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1 (JBE Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2015) (Regular Paper) 20 1, (JBE Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2015) ISSN (Online) ISSN (Print) a), a) A Study on the Cognitive Differences and Issue Factors of Terrestrial Broadcasters on Transmission System Determinants of Digital Radio Broadcasting Su-Hyun Chae a) and Yeong-Ju Lee a) TV.., 3,,. FM ( MHz) DMB (VHF Ch7~13), FM (76~88MHz: VHF Ch5~6), DAB+, HD-Radio, DRM Abstract Though the digital transition of terrestrial TV has been completed, the transmission system for terrestrial radio has not been determined and terrestrial radio still keeps its analog transmission. This study, under co-orientation model, aims to explore the cognitive difference in recognizing important factors to be considered in deciding the digital radio transmission system between the employees of terrestrial broadcasters and then crucial issues related to the factors are driven. It has been found that the most big cognitive difference among the employees of three major terrestrial broadcasters lies in selecting frequency band for digital radio transmission. But there was little difference of opinion on simultaneous production-transmission, efficiency of frequency usage, broadcast quality and standards of service. The most disputable point in transition to digital radio broadcasting is selecting the frequency band for digital radio between the frequency bands used for FM radio broadcast (88-108MHz), terrestrial DMB (VHF Ch7~13) and FM radio adjacent broadcast band (76~88MHz: VHF Ch5~6). So, the question concludes into the selection issue between DAB+, HD-Radio, and DRM+. To improve the quality of radio broadcasting service and enhance the satisfaction of listeners, it is desirable to allow to operate both production system and transmission station, to enhance high transmission efficiency with minimum transmission facility, and to permit new entrance of broadcasters. Keyword : Digital radio broadcasting, Transmission method, Frequency band, Co-orientation model

2 1 : (Su-Hyun Chae et al. : A Study on the Cognitive Differences and Issue Factors of Terrestrial Broadcasters on Transmission System Determinants of Digital Radio Broadcasting) a) IT (Seoul National Univ. of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Public Policy and Information Technology) Corresponding Author : , (Ch52~69). [1]., 3D UHD..,. 68.2%, 33.3%, PC, MP3,, (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting, DMB) 12.1% [2]., [3]. (Yeong-Ju Lee) roselee@seoultech.ac.kr Tel: ORCID: Manuscript received September 10, 2014 Revised October 28, 2014 Accepted December 4, (Advanced Television Systems Committee) (Digital Audio Broadcasting) DMB ,,,,.. [4].. DAB 1), HD Radio(High Definition Radio), DRM+(Digital Radio Mondiale Plus), HD Radio, 9 DMB, 5 DRM+. KBS, MBC, SBS. FM VHF H(Very High Frequency High) 2) 3), VHF L, 1) DAB, DAB+(Digital Audio Broadcasting Plus), T DMB(Terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting DMB) 2) VHF L Band: Ch2~Ch6(55MHz~88MHz), VHF H Band: Ch7~Ch13(174MHz~216MHz) 3) Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning( ) The Minutes of Digital Radio Technology 6th Council Meeting( )

3 (JBE Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2015).. KBS, MBC, SBS (Single Frequency Network) [5]. [3]. TV (Electronic Program Guide).,,,,, [6]. [3].,,,, [3].,... PC KBS DAB, MBC HD Radio, SBS DRM+ [7].,,,,,,,,. [8] DAB, HD-Radio, DRM DAB, DAB KBS. DAB

