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1 논문 한국통신학회논문지 '11-12 Vol.36 No.12 외부광잡음에의한실내외가시광무선통신성능변화분석 준회원양세훈 *, 김덕래 *, 정회원김현승 *, 손용환 *, 한상국 * Performance Analysis of Indoor/Outdoor Visible Light Communication System Influenced by External Noise Light Se-Hoon Yang*, Deok-Rae Kim* Associate Members, Hyun-Seung Kim*, Yong-Hwan Son*, Sang-Kook Han* Regular Members 요 약 IM/DD 방식을이용한가시광무선통신의성능저하를발생시키는인공광과태양광에의한잡음레벨을분석하였다. 통신성능을확인하기위해 LED에 QPSK로변조된 5ksymbol/sec의신호를 2MHz의부반송파에전송하였으며 PD를통해수신된신호의 EVM과스펙트럼을분석하였다. 또한차광막을이용하여신호의성능을향상시켰으며이를통해 IM/DD방식으로실외가시광통신이가능함을확인하였다. Key Words : Visible Light Communication(VLC), LED, PD, IM/DD, 조도 ABSTRACT We analyzed the noise effect from artificial light and sunlight on the signal performance in visible light communication systems based on Intensity Modulation/Direct Detection(IM/DD). System performance was experimentally demonstrated by transmitting 5ksysmbol/s QPSK signals at 2MHz sub-carrier. And received signals were analyzed using EVM and RF spectrum. Finally, the system performance was improved by utilizing a visor and we confirm that the outdoor visible light communication was possible using IM/DD method. Ⅰ. 서론 Light Emitting Diode(LED) 는기존의조명역할을하던형광등이나백열전등에비해소모전력이적고, 수명이길어에너지절감효과가높으며수은을사용하지않아친환경조명으로각광받고있다. 뿐만아니라적색, 청색, 녹색 LED를이용한색채의구현이가능하여감성조명으로써의응용이가능하다는장점을가지고있다. 이와같은 LED 조명은전기적신호를빛으로변환하는속도가 3~25ns 이하로빠른응답속도를가 지고있어가시광통신에유리하다 [1]. 이를이용하여실내, 외환경에서조명과통신의역할을수행하고자하는연구가지속적으로진행되고있다 [2-4]. LED를이용한가시광통신은기존의통신수단과는달리빛을사용하여통신을하기때문에주파수허가에대한문제가없으며통신경로를직접확인가능하다는점, 인체에무해하다는장점을가지고있다. 또한전자파의영향을받게되는비행기내부와정밀의료장비가사용되는의료기관등에서역시통신이가능하게하기때문에활용범위가매우넓다. 지금까지의 LED를이용한실내가시광무선통신 본연구는방송통신위원회 / 한국방송통신전파진흥원 방송통신기술개발사업 (No ) 의지원을받아수행됨 * 연세대학교전기전자공학과광대역전송네트워크연구실 (skhan@yonsei.ac.kr), ( : 교신저자 ) 논문번호 :KICS , 접수일자 :211 년 8 월 16 일, 최종논문접수일자 :211 년 11 월 7 일 1595
2 한국통신학회논문지 '11-12 Vol.36 No.12 은광의세기를강약으로변조하여 Photo Diode(PD) 에서직접검출을통해신호를확인하는 IM/DD 방식으로연구가진행되었다. Intensity Modulation / Direct Detection (IM/DD) 방식은구현이용이하며간단하다는장점을가지기때문에가시광통신에서주로사용되어왔으며, 광원으로 LED만존재하는상황을가정하여모의실험및실험을진행하고있다 [2,3]. 하지만통신환경에서는태양광, 형광등같은다른광원이존재하며, 광의세기를검출하는 IM/DD 방식을이용한가시광통신에서는외부광을고려해야한다 [5]. 실외환경의경우이미지센서및영상처리과정을이용하여 Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) 등에적용하려는연구가진행하고있다 [4]. 이미지센서이용시, 장거리통신이가능하나전송가능한데이터의양이적고, 추가적인영상처리과정이요구된다는단점을가진다. 따라서본논문에서는송신단의실내가시광무선통신에서 LED이외에인공광과자연광이동시에존재하는환경에서의무선통신가능성및성능과실외에서직접검출방법을사용하여태양광유무에따른전송성능을실험적으로분석하고자한다. Ⅱ. 실험내용및결과 IM/DD 방식은외부광원성분이필터링되지않을경우수신단에서잡음성분으로작용하게된다. 