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1 Medical POSTGRADUATES Abstracts

2 Medical POSTGRADUATES No. 3, Vol.35, 2007 Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis with Tuberculosis Fig. 3 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Table 1 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig

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5 120 Medical POSTGRADUATES No. 3, Vol.35, 2007 Methods for Appropriate Data Analysis in Case-Control Study (1)

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9 Fig. 2 Fig. 6 REFERENCES 1. Ki M (2006) : Efficient Methods of Data Description. Medical Postgraduates, 34(1) : Ki M (2006) : Understanding P Value in Clinics. M e d i c a l P o s t g r a d u a t e s, 34(1) : Fletcher RW & Fletcher SW (2005) : Clinical Epidemiology 4th edi. Philadelphia, PA. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 124

10 125 Medical POSTGRADUATES No. 3, Vol.35, 2007 Morphologic Findings of Burkitt Leukemia Fig. 1 Fig. 2

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12 REFERENCES 1. Foucar K (2001) : Bone marrow pathology 2nd ed. 2. World Health Organization Classification of Tumors ASCP press, American Society of Clinical Pathology, (2001) : Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. IARC press:

13 Medical POSTGRADUATES No. 3, Vol.35, 2007 Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Table 1 128

14 Table 1. Table 2. Table 2 Table 3 129

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16 Table Table 4.

17 Medical POSTGRADUATES No. 3, Vol.35, 2007 Ubiquitous Healthcare in Diabetes A b s t r a c t 132

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23 REFERENCES 1. Yoon KH, Lee JH, Kim JW, Cho JH, Choi YH, Ko SH, Zimmet P, Son HY (2006) : Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia. L a n c e t, 368 : The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1995) : Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Am J Cardiol, 75 : Writing Team for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epid emiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group (2002) : Effect of intensive therapy on the microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus. J A M A, 287 : UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1998) : Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. B M J, 317 : Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E et al. (1995) : Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 28 : Saydah SH, Fradkin J, Cowie CC (2004) : Poor control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes. J A M A, 29 : Koro CE, Bowlin SJ, Bourgeois N, Fedder DO (2004) : Glycemic control from 1988 to 2000 among U.S. adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a preliminary report. Diabetes Care, 27 : Ubink-Veltmaat LJ, Bilo HJ, Groenier KH et al. (2003) : Prevalence, incidence and mortality of type 2 diabetes mellitus revisited: a prospective population-based study in The Netherlands (ZODIAC-1). Eur J Epidemiol, 18 : Gatling W, Budd S, Walters D et al. (1998) : Evidence of an increasing prevalence of diagnosed diabetes mellitus in the Poole area from 1983 to Diabet Med, 15 : Berger B, Stenstrom G, Sundkvist G (1999) : Incidence, prevalence, and mortality of diabetes in a large population. A report from the Skaraborg Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Care, 22 : Kwon HS, Cho JH, Kim HS, Lee JH, Song BR, Oh JA, Han JH, Kim HS, Cha BY, Lee KW, Son HY, Kang SK, Lee WC, Yoon KH (2004) : Development of web-based diabetic patient management system using short message service. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 66(Suppl ): S133-S Kwon HS, Cho JH, Kim HS, Song BR, Ko SH, Lee JM, Kim SR, Chang SA, Kim HS, Cha BY, Lee KW, Son HY, Lee JH, Lee WC, Yoon KH (2004) : Establishment of blood glucose monitoring system using the internet. Diabetes Care, 27(2) : Cho JH, Chang SA, Kwon HS, Choi YH, Ko SH, Moon SD, Yoo SJ, Song KH, Son HS, Kim HS, Lee WC, Cha BY, Son HY, Yoon KH (2006) : Long-term effect of the Internet-based glucose monitoring system on HbA1c reduction and glucose stability: a 30-month follow-up study for diabetes management with a ubiquitous medical care system. Diabetes Care, 29 :

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26 Medical POSTGRADUATES No. 3, Vol.35, 2007 Type 1 Diabetes as an Autoimmune Disease Fig. 1 Table 1 141

27 Fig. 1. Table 1. Antigen Sensitivity(Specificity) Comment Insulin 40-95% (99%) Inversely age of diabetes onset related GAD65 70% (99%) Predominantly age independent IA-2 60% (99%) Islet protein tyrosine phosphatase Phogrin/IA-2 55% (99%) Autoantibodies predominantly subset of ICA512/IA-2 Autoantibodies Carboxypeptidase H 10% (99%) Low sensitivity 142