4 1 : (Su-Hyun Chae et al. : A Study on the Cognitive Differences and Issue Factors of Terrestrial Broadcasters on Transmission System Determinants of Digital Radio Broadcasting) DAB, DAB+, T DMB. DAB (Out Of Band) VHF Band- (174MHz~ 230MHz: Ch7~13) L-Band(1~2GHz) MHz (Ensemble) 6MHz 3 DMB. DMB H.264 BSAC(Bit Slicing Arithmetic Coding). 147(DAB) MUSICAM 4). 9 (Multiplex). DAB+ HE AACv2(High Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding AAC+) 24 6MHz 48., DAB DRM+ 200KHz 4 DAB 7. DAB+, [9]. 2.2 HD-Radio HD Radio ibiquity Digital.. HD Radio (All-Digital) [10]. FM 109Kbps kHz 300Kbps 8 [11]. 23dB.. MBC HD-Radio. 2.3 DRM+ DRM,,. DRM DRM 120MHz Mode E Band 30~240MHz (Andreas Steil Joachim Lehnert, 2010) VHF TV. DRM+, (In Band, Out of Band) SBS. FM 220kHz 180kHz 100kHz. 200kHz 100kHz kHz 3~4. DRM+ FM 88~108MHz TV 5, 6 (76~88MHz). [9] DAB, DAB+, T DMB, HD Radio, DRM+ 4) Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing: MPEG-2 Layer-

4% 5) HD Radio DRM+, DAB+. SFN(Single Frequency Network), 0dB DRM+ 342μs DAB 330μs SFN 100Km.

5 (JBE Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2015) (a) (b) 1. a. DAB, b. DRM+ Fig 1. a. Deployment of transmission and relay station in DAB series, b. Deployment of transmission and relay station in DRM+. DRM+ HD Radio 38dBμV/m DAB 45 dbμv/m DRM+ HD Radio. DRM+ 96.4% 5) HD Radio DRM+, DAB+. SFN(Single Frequency Network), 0dB DRM+ 342μs DAB 330μs SFN 100Km. HD Radio 69μs SFN 20Km [12]. DAB 1. DMB, 17 (Gap Filler). FM DAB TV.,.. 1: KBS, MBC, SBS? 2: KBS, MBC, SBS? : 5)

6 1 : (Su-Hyun Chae et al. : A Study on the Cognitive Differences and Issue Factors of Terrestrial Broadcasters on Transmission System Determinants of Digital Radio Broadcasting) KBS, MBC, SBS. (perception),,. [13],.. (agreement), (congruency), (accuracy). (X) A B.. (X) (X)., (X)... [14] [15][16].. ( ). KBS, MBC, SBS.. 2. KBS, MBC, SBS Fig 2. KBS, MBC, SBS Co-orientation Model

7 (JBE Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2015) t, t. t 6). KBS, MBC, SBS t,, ( ). ( ), ( ).. X KBS, MBC, SBS KBS KBS (A) 4.48, KBS MBC (B) 5.18, KBS SBS (C) A B t, A C t p<.05 A B, A C. 2 A(4.48) (4.0)=0.48(Kdv), B(5.18) (4.0)=1.18(Mdv), C(5.28) (4.0)=1.28(Sdv) 0. X, 2 (+) KBS, MBC, SBS ~ %(N=53), 43.3%(N=52), 12.5%(N=15). 3. Fig 3. Co-orientation Model of the transmission mode determining factor 6) : *P<.05, **P<.01, Statistical Significance Level: *P<.05, **P<.01, 2-tailed

8 1 : (Su-Hyun Chae et al. : A Study on the Cognitive Differences and Issue Factors of Terrestrial Broadcasters on Transmission System Determinants of Digital Radio Broadcasting) 1. Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the respondents category item broadcaster f (%) f total (%) KBS MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS Age KBS MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS KBS Engineer MBC SBS Working KBS Producer MBC Area SBS KBS Technology policy, planning MBC SBS KBS Manager MBC SBS KBS Director MBC SBS Job Grade KBS Senior Director MBC SBS KBS Executive Director MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS Longevity KBS MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS KBS Over MBC SBS KBS High school graduate MBC SBS KBS Junior college graduate MBC SBS KBS Educational grade University graduates MBC SBS KBS Master's degree MBC SBS KBS Doctor MBC SBS Sum

