m깅이상훈오 1: 전자선단층활염의관상동맥석회수치와폐쇄성관상동맥질환의상관관계 Beam Tomography, EBT ) 를이용한관상동맥석회수치 ( Coronary Artery Calcium score, CAC) 를검사한 1 88명의성인을대상으로탈륭 -20 1섬근스캔, 운동
|
|
- 다민 류(유)
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 대한방사선의학호 IAI1998;39: 전자선단층촬영의관상동맥석회수치와폐쇄성관상동맥질환의상관관계에관한연구 1 이상훈 홍용국 박성일 이향미 최규옥 목적 : 전자선단층촬영기를이용한관상동맥석회수치를측정하여무증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환과의연관성을얄아보고무증상관상동맥질환자와확진된폐쇄성관상동맥질환자와의석회수치의차이를알아보고자한다. 대상및방법 : 관상동맥석회수치를검사한 1 88명의성인을대상으로탈륨 -20 1섬근스캔, 운동부하섬전도검사그리고관상동맥조영술을실시한 56명의폐쇄성관상동맥질환여부를알아보았고유증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환자, 무증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환자그리고무증상비폐쇄성인등 3군으로나누어석회수치를알아보았다. 허혈성심장질환을앓았던병력이있거나전형적인흉통이있어서위의 3가지검사를실시하여양성으로판명된환자는유증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환자로분류하였고무증상성인중세가지검사중하나이상에서양성으로측정된경우무증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환자로분류하였고음성으로측정된경우무증상비폐쇄성인으로분류하였다. 결과 : 무증상성인중폐쇄성관상동맥질환이발견된환자는전부 16명이었고이들의석회수치평균이 600 :t 726(7-2832) 이었다. 무증상성인중 21 명이위의검사에서음성을보였고이들의석회수치평균이 293 :t 401 (0-1442) 으로측정되어통계적으로의미있는차이는없었으나일정정도석회수치의차이가있었고 (p = 0.079) 확진된폐쇄성관상동맥질환자의관상동맥석회수치평균은 571 :t 75 1( ) 로서무증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환자와비슷한분포를보였다 (p)o.l). 그리고총56명의석회수치유무로나누어보았을때폐쇄성관상동맥질환의민감도는 89%, 특이도는 14%, 석회수치를 200으로나누어보았을때민감도는 60%, 특이도는 67% 로측정되었다. 결론 높은관상동맥석회수치가측정될경우폐쇄성관상동맥질환의위험이높다. 따라서이런환자의경우추가검사를실시하여폐쇄성관상동맥질환을조기발견할수있다. 동맥경화증은생활환경의개선과서구화경향그리고노인층의증가로현재우리나라에서증가추세에있으며허혈성심질환에의한사망및이환율도급격히증가추세에있다. 따라서관상동맥질환의여l 방과조기발견으로급성관상동맥증후 (cor onary event) 를줄이는것이중요하다. 그러나기존의위험인자와운동부하검사로는관상동맥질환의위험에처해있는대부분의환자를발견하지못한다. 관상동맥질환은증상이나타나거나스트레스검사에서양성이나올때까지는발견하지못하고운동부하심전도검사나다른검사에서음성으로나온환지들중관상동맥질환을보이는환자들도종종있다 (1). 따라서증상이없는, 발현전의관상동맥질환의발견과예측이중요하다. 이용한관상동맥석회수치 (Coronary Artery Calcium score, CAC) 검사는최근들어관상동맥경화증을발견하는데유용하게쓰이고있으며높은수치가나올경우하나의독립적인위험인자로서평가되기도한다. 특히증상이없는폐쇄성관상동맥질환을발견하는선별검사로서 EBT CAC 검사의유용성이평가되고있는데 (1, 2, 3, 4) 특히고위험군의무증상성인이나새로생긴흉통을가진환자에서선별검사로서의미가있다고한다. 본연구는본병원에서 EBT CAC 검사를실시한사람중에서폐쇄성관상동맥질환여부를알아보고폐쇄성관상동맥질환에있어서무증상질환자와이미확진된환자의석회수치의차이를알아보고자한다. 전자션단층촬영기 (Electron Beam Tomography, EBT) 를 l 연세대학교의과대학진단방사선과학교실이논문은 년도보건의료기솔연구개발사업연구비의일부보조에 의해이루어졌음 - 이논문은 년 l 웰 1 9 일접수하여 년 4 월 2 1 일에채택되었음. % 대상및방법 96 년 1 2 월부터 97 년 5 월까지전자선단층촬영기 (Electron