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32 Table 2. CD4+CD4RB lo Th3 TGF, IL10 Colitis by CD45Rb hi TGF,+/- EAE, glomeruloneph, IL10, IL4 MG, clone DM TR1 IL10, normal IBD by CD45Rb hi, TGF, no IL4 Respond IL-15 CD4+CD25+ CTLA4 Thymectomy autoimmune Constituitive CTLA4 Other CD4+ IL2, IFN MBP EAE model CD8+ CD4-CD8-TCRFas Gamma/Delta Oral tolerance intestine Skin Allograft Gut, Nasal Insulin NKT IL4, IL10, CD1 Activated IFN, TGF Fig

33 Table 3. Intervention Route Specific agent Dose and schedule Age at start Reduction in incidence Insulin GAD, Peptide 100ug 4 wk : 90% B 9-23 intranasal 40ug daily : 50% for 3d every 4-5 wk Insulin B chain with alum, IFA or 4 wk % Peptides DTP, 4 3 Human insulin analog 5 ug daily 12 wk 50% Porcine insulin 1 1 mg 2 5 wk 50% Insulin LCMV transgenics, LCMV- induced mg, 1 diabetes 50% 1-22, GAD 65/ : 10-50ug 3 wk 100% GAD 67 : 100ug, GAD ug in IFA, 6 wk 80% GAD 65 in IFA, wk 40-50% GAD 65 peptides in IFA, wk Not effective GAD 65 peptides 50 ug, 2-3 wk 60% GAD 67 transgenic plant 5 wk 50% Table 3 148

34 REFERENCES 1. Eisenbarth GS (1986) : Type I diabetes mellitus. A chronic autoimmune disease. N Engle J Med, : (1999) : 1 8. Park Y, She J, Wang C et al. (2000) : Common., 23 : (2001) : T and B cell Autoantigens in Type 1 Diabetes., 25(3) : Park YS, Kim TW, Kim WB, Cho BY (2000) : Increased prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Korean J Intern Med, 1 5 ( 3 ) : Park YS, Ko KW, Yang SW, Kawasaki E, Abiru N, Takino H, Eisenbarth G (2001) : Evaluation of the efficacy of multiple autoantibody screening in Korean patients with IDDM. Acta Diabetologica, 37 : Park Y, Eisenbarth GS (2001) : Genetic susceptibility factors of type 1 diabetes in Asians and their functional evaluation. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 17 : Park Y, Wang C, Ko K et al. (1998) : Combinations of HLA DR and DQ molecules determine the susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Koreans. H u m I m m u n o l, 59 : susceptibility and transmission pattern of HLA DRB1- DQB1 haplotypes to Korean and Caucasian patients with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 8 5 : Tang Q, Henriksen KJ, Bi M et al. (2004) : In vitroexpanded antigen-specific regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune diabetes. J Exp Med, 199 : Herold KC, Hagopian W, Auger JA et al. (2002) : Anti- CD3 monoclonal antibody in new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med, 346(22) : Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Diabetes Study Group (2002) : Effects of insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med, 346 : Park Y (2006) : Why is type 1 diabetes uncommon in Asia? Ann NY Acad Sci, 1079 :

35 150 Medical POSTGRADUATES No. 3, Vol.35, 2007 Glucotoxicity

36 151 Table 1 Table 2Fig. 1

37 Table 1. Downregulated Expression Transcription Factors PPAR PPAR SREBP-1c Transcription Factor Beta 2 PDX-1 HNF1, HNF3, HNF4 NkX6.1/PaX 6 Upregulated Expression PPAR C/EBP- c-myc Lipid Acyl CoA Oxidase Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Metabolism/Transport Malonyl CoA decarboxylase Fatty Acid Synthase Lactate Production/Transport Mitochondrial Proton Transport/ATP Synthesis ATP-Synthase (NS) ATP-Synthase (NS) mgpdh(mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase) Hormone Sensitive Lipase Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase-1 Lactate Dehydrogenase(A) Monocarboxylate Transporter-1 Monocarboxylate Transporter-2 Monocarboxylate Transporter-3 Uncoupling protein-2 Islet Hormone/Metabolism Insulin Glucose-6-phosphatase Enzymes Glucagon Fructose-bisphosphatase-1 GLUT2 Glutamate Dehydrogenase Glucokinase Kir6.2(ATP dependent K + channel) Islet amyloid polypeptide(iapp) SERCA3, SERCA2B(Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca ++ - ATPase Voltage-dependent calcium channel a1d Inositol phosphate 3 receptor Fructose-bisphosphatase-2 12-lipoxygenase Cycloxygenase-2 Hexokinase Stress/Apoptosis Genes Bcl-2 Inducible nitric oxide synthase Heme oxygenase-1 Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase Mn superoxide dismutase Fas Antiapoptotic A20 152