9 (JBE Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2015) 30~ %(N=34), 40~ %(N=66), 50~ %(N=17) %(N=51), 37.5%(N=46), 15.8%(N=19) 6~ %(N= 15), 11~ %(N=21), 16~20 30%(N=30), 21 ~25 15%(N=18) 67.5%(N=81), 23.3%(N=28). 2.3,,,, [2][3][9]. 7 ( =1~ =7) SPSS/PC+ Windows 20.0,, t. t. p KBS, MBC, SBS KBS, MBC, SBS 3. KBS SBS FM KBS SBS (Mdiff= 0.83). DMB KBS MBC (Mdiff=0.83) KBS SBS(Mdiff=1.83), MBC SBS (Mdiff=0.55). KBS SBS (Mdiff=0.83). 1~2 KBS MBC (Mdiff=0.55). FM (88~108MHz) KBS SBS 2. Table 2. The measurement items of the factors considered in determining the transmission mode Factors Measurement item Mean Preferred frequency bands Multiplex 4.81 Use Terrestrial DMB band(vhf Ch7-13) 3.74 & Adjacent bands(76-88mhz) 4.88 Ensure the position of multiplex operators 4.39 Allow the same output power and broadcast area to the broadcasters 3.61 Total Mean S.D Cronbach's Alpha Status of broadcasters perform production and transmission at the same time Frequency utilization efficiency Quality/ service diversity *p<.05, **p<.01,two-tailed tests can receive good signals through a frequency 5.85 transmit a good signal through 1-2 transmission and relay station 5.53 ensure CD quality or better voice quality 5.88 Text, JPEG, video can be provided

10 1 : (Su-Hyun Chae et al. : A Study on the Cognitive Differences and Issue Factors of Terrestrial Broadcasters on Transmission System Determinants of Digital Radio Broadcasting) 3. KBS, MBC, SBS Table 3. KBS-MBC-SBS Agreement Factors Preferred frequency bands Multiplex Status of broadcasters Frequency utilization efficiency Quality/ service diversity *p<.05, **p<.01, Two-tailed tests Measurement item Use Terrestrial DMB band(vhf Ch7-13) & Adjacent bands(76-88mhz) Ensure the position of multiplex operators Allow the same output power and broadcast area to the broadcasters perform production and transmission at the same time can receive good signals through a frequency transmit a good signal through 1-2 transmission and relay station ensure CD quality or better voice quality Text, JPEG, video can be provided Broadca ster Mean Mean t Value Diff. KBS-MBC KBS-SBS MBC-SBS KBS MBC ** SBS KBS ** MBC ** SBS * KBS MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS KBS MBC * SBS KBS MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS KBS * MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS DMB KBS, MBC, SBS. FM. 3, KBS KBS SBS. MBC SBS FM KBS DMB. 3,

11 (JBE Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2015). 1-2 SBS, KBS MBC KBS, MBC, SBS 2.1 KBS KBS, MBC, SBS CD,. FM KBS MBC KBS., KBS MBC SBS. DAB DAB DMB. 2.2 MBC, MBC KBS, SBS. MBC DMB KBS DMB. FM SBS. MBC KBS SBS. 4. KBS Table 4. Congruency KBS Factors Preferred frequency bands Multiplex Status of broadcasters Frequency utilization efficiency Quality/ service diversity *p<.05, **p<.01, Two-tailed tests Measurement item Use Terrestrial DMB band (VHF Ch7-13) & Adjacent bands(76-88mhz) Ensure the position of multiplex operators Allow the same output power and broadcast area to the broadcasters perform production and transmission at the same time can receive good signals through a frequency transmit a good signal through 1-2 transmission and relay station ensure CD quality or better voice quality Text, JPEG, video can be provided KBS Estimate of KBS-MBC's cognitions KBS Estimate of KBS-SBS's cognitions Mean Mean Diff. t Value Mean Mean Diff. t Value ** ** ** * * * ** ** ** **