2 m깅이상훈오 1: 전자선단층활염의관상동맥석회수치와폐쇄성관상동맥질환의상관관계 Beam Tomography, EBT ) 를이용한관상동맥석회수치 ( Coronary Artery Calcium score, CAC) 를검사한 1 88명의성인을대상으로탈륭 -20 1섬근스캔, 운동부하심전도검사그리고관상동맥조영술을실시한 56명의폐쇄성관상동맥질환여부를후향적으로알아보았고유증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환자, 무증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환자그리고무증상비폐쇄성인으로 3군으로나누어석회수치를알아보았다. 허혈성심장질환을앓았던병력이있거나전형적인흉통이있어서위의세가지컴사중하나이상을시행하여양성으로나온환자는유증상성인으로분류하였고이들은 EBT를이용한관상동맥조영술등을시행할때추가로석회수치검사를실시하였거나석회수치를보조검사로이용한환자였으며이 56명중에서관상동맥조영술을실시한사람은 24명, 탈륨 20 1섬근스캔은 22명, 운동부하심전도검사는 29명이었고이들중위의세가지검사중하나이상에서양성으로측정된경우폐쇄성관상동맥질환자로분류하였고음성으로측정된경우무증상비폐쇄성인으로분류하였다. 세군의나이, 성별, CAC, 위험인자, 그리고시챙한검사를조사하였고위험인자는당뇨, 고혈압, 흡연, 비만, 고콜레스테롤혈증, 저 HDL혈증을가지고있는지를조사하였다. 또좌주관상동맥 (l eft main coronary artery), 좌전하행관상동맥, 좌회선관상동맥, 우관상동맥등 4혈관의 CAC를측정하는데각군별석회화동맥의숫자를알아보았다. 관상동맥조영술은 50% 이상의관강협착을기준으로하여폐쇄성관상동맥질환의유무를판별하였고 T I -20 1심근스캔은운동흑은약물부하검사를하여재분포에상관없이결손부위가있는경우폐쇄성질환으로분류하였고운동부하심전도검사는 Bruce and Hornsten pr otoco l을사용하여 ST분절이 1mm (O.l mv) 이상의침하를보이는경우를양성으로판정하였다. 16 명의무증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환자의석회수치와검사에 서음성을보인 21 명의무증상성인의석회수치비교, 그리고 19 명의유증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환자의석회수치비교는 Wilc oxon Rank Sum Test(SAS software system ) 로통계처리하 였다. EBT 석회검사는 512 x 512 matrix size, 26cm Field of Vi ew, 100msec exposure time, 연속적인 3mm 두께절편으로심 1000 log (CAC+1) group [ 렐딩 Fig. 1. Total CAC in each group CAC : Coronary Artery Calcium score Group 1: symptomatic coronary artery obstructive disease (CAOD) Group 2: asymptomatic CAOD Group 3: asymptomatic no CAOD 3 Table 1. Comparison of Data between 3 Groups Number CAC Group ::t 751 (0-2662) No. of calcified vessel 2.3 Age 63(51-81) male : female 12 : 7 Risk factor(mean No.) 1.9 D.M. 7 Hypertension 11 Smoking 6 Obesity 4 Hypercholesterolemia 5 Low HDL 5 Cαonfo 야rmative study(positive/total number) Angiography 15 /15 TI-201 4/5 Treadmill test 5/6 7/7 5/8 8/9 Group ::t 726 (7-2832) (56-75) 11 : l 5 5 Group 1 : symptomatic coronary artery obstructive disease (CAOD) Group 2: asymptomatic CAOD Group 3: asymptomatic no CAOD 꼈W Group ::t 401 (0-1442) (37-78) 13: /2 0/9 0/1 4 TotaJ ::t 638 (0-2832) 2. 4 (37-81) 36 : η@깅