이러한외부광원에의한잡음성분은 SNR (Signalto-Noise Ratio) 을감소시키며특히큰세기를가지는태양광의경우 PD를포화시켜신호성분의검출을어렵게하기때문에이에대한분석과보완이필요하다. 따라서실험을통해문제점을확인하고 LED이외의인공광성분과태양광을차단하였을때나타나는성능변화에대해확인하였다. 2.1 실험환경환경변화에따른신호의성능분석을하기위해서로다른 2 x 2 LED를사용하여 2MHz의부반송파에 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying(QPSK) 로변조된 5ksps의동일한신호를전송하였으며이를 PD를통해직접검출의형태로수신후 Trans -impedance Amplifier (TIA) 를이용하여증폭, 검출하였다. LED 이외의광원이존재하지않는암실조건, 형광등만존재하는실내조명조건, 태양광에의한채광조건과실외로구분하여진행하였다. 외부광원차단에따른성능변화를확인하기위해 PD에가로및세로 5cm, 높 이 7cm의차광막을사용하여동일한조건에서실험을반복하였다. 실험환경을요약하면그림 1과같다. 신호를변조하는과정에서 QPSK 방식을사용한이유는신호의형태에관계없이균등한조도를유지하기위함이다. 일반적으로사용되는크기변조방식 (AM) 이아닌위상변조방식 (PM) 을선택하여신호의형태에관계없이일정한조도를유지하여조명으로써의역할을정상적으로수행할수있도록하였다. 먼저신호성분을확인하기에앞서 PD에서수신되는잡음레벨을확인하기위해서로다른환경에서잡음성분의크기를측정하였다. PD에서수신된잡음성분을 RF spectrum analyzer를통해 1~1MHz의대역에서 resolution bandwidth를 1KHz 설정하여확인하였다. 그림 2는환경변화에따른잡음레벨을나타낸다. 암실과조도가낮은실내공간에서는 PD에서발생하는잡음성분이 -75dBm에서 -85dBm사이에서분포하는것을확인할수있다. 태양광이존재하는경우 1MHz까지의대역에서 1dB에서 2dB까지잡음성분이증가하는것을확인할수있으며, 실내채광조건에서차광막을사용하는경우그림 2의 와같이낮은주파수영역에서 -3dBm 까지잡음성분이증가하는것을확인할수있다. 4klux 이상의높은조도에서는포화현상에의해신호검출이불가능하기때문에태양광성분의차단을위해차광막이필요하며, 포화시발생하는잡음레벨은유사하게나타나는것을확인하였다. 통신성능을향상시키기위해약 3lux에서많은잡음성분이발생하는기저대역을피하고회로의응답속도를고려하여 2MHz를부반송파로사용하였으며송신신호의세기와거리에따른성능변화를확인하였다. 먼저신호를전송하기위해사용된 LED module의전송거리에따른조도분포를확인하면그림 3 과같다. 조명의세기가송신거리의제곱에반비례하는형태로감소하는것을확인할수있으며, 이에따라신호의세기역시감소한다. 따라서전송거 Vector signal generator 2 x 2 LEDs 9V, 56mA Distance Visor 그림 1. 실험구성도 Fig 1. Experimental setup PD 5V, 1mA Transimpedance amplifier Vector signal analyzer RF spectrum analyzer 1596
3 논문 / 외부광잡음에의한실내외가시광무선통신성능변화분석 -3-8 실내조명 : [7 lux] 실내조명 + 채광 : [3 klux] 야외 : [7 klux] 암실 : [ lux] 실내조명 + 채광 + 차광막 : [3 lux] 야외 + 차광막 : [4 klux] -9 그림 2. 실험환경에따른 ; 차광막이없는경우 차광막이있는경우 Fig 2. by experimental environment; without visor with visor Intensity of illumination [lux] Distance [cm] 그림 3. 거리변화에따른조도의변화 Fig 3. The variation of illumination intensity by transmission distance 리가증가할수록수신되는신호의성능은저하되며이를 Vector Signal Analyzer (VSA) 를통해확인하였다. 일반적인무선통신의경우 Error Vector Magnitude(EVM) 가 33% 이하인경우통신이가능하므로수신된신호의 EVM 값을통해통신거리및환경에따른성능변화를확인하였으며, 송신신호세기에따른비선형성을확인하였다. [6] 2.2 결과및분석차광막이존재하지않는경우, 태양광이존재하는실외에서는 EVM이 6% 이상의값을나타내어통신이불가능함을확인하였다. 실내조명과태양광에의한 3klux의조도를가지는경우, 수신된신호의성능과스펙트럼은그림 4와같다. 송신신호의세기가동일할때, 전송거리가증가함에따라신호의성능이저하되는것을확인할수있으며 RF spectrum 상으로도, 잡음성분은큰차이가없으나 2MHz의수신된신호크기가 dBm에서 dBm까지감소하는것을확인할수있다. Distance : 7cm Distance : 13cm Distance : 19cm cm, EVM : cm, EVM : cm, EVM : Distance : 7[cm] Distance : 13[cm] Distance : 19[cm] -8 그림 4. 실내조명과태양광에의해 3klux 의조도를가지는경우 전송거리및송신신호의세기에따른성능변화 16dBm 의신호를전송한경우거리에따른수신 RF spectrum Fig 4. Intensity of illumination is 3klux by artificial and natural light signal performance according to distance and output power Received RF spectra when output power was 16dBm 1597