12 1 : (Su-Hyun Chae et al. : A Study on the Cognitive Differences and Issue Factors of Terrestrial Broadcasters on Transmission System Determinants of Digital Radio Broadcasting) 5. MBC Table 5. Congruency MBC Factors Preferred frequency bands Multiplex Status of broadcasters Frequency utilization efficiency Quality/ service diversity Measurement item Use Terrestrial DMB band (VHF Ch7-13) & Adjacent bands(76-88mhz) Ensure the position of multiplex operators Allow the same output power and broadcast area to the broadcasters Perform production and transmission at the same time Can receive good signals through a frequency Transmit a good signal through 1-2 transmission and relay station *p<.05, **p<.01, Two-tailed tests Ensure CD quality or better voice quality Text, JPEG, video can be provided MBC Estimate of MBC-KBS's cognitions MBC Estimate of MBC-SBS's cognitions Mean Mean Diff. t Value Mean Mean Diff. t Value * ** * ** * 6. SBS Table 6. Congruency SBS Factors Preferred frequency bands Multiplex Status of broadcasters Frequency utilization efficiency Quality/ Service diversity Measurement item Use Terrestrial DMB band (VHF Ch7-13) & Adjacent bands(76-88mhz) Ensure the position of multiplex operators Allow the same output power and broadcast area to the broadcasters Perform production and transmission at the same time Can receive good signals through a frequency Transmit a good signal through 1-2 transmission and relay station *p<.05, **p<.01, Two-tailed tests Ensure CD quality or better voice quality Text, JPEG, video can be provided SBS Estimate of SBS-KBS's cognitions SBS Estimate of SBS-MBC's cognitions Mean Mean Diff t Value Mean Mean Diff. t Value ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** **

13 (JBE Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2015) 2.3 SBS SBS KBS MBC. FM KBS ' DMB ' SBS KBS MBC. KBS MBC. MBC. 1~2 KBS. 3. KBS, MBC, SBS 3.1 KBS KBS 7. MBC KBS 6 SBS 3. DMB MBC, SBS KBS KBS 4.48., FM KBS SBS KBS 4. ', ' MBC SBS KBS., CD. 7. KBS Table 7. Accuracy of the KBS of the transmission mode determining factor Factors Preferred frequency bands Multiplex Measurement item Use Terrestrial DMB band (VHF Ch7-13) & Adjacent bands(76-88mhz) Ensure the position of multiplex operators Allow the same output power and broadcast area to the broadcasters Perform production and transmission at the Status of broadcasters same time Frequency utilization efficiency Quality, Service diversity *p<.05, **p<.01, Two-tailed tests Can receive good signals through a frequency Transmit a good signal through 1-2 transmission and relay station Ensure CD quality or better voice quality Text, JPEG, video can be provided MBC Estimate of KBS-MBC's cognitions SBS Estimate of KBS-SBS's cognitions Mean Mean Diff. t Value Mean Mean Diff t Value * * * * * ** **

14 1 : (Su-Hyun Chae et al. : A Study on the Cognitive Differences and Issue Factors of Terrestrial Broadcasters on Transmission System Determinants of Digital Radio Broadcasting) 8. MBC Table 8. Accuracy of the MBC of the transmission mode determining factor Factors Preferred frequency bands Multiplex Status of broadcasters Frequency utilization efficiency Quality/ Service diversity *p<.05, **p<.01, Two-tailed tests Measurement item Use FM radio broadcast band (88-108MHz) Use Terrestrial DMB band (VHF Ch7-13) & Adjacent bands(76-88mhz) Ensure the position of multiplex operators Allow the same output power and broadcast area to the broadcasters Perform production and transmission at the same time Can receive good signals through a frequency Transmit a good signal through 1-2 transmission and relay station Ensure CD quality or better voice quality Text, JPEG, video can be provided KBS Estimate of MBC-KBS's cognitions SBS Estimate of MBC-SBS's cognitions Mean Mean Diff. t Value Mean Mean Diff. t Value * * ** SBS Table 9. Accuracy of the SBS of the transmission mode determining factor Factors Preferred frequency bands Multiplex Status of broadcasters Frequency utilization efficiency Quality/ service diversity Measurement item Use Terrestrial DMB band (VHF Ch7-13) & Adjacent bands(76-88mhz) Ensure the position of multiplex operators *p<.05, **p<.01, Two-tailed tests Allow the same output power and broadcast area to the broadcasters Perform production and transmission at the same time Can receive good signals through a frequency Transmit a good signal through 1-2 transmission and relay station Ensure CD quality or better voice quality Text, JPEG, video can be provided KBS Estimate of SBS-KBS's cognitions MBC Estimate of SBS-MBC's cognitions Mean Mean Diff t Value Mean Mean Diff. t Value ** ** ** ** ** *