3 대한방사선의학회지 1998; 39: A B Fig. 2. Asymptomatic coronary artery obstructive disease. 66 year-old male patient shows 3 calcified arteries(a), left main(thin white arrow), left anterior descending(lad, hick white arrow}, and left circumflex artery(arrow head) and total calcium score was 605. Coronary artery angiography(b) was demonstrated 60 % narrowing of mid-lad(black arrow). 결 과 Fig. 3. Asymptomatic, no coronary artery obstructive disease case. 70 year-old woman shows 3 calcified arteries, left anterior descending(white arrow}, left circumflex (arrow head), and right coronary artery and total calcium score was 722. Thallium 201 scan shows negative find mg. 전도 triggering 을하여 80% R-R interval 로모든영상이이 완기에얻어지도록하여심장의운동에의한인공음영이나건 너띈콧이없도록하였고환자가호홉을멈춘상태에서영상을 얻고, 모든관상동맥이다포함되도록주폐동맥의하연에서부 터시작하여심장의하연까지영상을얻는다. 석회화병변을구 하는방법은 Agaston 등 (5) 에의해서 CT 밀도상최소 4pixel ( 능 1mm 2 ) 이상의 130 Hounsfield Units(HU) 한계치이상을 조직내의석회화로정의하며, 각각의관상동맥주행경로를따 라석회화병변이있는지를관찰하여해당부위에직접 Region of Interest(ROI) 를그려준후각각의 ROI 에서최대의 HU 가 인경우 1, 인경우 2, 인경우 3, 400 이상인경우 4 를석회화면적에곱하여계산하여각각의관 상동맥석회수치를구한후합하여전체석회수치를얻는다. 세군의 CAC, 석회화동맥의숫자, 나이, 성멸, 위험인자그리고시행한검사는 Table 1, Fig. 1. 과같고무증상성인중폐쇄성관상동맥질환이발견된환자는전부 16명이었고이들의석회수치평균이 600 :t 726(7-2832) 이었다 (Fig.2). 또무증상성인중 21명이위의검사에서음성을보였고 (Fig. 3) 이들의석회수치평균이 293 :t 40 1( ) 으로측정되어통계적으로의미있는차이는없었으나일정정도석회수치의차이가있었고 (p=0.079) 이미확진된 19명의폐쇄성관상동맥질환자 (Fig. 4) 의관상동맥석회수치평균은 571 :t 751(0-2662) 로서무증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환자와비슷한분포를보였다 (p) 0.1 ). 그리고총 56명의석회수치유무로나누어보았을때폐쇄성관상동맥질환의민감도는 89%, 특이도는 14 %, 양성예측율은 63%, 음성예측율은 43 % 로측정되었고 CAC를 100으로나누어보았을때민강도는 71%, 특이도는 48%, CAC를 200 으로나누어보았을때민감도는 60%, 특이도는 67% 로측정되었다 (Table 2). 그리고나이에따른 CAC의분포는나이가증가함에따라서 CAC score가증가하였다 (Fig.5). 고찰 EBT는전자총에서전자선을발사시키고이를전자기적으로굴절시켜테이블밑에있는 4개의반원형양극판에차례로조준하여서거의동시에 210 방향에서 X선을발생시킴으로써짧은시간 ( 최소 50msec) 에영상을얻는시간해상력 (temporal resolution, 17 frames / sec) 을갖추고있어심장박동이나호흡그리고맥박에의한영상흔들림을최소화할수있는장점을가지고있고또관상동맥석회수치검사를할때측정자간신뢰성 (Inter-rater r elia bility) 이아주높은장점이있다 (6). EBT의경우 Agaston의방법 (5) 에의하여석회화의역치를 130HU으로하여석회수치를계산하고있는데이는혈액의최 %
4 찌이상흔오 1 : 전자선단층휠영의관상동맥석회수치외폐쇄성관상동맥질환의상관관계 A B C Fig. 4. Symptomatic coronary artery obstructive disease. 61 male patient shows 3 calcified arteries(a, B. ), left anterior descending(lad, white arrow), left circumflex(lcx, arrow head), and right coronary artery(rca, dou ble arrowhead). Coronary ang- iography was demonstrated 50 % narrowing of distal LAD( C, black arrow), 50 % narrowing of distal LCx, 70 % narrowing of RCA Us age Fig. S. Correlation of Coronary Artery Calcium score and Age Table 2. Sensitivity, Specificity According to Coronary Artery Calcium Score(CAC) CAC