EA, Reed SG, Campos-Neto A. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological diagnosis of disease employing a cruzi recombinant antigen that consists of four different peptides. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39: Cardinal MV, Reithinger R, G?rtler RE. Use of an immunochromatographic dipstick test for rapid detection of cruzi in sera from animal reservoir hosts. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44: Bern C, Montgomery SP, Herwaldt BL, Rassi A Jr, Marin-Neto JA, Dantas RO, et al. Evaluation and treatment of disease in the United States: a systematic review. JAMA 2007;298: Sanchez Negrette O, Sanchez Valdez FJ, Lacunza CD, Garcia Bustos MF, Mora MC, Uncos AD, et al. Serological evaluation of specific-antibody levels in patients treated for chronic disease. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008;15: Ponce C, Ponce E, Vinelli E, Montoya A, de Aguilar V, Gonzalez A, et al. Validation of a rapid and reliable test for diagnosis of disease by detection of cruzi-specific antibodies in blood of donors and patients in Central America. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43: Saez-Alquezar A, Sabino EC, Salles N, Chamone DF, Hulstaert F, Pottel H, et al. Serological confirmation of disease by a recombinant and peptide antigen line immunoassay: INNO-LIA. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38: Leiby DA, Wendel S, Takaoka DT, Fachini RM, Oliveira LC, Tibbals MA. Serologic testing for cruzi: comparison of radioimmunoprecipitation assay with commercially available indirect immunofluorescence assay, indirect hemagglutination assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: Sanchez-Guillen Mdel C, Lopez-Colombo A, Ordonez-Toquero G, Gomez-Albino I, Ramos-Jimenez J, Torres-Rasgado E, et al. Clinical forms of cruzi infected individuals in the chronic phase of disease in Puebla, Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006;101: Umezawa ES, Luquetti AO, Levitus G, Ponce C, Ponce E, Henriquez D, et al. Serodiagnosis of chronic and acute disease with cruzi recombinant proteins: results of a collaborative study in six Latin American countries. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42: Peralta JM, Teixeira MG, Shreffler WG, Pereira JB, Burns JM Jr, Sleath PR, et al. Serodiagnosis of disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using two synthetic peptides as antigens. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32: Luquetti AO, Ponce C, Ponce E, Esfandiari J, Schijman A, Revollo S, et al. disease diagnosis: a multicentric evaluation of Stat-Pak, a rapid immunochromatographic assay with recombinant proteins of cruzi. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;46: Marcipar IS, Risso MG, Silber AM, Revelli S, Marcipar AJ. Antibody maturation in cruzi-infected rats. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001;8:802-5.
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