38 Table 2. 1 : Adaptation for insulin resistance -Cell hypertrophy -Cell hyperplasia Shift to the left of glucose dose-response curve Normal or increased glucose-induced insulin secretion Normal gene expression profile 2 : Decompensation: mild hyperglycemia Loss of acute glucose-induced insulin secretion Preservation of responses to nonglucose secretagogues(arginine, etc.) Near-normal insulin stores Early -cell dedifferentiation Decreased gene expression of GLUT2, glucokinase, mgpdh, pyruvate carboxylase, voltage-dependent calcium channel, SERCA3, IP3R-II, and transcription factors(pdx-1, HNFs, Nkx6.1, and Pax6) Increased gene expression of LDH, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and the transcription factor c-myc 3 : Decompensation: severe hyperglycemia Loss of glucose-induced insulin secretion Impairment of responses to nonglucose secretagogues(arginine, etc.) Increased ratio of secreted proinsulin to insulin Reduced insulin stores(degranulation) More severe -cell dedifferentiation Decreased expression of insulin, IAPP, glucokinase, Kir6.2, SERCA2B, PPAR-, and transcription factor 2 Increased expression of glucose-6-phosphatase, 12-lipoxygenase, COX-2, PPAR-, uncoupling protein 2, fatty acid synthase, and the transcription factor C/EBP Increased expression of stress genes inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase, A20, and Heme oxygenase-1 4 : Decompensation with structural damage Apoptosis Amyloid deposits Lipid droplets Glycogen deposits Fibrosis C/EBP, CAAT/enhancer binding protein- ; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; IAPP, islet amyloid polypeptide; IP3R-II, inositol phosphate 3 receptor; SERCA, sarcoendoplasmicreticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase. Adopted from article of Gordon C. Weir et al. D i a b e t e s, 50(Suppl. 1) : S154-S159,

39 Fig. 1. Table 3 Table 3. Oxidative Stress Activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) Increase flux through the Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway (HBP) Formation of Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) Altered Polyol Pathway Flux Changes in gene expression 154

40 Fig. 2. Adopted from article of Robertson RP et al. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 41 : , 2006 Fig