threshold Sensitivity 89% 71 % 60% Specificity 14% 48% 67% Accuracy 61 % 61 % 63% Positive predictive value 63% 69% 75% Negative predictive value 43% 48% 50% 소 2 표준편차이상의음영과 (7) 정상싱근의 2 배이상의음영 (8) 을기준으로선택되었으나 HU 를다르게하여비교한연구는 없고최근나선식 CT 를이용하여관상동맥석회수치를측정한 연구에의하면 90 HU 으로측정하였을때가 130HU 으로측정하 였을때보다폐쇄성관상동맥질환의민감도와특이도가더높 다고하였는데이는냐선식 CT 에서 mi li ampere -sec ond 가더 높아서영상잡음이더적어역치를낮게잡을수있다고한다 W (9). 동맥경화반의석회화시점과진행에관해서는아직도자세히밝혀지지않고있지만동맥경화혈관의병적인석회화는세포의증식, 기질침착그리고석핵화등의정상골의특정을공유하고있고골조직과생화학적, 그리고미세구조적으로유사하다. 그리고이것은충격흡수의감소와전단력집중에의한영향으로혈관내피의손상과경화반파열을유발시킬수있다 (1 0). 동맥경화반의무기질챔착은골의주요무기질성분인 hydroxya p atite로구성되어있다. 그리고동맥경화반의평활근세포와대식세포에는골생성과무가질화와연관이있는 osteopont i n의 m -RNA가존재한다. 또한 osteopontin의면역조직화학염색상동맥경화반의외측경계에서는강하게염색이되고중심부분은덜강하게미만성염색이되며정상동맥에서는염색이되지않는다. 이상으로보이. Fitzpatrick 등 (11) 은 osteopontin이동맥의선내막형성 (neointimal formation) 에관여한다고하였다. 동맥경화반의구성은섬유질, 콜레스테롤그리고석회등과같은기질들로되어있어서석회침착은동맥경화가있을경우에만얼어나지만동맥경화는석회침착없이일어날수도있어동맥경화의유병율은석회첨착의유병율보다높다. 그리고 Rumberger 등 (1 2) 에의하면관상동맥경화반의면적이석회화면척보다 5배가더크다고하여모든동맥경화반이석회를포함하는것은아니나석회수치와밀접한연관을보인다고하였다. Patterson 등 (1 3) 에의하면 EBT CAC검사는탈륨 201 심근스캔검사나양전자방출단층촬영술과같이사용할때비용효율성이좋아서 Tl-201 심근스캔단독혹은양전자방출단층촬영술단독으로진단할때보다전체적인진단비용의많은감소를가져올수있다고한다또한저등도 중등도확률의 CAOD군에서운동부하심전도검사나탈륨 -201검사보다석회수치가진단적접근검사로서비용효율성이좋다고한다 (1 4). 그러나나이가많은경우석회화의유병율이높아서특이성이낮아선별 검사의가치가낮지만 (1 5) 다른비침습적인검사가보여주지
5 대한방사선의학회지 1998 ; 39 : 못하는비폐쇄성관상동맥질환의존재에대한정보를제공하는장점이있다. 이번연구는증상이없는성인중 EBT CAC검사를실시하여폐쇄성관상동맥질환이있는지를 3가지검사를이용하여알아보았는데폐쇄성질환이있는 16명의모든환자에서 1개이상의관상동맥위험인지를가지고있었고전부에서 7이상의석회수치가검출되었다. 그리고폐쇄성관상동맥질환이있였거나전형적인흉통이있던 19명의환자를대상으로한석회수치와차이가없었는데이는증상이없다고해서관상동맥질환이없다는것은아닌것을의미한다. Mautner 등 (2) 에의하면무증상폐쇄성관상동맥질환과증상을동반한폐쇄성관상동맥질환의석회수치와동맥의협착정도를비교하였을때차이가없어증상의유무는허혈성심장질환의믿을수있는정후가아니어서 EBT CAC검사가무증상성인의선별검사로서유용할수있다고하였다. 그리고 Bruce 등 (1 6) 에의하면무증상성인이비전형적흉통을가진성인보다절반정도의관상동맥질환의발병율을가지지만일단관상동맥질환이발병하면사망율은더높다고보고하여무증상성인의검사도중요함을알수있다. 그리고무증상고위험군의성인에서심장영화투시촬영술상석회화첨착이있는군이 cohort연구에서다른위험인자와독립적으로심혈관증후의위험도가높다는보고가있었는데 (17) 영화투시촬영술보다 EBT CAC검사가석회화를보다더정확하고위양성이없으며정량적으로측정할수있어서훨씬더유용하게쓰일수있다 (1 5). 관상동맥질환의선별검사로서운동부하심전도검사가많이쓰이고있는데 Sox Jr. 등 (1 8) 에의하면운동부하심전도검사는무증상성인의선별검사로서수명에거의도움이되지않고선별검사로서비용이높다고하였고또운동부하검사가무증상성인의관상동맥질환의선별검사로서좋지않은이유로첫째, 대부분의무증상성인은관상동맥질환을갖고있지않고둘째, 운동부하심전도검사에서양성으로나온무증상성언을관상동맥조영술을실시하였을때 20% 만이병을가지고있는것으로나오며셋째우회로이식조성숨을해야될관상동맥질환은무증상성인에서는드물다고하였다. 그리고운동부하심전도검사나 TI-201심근스캔은충분한운동의적응증이되지않는합병증이나이가들면서많아지므로나이가증가할수록위음성이많아진다고하며또한탈륨 -201심근스캔은관상동맥의경련과영상판독의편재로인해위양성율이높아특이도와양성예측율이낮다고한다 (1 9). 