15 (JBE Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2015) 3.2 MBC MBC 8,, MBC KBS, SBS. MBC MBC KBS MBC SBS. KBS. 3.3 SBS SBS 9 SBS KBS 6 MBC 3 SBS. DMB SBS KBS MBC SBS. KBS SBS. KBS SBS. 2.,,., KBS, MBC, SBS FM DMB. FM (88~108MHz) DMB (VHF Ch7~13)., KBS FM (88~108MHz) MBC. MBC DMB (VHF Ch7~13). SBS FM 10. Table 10. Key issues of digital transmission Agreement /Congruency.Accuracy Broadcaster Agreement Congruency Accuracy Preferred frequency bands Use FM radio broadcast band Use Terrestrial DMB band Use FM radio broadcast band & Adjacent bands Ensure the position of multiplex operators Multiplex Allow the same output power and broadcast area to the broadcasting station Status of broadcasters Permit the broadcast production and transmission Frequency utilization efficiency Can receive good signals through a frequency Transmit a good signal through 1-2 transmission and relay station Quality/ service diversity Ensure CD quality or better voice quality KBS MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS KBS MBC SBS : Co-orientation, : Non Co-orientation(Critical Factor) Text JPEG video can be provided

16 1 : (Su-Hyun Chae et al. : A Study on the Cognitive Differences and Issue Factors of Terrestrial Broadcasters on Transmission System Determinants of Digital Radio Broadcasting) 11. Table 11. Consent factors by comparing the frequency band Consent factors Perform production and transmission at the same time FM radio broadcast band (HD-Radio) Selection of Switching frequency band Terrestrial DMB band (DAB+) FM radio broadcast band & Adjacent bands (DRM+) Available Impossible Available Transmit a good signal through 1-2 transmission and relay station Available: By SFN transmitter, maximum distance 20Km Impossible: high frequency transmission characteristics required, many repeaters Available: By SFN transmitter, maximum distance 75 ~ 150Km (88~108MHz). FM DMB. DMB, FM (76~88MHz: VHF Ch5~6).,.... FM 3.,,,,,. 3, FM (88~108MHz) KBS, MBC, SBS 3. MBC, SBS KBS FM. KBS DMB (VHF Ch7~ 13) MBC SBS. FM KBS MBC SBS. KBS SBS..., DMB (VHF Ch7~13) FM (76~88MHz: VHF Ch5~6),, DMB.,.

17 (JBE Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2015).,. DAB+, HD Radio, DRM+. KBS, MBC, SBS 3.. DAB (DAB, DAB+, T DMB) 3 DAB. 3. HD Radio, DRM+ DAB. 1~2 FM ( MHz), FM (88-108MHz, VHF Ch5-6). SFN HD-Radio 20Km, DRM+ 70~150Km. DRM+... TV,.,. 40.., MBC,, FM. (References) [1] Dong-Yoon Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Hyup Namgung, Field Studies on the Pilot Project Concerning the Digital Switchover of Terrestrial Broadcasting, Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunications Research, Vol 73, pp9~36, [2] Korea Communications Commission, Promote introduction briefing of digital radio, Seoul, 2011 [3] Jun-ho hwang, Yong-chan Chung, Dong-gyun Gwak, Yun-hwa Kim, Jeong-uk Mun, Byeong-seon Park, Da-heyung Choi, Policy Sudy on the Development of Radio Broadcasting in the Age of Digital Convergence, Korea Communications Commission, Seoul, [4] Pyeong-ho Kim, Complex meaning and terrestrial digital TV transmission system problem, Korean Association for Communication and Information Studies, Conference Paper, pp71~96, [5] Chungbuk University, Next Generation Radio Laboratory of Chungbuk University, Frequency arrangement of the digital radio system by transmission system and the introduction of the promotion briefing Book of digital radio, Cheong-ju, [6] Sang-gyu Byeon, Hae-ryong Song, Seung-jae Lee, The Study on the Regulation System Reformation for Efficient Digitalization of the Radio Broadcasting, Korea Communications Commission, Seoul, [7] Korea Radio Promotion Association, Result report of the promotion subcommittee operation of digital radio, Korea Communications Commission, Seoul, [8] Korea Radio Promotion Association, Result report of digital radio promotion preparatory committee, Ministry of Information and Communication, Seoul, [9] Sung-Kyu Park, Go-Man Park, A Study on the AM/FM Digital Radio