41 Fig

42 REFERENCES 1. Garvey WT, Olefsky JM, Griffin J, Hamman RF, Kolterman OG (1985) : The effect of insulin treatment on insulin secretion and insulin action in type II diabetes mellitus. D i a b e t e s, 34(3) : Rossetti L, Shulman GI, Zawalich W, DeFronzo RA (1987) : Effect of chronic hyperglycemia on in vivo insulin secretion in partially pancreatectomized rats. J Clin Invest, 80(4) : Leahy JL, Bonner-Weir S, Weir GC (1988) : Minimal chronic hyperglycemia is a critical determinant of impaired insulin secretion after an incomplete pancreatectomy. J Clin Invest, 81(5) : Weir GC, Laybutt DR, Kaneto H, Bonner-Weir S, Sharma A (2001) : Beta-cell adaptation and decompensation during the progression of diabetes. D i a b e t e s, 50( S u p p l 1) : S DeFronzo RA, Simonson D, Ferrannini E (1982) : Hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance : a common feature of type 2(non-insulin-dependent) and type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. D i a b e t o l o g i a, 23(4) : Yki-Jarvinen H, Koivisto VA (1986) : Natural course of insulin resistance in type I diabetes. N Engl J Med, 315(4) : Beck-Nielsen H, Pedersen O, Sorensen NS (1980) : Effects of dietary changes on cellular insulin binding and in vivo insulin sensitivity. M e t a b o l i s m, 29(5) : Rossetti L, Smith D, Shulman GI, Papachristou D, DeFronzo RA (1987) : Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats. J Clin Invest, 79(5) : Bevilacqua S, Barrett EJ, Smith D et al. (1985) : Hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance following streptozotocin-induced insulin deficiency in the dog. M e t a b o l i s m, 34(9) : Poitout V, Robertson RP (2002) : Minireview : Secondary beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes--a convergence of glucotoxi city and lipotoxicity. E n d o c r i n o l o g y, 143(2) : Tanaka Y, Gleason CE, Tran PO, Harmon JS, Robertson RP (1999) : Prevention of glucose toxicity in HIT-T15 cells and Zucker diabetic fatty rats by antioxidants. P r o c Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96(19) : Kaneto H, Kajimoto Y, Miyagawa J et al. (1999) : Beneficial effects of antioxidants in diabetes: possible protection of pancreatic beta-cells against glucose toxicity. D i a b e t e s, 48(12) : Kaneto H, Xu G, Song KH et al. (2001) : Activation of the hexosamine pathway leads to deterioration of pancreatic beta-cell function through the induction of oxidative stress. J Biol Chem, 276(33) : Aiello LP (2002) : The potential role of PKC beta in diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. S u r v O p h t h a l m o l, 47(Suppl 2) : S Casellini CM, Barlow PM, Rice AL et al. (2007) : A 6- M onth, Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo- Controlled Study Evaluating the Effects of the Protein Kinase C-{beta} Inhibitor Ruboxistaurin on Skin Microvascular Blood Flow and Other Measures of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Diabetes Care, 30 ( 4 ) : Group P-DS (2007) : Effect of ruboxistaurin in patients with diabetic macular edema: thirty-month results of the randomized PKC-DMES clinical trial. A r c h O p h t h a l m o l, 125(3) : Hebert LF Jr., Daniels MC, Zhou J et al. (1996) : Overexpression of glutamine : fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase in transgenic mice leads to insulin resistance. J Clin Invest, 98(4) : Chen KS, Heydrick SJ, Brown ML, Friel JC, Ruderman NB (1994) : Insulin increases a biochemically distinct pool of diacylglycerol in the rat soleus muscle. Am J P h y s i o l, 266(3 Pt 1) : E Paolisso G, D'Amore A, Balbi V et al. (1994) : Plasma vitamin C affects glucose homeostasis in healthy subjects and in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Am J P h y s i o l, 266(2 Pt 1) : E Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL et al. (2000) : Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. N a t u r e, 404(6779) :

43 Medical POSTGRADUATES No. 3, Vol.35, 2007 Incretin and Type 2 Diabetes 158

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47 REFERENCES 1. Murielle MJ Combettes (2006) : GLP-1 and type 2 diabetes: physiology and new clinical advances. C u r r e n t Opinion in Pharmacology, 6 : David MK, Dennis K, David M (2006) : Incretin Mimetics and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors: A Review of Emerging Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes. D i a b e t e s Technology & Therapeutics, 8(3) : Daniel JD (2006) : The Evidence for Achieving Glycemic Control with Incretin Mimetics. The Diabetes Educator, 32 : 72S-81S 4. Werner C (2005) : The [pre-] history of the incretin concept. Regulatory Peptides, 128 : Michael JT, Olga C, Spyros M, M?ire ED, Magdalena J, Kalliopi P, Josephine ME (2006) : Human duodenal enteroendocrine cells: source of both incretin peptides, GLP-1 and GIP. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 290 : Daniel JDr, Michael AN (2006) : The incretin system: glucagon-li ke peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. L a n c e t, 368 : Jens JH, Jesper G (2004) : Role of incretin hormones in the regulation of insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 162

48 287 : E199-E Daniel JD (2006) : The biology of incretin hormones. Cell Metabolism, 3 : Takashi M, Kohtaro M, Hidehiro S, Kimio M, Atsunori S, Hiroki I, Yuichiro Y, Jens JH, Susumo S (2005) : Distinct effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagons-like peptide-1 on insulin secretion and gut motility. D i a b e t e s, 54 : Jens JH, Jesper G (2004) : Role of incretin hormones in the regulation of insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 287 : E199-E Yazhou L, Xiemin C, Li-Xin L, Patricia LB, Helena E, Daniel JD (2005) : cell pdx-1 expression in essential for the glucoregulatory, proliferative, and cytoprotective actions of glucagons-like peptide-1. D i a b e t e s, 54 :