또한석회수치를 100을기준으로하였을때 40-60세사이의대상자중에서 EBT는민감도 83%, 특이도 85% 로서탈륨 -201 검사의 90%, 51%, 운동부하심전도검사의 71%, 72% 와비교하여볼때더뛰어난성척을보였다고한다. 또한 EBT는비침습적이고조영제를사용하지않으며운동부하가필요없고검사시간이짧으며재현성도가높으며검사자가약 40초정도만호홉을멈추면되어고통을주지않고신속하고편안하게검사할수있는검사로서 EBT가관상동맥질환의다른검사방법보다더나은선별검사로서유용하게사용될수있을것이다. 그러나무증상성인전체를대상으로한선별검사로서의 EBT CAC검사는운동부하검사와마찬가지로비용효검사에서음성으로나올확률이많을것으로생각되며이는앞갱 / 율성에문제가있고특히관상동맥질환의유병률이낮은우리나라에서는위험인자가많은고위험군에서의선별검사로활용하는것이바람직하다고생각되나앞으로추가연구가펼요할것으로생각된다. 그리고위에서도언급하였듯이나이와성별에따라관상동맥석회수치의의미가디론데여성에서는석회화가남성에서보다 10년정도뒤진다고하여젊은여성에서는민감도가낮다. 그리고 40-60세에서는남성에서관상동맥질환의예측률이더높고 60세이상에서는여자에서예측률이더높다고하며전체적으로볼때 40-60세에서관상동맥질환의예측율이가장높다고한다 (19, 20). 그리고남자에서는 40세를전후로관상동맥석회화의유병율이 15 % 에서 45% 로급격히증가하고여자에서는 60세전후로 27% 에서 71% 로증가한다는보고가있고 (1) 전체적으로관상동맥석회화의유병율은 30대, 40대, 50대, 60대에서각각 25%, 39%, 73%, 74% 로측정되었다 (5). 그래서 Kouji 등 (19) 에의하면 EBT CAC검사의타당성은중년성인에서가장유효하고노인환자에서도그유효성이감소하지않아 70세이상의환자들에서는석회수치가다른검사들보다관상동맥질환이의심되는환자에게선별검사로추천하고 40세미만의젊은환자에서는논의의여지가있으므로운동부하심전도검사가가장유용할것으로보인다고하였다. 이번연구에서무증상성인 37영과확진된폐쇄성관상동맥질환자 19명을합한 56명의민감도와특이도, 양성예측률그리고음성예측률을이전의논문과비교하여볼때석회수치유무를기준으로할경우민감도와특이도가각각 95%, 31% 그리고 100을기준으로할때 70%, 71% 인데 (11) 이번연구에서는 89 %, 14 % 그리고 71%, 48% 로낮게결과가나왔는데이는관상동맥석회수치가 0이거나낮게나온경우대부분이다른추가검사를하지않아서연구에포함되지않았고또확진된폐쇄성관상동맥질환자중 4명이석회수치가 0으로측정되어서민감도와음성예측률이이전의다른보고와달리낮았다. 그러나석회수치가 0인경우대부분이폐쇄성관상동맥질환이없는것을감안하고또연구대상인원이확대된다면이전의보고와별다른차이가없을것으로생각하고또폐쇄성관상동맥질환이있는데석회화병변이발견되지않은경우는본연구에서 11 % (4명 /35 명 ) 이었는데외국의연구에서보아도 0%(21), 0.6%(22), 4 % (5), 5%(23), 9%(13), 그리고 12 % (24) 이어서조금높은경향을보이고있는데 4영이모두유증상또는확진된관상동맥질환자이어서석회수치가 0인무증상성언이본연구에거의포함되지않았다는것을고려할때이는외국보다우리나라에서석회화침착이없는연반 (80ft plaque) 의관상동맥질환이더많을수있을것으로생각되며 CAC가 0이나온 4명중에서 3 명이관상동맥조영술상 1혈관질환이었고 1명은운동부허섞전도검사상하벽의허혈로의심되어서이는동맥경화가전반적으로오기보다는국소적으로만침범된것을의미하여이런경우석회의침착이아직되지않은연반일가능성이높다. 또한관상동맥의석회는근위부관상동맥에서주로관찰되는것과무관하지않아서원위부단일관상동맥질환의경우 EBT CAC
6 이상훈오 1: 전자선단층칠영의관상동맥석호 수치와폐쇄성관상동맥질환의상관관계 으로추가연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 이번연구에서석회수치유무를기준으로할때특이도와양성예측률이 14 % 와 63% 로낮은데이는폐쇄성관상동맥질환을대상으로하였기때문에관상동맥석회화가있는경우폐쇄성질환이없더라도모두동맥경화가있는것을고려하면아직폐쇄성질환이생기지않았다는것을뜻하는것이지동맥경화가없다는것은아니다. 더욱이갑자기생기는폐쇄성혈전은단지경한, 혈류를제한하지않는경화반에서주로생기며 Epstein 등 (25) 에의하면관상동맥질환으로인한급사의많은부분을운동부하검사에서정상소견을보이는저위험군이차지하고스트레스검사에서음성을보이는집단에서의급성폐쇄성관상동맥질환의발병률이낮지만전체숫자에서는검사에서양성을보인집단에서의관상동맥증후보다많아서증상이없는허혈성섬질환흑은허혈성섬질환의발생없이갑자기사망하는경우를발견할수있는보다나은검사가필요하다고하였다. 또 한 Arad 등 (3) 에의하면 EBT CAC 검사를시행한 명의 무증상성언을대상으로평균 1 97~ 월간추적관찰해보았더니 18 명에서심혈관질환이발생하였고이들의석회수치를 1 60으로민감도와특이도를구하여보았을때 89% 와 82 % 로측정되었다고한다. 