4 한국통신학회논문지 '11-12 Vol.36 No.12 실내조명성분만존재하는경우, LED를이용한가시광통신성능을그림 5를통해확인하면다음과같다. 태양광에의해조도가증가한경우와비교할때, 잡음성분이 1dBm에서 2dBm 가량감소한것을확인할수있으며, 동일한세기로신호를전송하였을때송신거리가증가함을알수있다. 뿐만아니라거리가 19cm에서 4cm로증가했음에도불구하고수신된신호의세기가 dBm으로더큰것을확인할수있다. 이를통해 PD에서수신할수있는광량이제한되며, 높은조도에서는포화됨을알수있다. 따라서신호이외의성분을차단할경우통신성능개선이가능하다. 따라서높은조도를가지는실외조건과실내조명및태양광조건의경우수신단에차광막을설치하여통신성능을향상시킬수있음을알수있다. 실내조 명만있는경우에서는차광막설치에따른성능변화가거의없는것을확인하였으며, 실외환경과실내조명및태양광조건의경우차광막을사용하여성능이개선됨을그림 6와그림 7을통하여확인하였다. 차광막을설치하지않은실외에서는근거리에서도통신이불가능했으나, 그림 6에서와같이차광막설치를통해약 8cm 정도의거리에서 2dBm의신호를전송하였으며 % 의 EVM을확보하여통신이가능함을확인하였다. 전송거리를증가시키기위해서는외부광원성분을차단하고신호성분을증가시키면되므로차광막이외에추가적인필터와신호성분의집광을통해실외에서 1m 이상의거리에서통신이가능할것으로예상된다. 실내조명및태양광이존재하는경우, 2dBm의신호를전송할때 32.39% 의 EVM을확보하여 19cm Distance : 1cm Distance : 25cm Distance : 4cm cm, EVM : cm, EVM : cm, EVM : Distance : 1[cm] Distance : 25[cm] Distance : 4[cm] -9 그림 5. 실내조명에의해 7lux 의조도를가지는경우 전송거리및송신신호의세기에따른성능변화 16dBm 의신호를전송한경우거리에따른수신 RF spectrum Fig 5. Intensity of illumination is 7lux by artificiallight signal performance according to distance and output power Received RF spectra when output power was 16dBm Distance : 6cm Distance : 8cm Distance : 1cm cm, EVM : cm, EVM : Distance : 6[cm] Distance : 8[cm] Distance : 1[cm] -8 그림 6. 실외에서차광막에의해 4klux 의조도를가지는경우 전송거리및송신신호의세기에따른성능변화 16dBm 의신호를전송한경우거리에따른수신 RF spectrum Fig 6. Intensity of illumination is 4klux by natural light with visor signal performance according to distance and output power Received RF spectra when output power was 16dBm 1598
5 논문 / 외부광잡음에의한실내외가시광무선통신성능변화분석 Distance : 1cm Distance : 25cm Distance : 4cm cm, EVM : cm, EVM : cm, EVM : Distance : 1[cm] Distance : 25[cm] Distance : 4[cm] -8 그림 7. 실내, 태양광조건에서차광막에의해 3lux 의조도를가지는경우 전송거리및송신신호의세기에따른성능변화 16dBm 의신호를전송한경우거리에따른수신 RF spectrum Fig 7. Intensity of illumination is 3lux by artificial and natural light with visor signal performance according to distance and output power Received RF spectra when output power was 16dBm 까지통신이가능함을그림 4에서확인하였으며, 차광막을이용하여인접광원에서발생하는불필요한신호성분을차단하는경우잡음성분의제거에의해 4m까지통신이가능함을검증하였다. 그림 7을통해알수있듯이송신신호세기에따른성능변화를확인해보면 16dBm 이상의신호를전송하는경우, 근거리에서성능이열화되는것을확인할수있다. 이는수신단의 TIA에서신호의왜곡이발생하는것을의미한다. 상대적으로원거리의경우에는전송손실에따른신호의세기가감소하여 TIA의선형구간에서동작하기때문에성능열화가나타나지않는다. 따라서가장양호한통신성능확보가가능한 16dBm에서전송거리에다른성능변화를확인하였으며이를그림 8에나타내었다. 실내조명 : [7 lux] 야외 + 차광막 : [4 klux] 실내조명 + 채광 + 차광막 : [3 lux] 실내조명 + 채광 : [3 klux] Distance [cm] 그림 8. 