49 Medical POSTGRADUATES No. 3, Vol. 35, 2007 Surrogate Cell 164

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53 REFERENCES 1. Aramata S, SI Han et al. (2005) : Synergistic activation of the insulin gene promoter by the beta-cell enriched transcription factors MafA, Beta2, and Pdx1. B i o c h i m Biophys Acta, 1730(1) : Assady S, G Maor et al. (2001) : Insulin production by human embryonic stem cells. D i a b e t e s, 50 ( 8 ) : Buning H, SA Nicklin et al. (2003) : AAV-based gene transfer. Curr Opin Mol Ther, 5(4) : Carter PJ and RJ Samulski (2000) : Adeno-associated viral vectors as gene delivery vehicles. Int J Mol Med, 6(1) : Ferber S, A Halkin et al. (2000) : Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene 1 induces expression of insulin genes in liver and ameliorates streptozotocininduced hyperglycemia. Nat Med, 6(5) : Glick E, D Leshkowitz et al. (2000) : Transcription factor BETA2 acts cooperatively with E2A and PDX1 to activate the insulin gene promoter. J Biol Chem, 275(3) : Habener JF, DM Kemp et al. (2005) : Minireview: transcriptional regulation in pancreatic development. E n d o c r i n o l o g y, 146(3) : Habener JF and DA Stoffers (1998) : A newly discovered role of transcription factors involved in pancreas development and the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Proc Assoc Am Physicians, 110(1) : Kaneto H, Y Nakatani et al. (2005) : PDX-1/VP16 fusion protein, together with NeuroD or Ngn3, markedly induces insulin gene transcription and ameliorates glucose tolerance. D i a b e t e s, 54(4) : Kojima H, M Fuj imiya et al. (2003) : NeuroDbetacellulin gene therapy induces islet neogenesis in the liver and reverses diabetes in mice. Nat Med, 9 ( 5 ) : Lee HC, SJ Kim et al. (2000) : Remission in models of type 1 diabetes by gene therapy using a single-chain insulin analogue. N a t u r e, 408(6811) : Lee JC, SB Smith et al. (2001) : Regulation of the pancreatic pro-endocrine gene neurogenin3. D i a b e t e s, 50(5) : Naya FJ, HP Huang et al. (1997) : Diabetes, defective pancreatic morphogenesis, and abnormal enteroendocrine differentiation in BETA2/neuroD-deficient mice. Genes Dev, 11(18) : Peck AB, M Chaudhari et al. (2001) : Pancreatic stem cells: building blocks for a better surrogate islet to treat type 1 diabetes. Ann Med, 33(3) : Peck AB, JG Cornelius et al. (2002) : Use of in vitrogenerated, stem cell-derived islets to cure type 1 diabetes: how close are we? Ann N Y Acad Sci, 958 : Ramiya VK, M Maraist et al. (2000) : Reversal of insulindependent diabetes using islets generated in vitro from pancreatic stem cells. Nat Med, 6(3) : Recchia A, RJ Parks et al. (1999) : Site-specific integration mediated by a hybrid adenovirus/adenoassociated virus vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96(6) : Robertson RP (2004) : Islet transplantation as a treatment for diabetes - a work in progress. N Engl J M e d, 350(7) : Samulski RJ, M Sally et al. (1999) : Adeno-associate viral vectors. The development of human gene therapy. T. Friedmann. Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, pp Samulski RJ, X Zhu et al. (1991) : Targeted integration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) into human chromosome 19. Embo J, 10(12) : Schiedner G, N Morral et al. (1998) : Genomic DNA transfer with a high-capacity adenovirus vector results in improved in vivo gene expression and decreased 168