따라서관상동맥석회수치가높은경우폐쇄성관상동맥질환여부를추가로검사하여음성이더라도급성관동맥증후의위험이높다는것을알수있다. 이상으로보아석회수치가양성으로나온경우폐쇄성관상동맥질환이아니더라도식이요법, 운동요법등위험인자를줄이거나혈중지질저하약물치료등으로적극적인치료를하여급성관동맥증후의빈도를낮추는것이중요하다. 이연구의제한점으로는 60세이상의노인이다수포함되어특이도가낮아진것과대상으로한군이무작위적으로추출된것이아니라당뇨와고혈압이있는사람이주로검사를하여연구대상이제한이있었다. 또한폐쇄성관상동맥질환의확진검사로서운동부하심전도검사와탈륨 -201심근스캔을이용하였는데이는운동부하시유효맥박수에이르는경우가나이가증가할수록적어져위음성이많아진다고하여신뢰도가떨어지는약점이있고관상동맥질환에대한민감도와특이도가낮아서위양성과위음성이있을수있는데이는이연구의정확도를떨어뜨릴위험이있다. 결론적으로무증상성인의관상동맥석회수치를검사하여높은수치가나올경우추가검사를실시하여폐쇄성관상동맥질환을조기발견할수있을뿐만아니라급성관동맥증후를일으키는고위험군의발견으로적극적인치료를통한이의예방에 1994 ; 192: Arad y, Spadaro LA, Goodman K, et al. Predictive value of electron beam computed tomography of the coronary arteries : 19-month follow-up of asymptomatic subjects. Circu/ation 1996;93: Detrano R, Hsiai FT, Wang S, et al. Prognostic value of coron ary calcification and angiographic stenoses in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Am Col/ Cardio/ 1996; 27: Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte Jr. M, Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardio/ 1990; 15: Shields JP, Mielke Jr H, Watson P. 1nter-rater reliability of electron beam computed tomography to detect coronary artery calcification. Am J Card Imaging 1996; 10 : Bielak LF, Kaufmann RB, MolI PP, McCollough CH, Schwartz RS, Sheedy PF II. Small lesions in the heart identified at electron beam CT calcification or noise? Radi%gy 1994; 192: Kaufmann RB, Sheedy PF II, Breen JF, et al. Detection of heart calcification with electron beam CT: interobserver and intraobserver reliability for scoring quantification. Radi%gy 1994; Broderick LS, Shemech J, Wìlensky RL, et al. Measurement of coronary artery calcium w ith dual-slice heli cal CT compared with coronary angiography : evaluation of CT scoring methods, interobserver variations, and reproducibility. AJR 1996; 167: Bostrom K, Watsom KE, Horn S, Worham C, Herman 1M, Demer LL. Bone morphogenetic protein expression in human atherosclerotic lesions. J C/in Invesl 1993 ; 91 : Fitzpatrick LA, Severson A, Edwards WD, 1ngram RT. Diffuse calcification in human coronary arteries. J C/in Invest 1994; Rumberger JA, Simons DB, Fitzpatrick LA, Sheedy PF, Schwartz RS. Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. Circu/ation 1995;92: Patterson RE, Eisner RL, Horowitz SF. Comparison of cost effectiveness and utility of exercise ECG, SPECT, PET, and coronary angiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Circu/ation 1995; 91 : Behrenbeck J, Gerber TC, Rumberger J A, Electron beam tom ography in cost effective diagnosis of coronary heart disease Radi%ge 1996; 36(4): Stanford W, Rumberger JA. U/trafast computed tomography in cardiac imaging. New York : Futura Publishing Company, 1992; Bruce RA, Hossack KF, DeR 도석회수치가기여할수있다. 참고문헌 1. Wong ND, Kouwabunpat D, Vo AN, et al. Coronary calcium and atheroclerosis by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women: Relation to age and risk factors Am Heart J 1994; 127 : Mautner SL, Mautner Gc, Froehlich J, et al. Coronary artery disease: prediction with in vitro electron beam CT. Radi%gy
7 대한밤사선의학회지 1998; 39 : ary artery calcification using electron beam computed tomography: comparison with electrocardiographic and thallium exercise stress test results. J Am Col/ Cardiol 1995; 26: Fusman B, Wolfkiel CJ, Ultrafast computed tomography for de tection of coronary artery calcification. Am J Cardiac Imaging 1995; 9: Breen JF, Sheedy PF, Schwartz RS, et al. Coronary artery calcification detected with ultrafast CT as an indication of coronary artery disease. Work in progress. Radiology 1992; 185: Stanford W, Breen J, Thompson B, et al. Can the absence of coronary calcification on ultrafast CT be used to rule out non-significant coronary artery stenosis? J Am Co l/ Cardiol 1992; 19 Suppl A: 189A 23. Budoff MJ, Georgiou D, Kennedy J, et al. Ultrafast cumputed tomography as a diagnostic modality in the detection of coronary artery : A multicen ter stud y. Circulation 1996; 93 : Tanenbaum SR, Kondos GT, Veselik KE, prendergast MR, Brundage BH, Chomka EV, Detection of calcific deposits in coronary arteries by ultrafast computed tomography and corre lation with angiography. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63 : Epstein SE, Quyyumi AA, Bonow RO, Sudden cardiac death without warning: possible mechanisms and implications for screening asymptomatic populations. N Engl J Med 1989; 321 : J Korean Radi 이 Soc 1998;39: Correlation Between Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease and Electron Beam Tomography Coronary Artery Calcium Scan 1 Sang Hoon Lee, M.D., Yong Kook