송신신호의세기가 16dBm 인경우, 전송거리에따른신호성능변화 Fig 8. The measured EVM values by the variation of transmission distance when output power was 16dBm 그림 8의결과에서처럼 LED이외의다른조명성분또는태양광성분이존재하는경우신호의성능저하가나타나는것을확인할수있다. 이는다른광원에의해 PD에서잡음성분이발생하게될뿐만아니라, PD의포화현상에의해상대적으로검출가능한신호성분의크기가감소함을의미한다. 따라서다른광원으로부터발생하는조도성분을차단하고집광을통해신호성분을증가시킬경우, 채광조건뿐만아니라실외에서역시가시광통신이가능함을확인하였다. 송신신호세기를 16dBm으로설정하여전송하는경우차광막의유무에따라성능변화가크게나타나는것을확인할수있었으며상대적으로높은조도를나타내더라도차광막을통해외부로부터입사되는성분을최대한차단하는것이양호한통신성능을확보하는데유리하게작용하는것을알수있다. Ⅲ. 결론본논문에서는실내조건에서통신광원인 LED만존재하는경우가아닌다른인공광과태양광이존재하는경우에대한실험을진행하였으며, 그에따른잡음성분을분석하였다. 이를통해잡음레벨이낮은 2MHz에부반송파를이용하여 5ksps의신호를전송하여통신이가능함을확인하였다. 또한전송성능개선을위해수신단에차광막을사용하여실외에서통신이가능하며, 실내채광조건에서 4m이상통신이가능함을확인하였다. 본논문의결과로써집광, 필터링및증폭과정등의성능개선을통해보다넓은분야에서응용이가능할것으로판단된다. 1599
6 한국통신학회논문지 '11-12 Vol.36 No.12 참고문헌 [1] [2] 채균, LED 응용 제품 개발 및 사례, 전력전자 학회지, 14(3), pp , Jun T. Komine and M. Nakagawa, Fundamental Analysis for Visible-Light Communication System using LED Lights, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol.5, No.1, [3] pp.1-17, Feb. 24. R. Perez-Jimenez, J. Rufo, C. Quintana J. Rabadan and F.J. Lopez-Hernandez, Visible Light Communication Systems for Passenger In-Flight Data Networking, ICCE, pp , Jan [4] T. Hara, S. Iwasaki, T. Yendo, T. Fujii and M. Tanimoto, A New Receiving System of Visible Light Communication for ITS, IEEE [5] Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Istanbul, Turkey, pp , June 전용일, 주무정, 박권철, 광대역 광무선 통신 기 [6] 술 동향, 전자통신동향분석, Vol.19, No.6 pp.13-23, 24, Dec Ramdane Chouitem, EVM based AMC for an OFDM system, Wireless Telecommunications Symposium, April 21-23, 21 김 덕 래 (Deok-Rae Kim) 준회원 211년 2월 단국대학교 전자 공학과 졸업(공학사) 211년 3월~현재 연세대학교 대학원 전기전자공학과 석사 과정 <관심분야> 가시광통신, 광통 신, 광통신네트워크 김 현 승 (Hyun-Seung Kim) 정회원 27년 2월 연세대학교 전기전 자공학과 졸업(공학사) 27년 3월 현재 연세대학교 대학원 전기전자공학과 박사 과정 <관심분야> Radio over fiber, 가시광통신, optical OFDM, WDM-PON 손 용 환 (Yong-Hwan Son) 정회원 1999년 2월 호서대학교 전자공 학과 졸업(공학사) 21년 2월 호서대학교 대학원 전자공과(공학석사) 28년 2월 호서대학교 대학원 전자공과(공학박사) 28년 3월~현재 연세대학교 전기전자공학과 Post-Doc. 양 세 훈 (Se-Hoon Yang) 준회원 21년 2월 연세대학교 전기전 자공학과 졸업(공학사) 21년 3월~현재 연세대학교 대학원 전기전자공학과 석ㆍ 박사통합과정 <관심분야> 가시광통신, 광통 신, 광네트워크 <관심분야> 가시광 무선통신, WDM 광통신, 집적광학 한 상 국 (Sang-Kook Han) 정회원 1986년 2월 연세대학교 전자공 학과 졸업 (공학사) 1988년 2월 University Florida (공학석사) 1994년 2월 University of of Florida (공학박사) 1996년~현재 연세대학교 전기 전자공학과 교수 <관심분야> Optical communication device & system, Microwave Photonics, Optical access networks 16
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