54 toxicity. Nat Genet, 18(2) : Shapiro AM, JR Lakey et al. (2000) : Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen. N Engl J Med, 343(4) : Song YD, EJ Lee et al. (2007) : Islet cell differentiation in liver by combinatorial expression of transcription factors neurogenin-3, BETA2, and RIPE3b1. B i o c h e m Biophys Res Commun, 354(2) : Soria B, E Andreu et al. (2000) : Engineering pancreatic islets. Pflugers Arch, 440(1) : Soria B, E Roche et al. (2000) : Insulin-secreting cells derived from embryonic stem cells normalize glycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. D i a b e t e s, 49(2) : Sun BD, YT Chen et al. (2003) : Long-term correction of glycogen storage disease type II with a hybrid Ad-AAV vector. Mol Ther, 7(2) : Surosky RT, M Urabe et al. (1997) : Adeno-associated virus Rep proteins target DNA sequences to a unique locus in the human genome. J Virol, 71 ( 10 ) : Waeber G, N Thompson et al. (1996) : Transcriptional activation of the GLUT2 gene by the IPF-1/STF-1/IDX-1 homeobox factor. Mol Endocrinol, 10(11) : Watada H, Y Kajimoto et al. (1996) : Involvement of the homeodomain-containing transcription factor PDX-1 in islet amyloid polypeptide gene transcription. B i o c h e m Biophys Res Commun, 229(3) : Watada H, Y Kajimoto et al. (1996) : PDX-1 induces insulin and glucokinase gene expressions in alphatc1 clone 6 cells in the presence of betacellulin. D i a b e t e s, 45(12) : Yamaoka T (2002) : Regeneration therapy of pancreatic beta cells: towards a cure for diabetes? B i o c h e m Biophys Res Commun, 296(5) :

55 170 Medical POSTGRADUATES No. 3, Vol. 35, 2007 Islet Transplantation

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62 Fig. 8 REFERENCES 1. (2005) : 1 2. Ricordi C, Lacy PE, Scharp DW (1989) : Automated islet isolation from human pancreas. D i a b e t e s, 38(Suppl 1) : Soria et al. (2001) : From stem cells to beta cells: new strategies in cell therapy of diabetes mellitus. D i a b e t o l o g i a, 44 : Bonner-Weir S et al. (2000) : In vitro cultivation of human islets from expanded ductal tissue. P N A S, 97 : Hamamoto Y, Tsuura Y, Fujimoto S, Nagata M, Takeda T, Mukai E, Fujita J, Yamada Y, Seino Y (2001) : Recovery of function and mass of endogenous beta-cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with islet transplantation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, : Jung et al. (2007) : Effects of Islet Transplantation on Endogenous -cell Regeneration after Partial Pancreatectomy in Rodents. J Kor Diabetes Assoc, in press. 7. Lee et al. (2005) : The favorable outcome of human islet transplantation in Korea : experiences of 10 autologous transplantations. T r a n s p l a n t a t i o n, 79(11) : Jung et al. (2007) : Improvement of glycemic control with time after autologous islet transplantation in patients with partial pancreatectomy due to benign pancreatic tumors. 67th ADA annual meeting Yang et al. (2002) : First Korean trial of pancreatic islet allo-transplantation in Korea-focus on re-transplantation. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 56 : Shapiro AM, Lakey JR, Ryan EA et al. (2000) : Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen. N Engl J Med, 343(4) : Ryan EA et al. (2005) : Five-year follow-up after clinical islet transplantation. D i a b e t e s, 54 : Matsumoto S, Okitsu T, Iwanaga Y et al. (2005) : Insulin independence after living-donor distal pancreatectomy and islet allotransplantation. L a n c e t, 365(9471) : Jung et al. (2007) : A Better Yield of Islet Cell Mass from Living Pancreatic Donors Compared to Cadaveric Donors. Clinical Transplantation 2007, in press. 177

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74 Abstracts Medical POSTGRADUATES No. 3, Vol.35, 2007 Gaps in Treatment among Users of Osteoporosis Medications : The Dynamics of Noncompliance M Alan Brookhart et al. Am J Med, 120 : , 2007 Development of a Risk Score for Colorectal Cancer in Men Jane A Driver et al. Am J Med, 120 : ,

75 Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 Infection during Exclusive Breastfeeding in the First 6 Months of Life : an Intervention Cohort Study Prof Hoosen M Coovadia et al. Lancet, 369 : , 2007 Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pandurangan Vijayanand et al. Pulmonary Disease N Eng J Med, 356 : ,

76 Optimal Medical Therapy with or without PCI for Stable Coronary Disease William E Boden et al. N Eng J Med, 356 : ,

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A 617 Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R