DRM and DRM+, Journal of Broadcasting Engineering, Vol 17, No 6, pp990~1003, 2012. Peyla, P. J., The Structure and Generation of Robust Waveforms for FM, In-Band on-channel Digital Broadcasting, ibiquity Digital Corporation, 2003.

18 채수현 외 인 디지털 지상파 라디오 방송의 전송방식 결정요인에 관한 지상파 방송사의 인식차이와 쟁점 요인에 관한 연구 1 : (Su-Hyun Chae et al. : A Study on the Cognitive Differences and Issue Factors of Terrestrial Broadcasters on Transmission System Determinants of Digital Radio Broadcasting) [10] [11] [12] [13] for Practical Use Based on DRM and DRM+, Journal of Broadcasting Engineering, Vol 17, No 6, pp990~1003, Peyla, P. J., The Structure and Generation of Robust Waveforms for FM, In-Band on-channel Digital Broadcasting, ibiquity Digital Corporation, Jong-ho Bak, Digital broadcast technology - Digital Radio, Korea Electrics Technology Institute, Mobile terminals research center, Seminar Paper, Snag-woon Lee, Digital Radio Broadcasting II, Broadcasting & Technology, Vol 196, pp152~159, McLeod & Chaffee, Sensitization in panel design: A coorientitational experiment. Journalism Quarterly, Vol 45, No 4, pp661~669, [14] Kim, H.S., Coorientation and communication, In B. Dervin and M.J. Voight(des.), Progress in communication sciences, 7, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, pp31~54, [15] Chan-Souk Kim, Wan Soo Lee, Myung-Il Choi, Mutual Understanding and Misunderstanding between Viewers and KBS Employees on TV License Fee Focusing on Co-orientation Model, Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunications Research, Vol 85, pp68~101, [16] Dong-jae Shin, An Analysis on the Co-orientation toward Corporate Social Responsibility between Casino Corporation and Stakeholders: A case of the Open Casino Corporation, Department of Tourism Science, The Graduate School of Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea. 저자소개 채수현 - 년 한양대학교 전자통신공학과 학사 년 서울과학기술대학교 정책전문대학원 석사 년 현재 라디오 기술팀 근무 주관심분야 방송 정책 디지털 방송 시스템 1992 : 2014 : IT 1996 ~ : SBS ORCID: : IT, 이영주 - 년 이화여자대학교 영어영문학과 학사 년 서강대학교 신문방송학과 대학원 석사 년 이화여자대학교 신문방송학과 대학원 언론학 박사 년 년 호남대학교 신문방송학과 교수 년 현재 서울과학기술대학교 정책전문대학원 교수 주관심분야 디지털 방송 정책 방송산업 정책 1991 : 1998 : 2005 : 2007 ~ 2008 : 2009 ~ : IT ORCID: :,, IT 139

(JBE Vol. 21, No. 5, September 2016) (Special Paper) 21 5, (JBE Vol. 21, No. 5, September 2016) ISS

(JBE Vol. 21, No. 5, September 2016) (Special Paper) 21 5, 2016 9 (JBE Vol. 21, No. 5, September 2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2016.21.5.726 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) VHF T-DMB