Hong, M.D., Sung n Park, M.D. Hyang Mee Lee, M.D., Kyu Ok Choe, M.D. 1 Deparlmenl of Diagnostic Radiology Yonsei University, College of Medicine Purpose: To determine the correlation between obstructive coronary artery disease and electron beam tomography coronary artery calcium(ebt CAC) scan and to measure the difference in calcium score according to symptoms. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six patients underwent EBT CAC scanning and either coronary angiography or stress thallium 201 scanning or the treadmill test. When the results were positive, coronary artery obstructive disease(caod) was assumed to be present. The patients were divided into three groups: symptomatic CAOD, asymptomatic CAOD, and asymptomatic non- CAOD; those with a previous history of myocardial ischemia or who showed positive results in any of the three tests relating to typical symptoms of angina were assigned to the symptomatic group. Results: The number of cases assigned to group 1, 2 and 3 was 19, 16 and 21, respectively; total CAC scores were 571 ::!:: 751, 600::!:: ::!:: 401, respectively. The difference in CAC score between asymptomatic CAOD and asymptomatic non- CAOD was not statistically significant(p=0.079) but in asymptomatic CAOD, the score tended to be higher. The CAC score was not different between symptomatic and asymptomatic CAOD (p > 0.1). When the CAC threshold was 1, sensitivity was 89% and specificity was 14%; when the threshold was 200, sensitivity was 60% and specificity was 67%. Conclusion: When the EBT CAC score is high, further evaluation provides early evidence of coronary artery obstructive disease. Index words : Coronary vessels, calcification Coronary vessels, diseases Computed tomography (CT), electron beam Address reprint requests to: Kyu Ok Choe M.D., Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, # 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu SeouL , Korea Tel , Fax
8 제 20 자진단방사선과전문의연수교육안내 띠일시 1 쨌년 10 월 15 일 ( 목 -) - 17 일 ( 토 장소 : 호텔롯데월드 Emerald Room 떠층 ) 며명 점 :6 평점 셉샤전등록 : 추계학술대회와동시에사전등록제를시행하며평점카드는연수교육장에서발급해드립니다 l 등록비 구 분 사전등록마감 (1998 년 9 월 15 일까지 ) 현장등록 (1998 년 9 월 15 일이후 ) 정회원 20, 에 원 30, 때 0 원 l 시전등록i.Þ성추계학술대회와혼동을피하기위하여추계학술대회의사전둥록구좌와다른아래의구좌로입금된경우만인정하며, 송금한후학회 Home Page를이용하여신청하시거나, 별지의사전등록신청서를작성하신후신청서를우편또는 Fax 로송부하시면됩니다 거래은행. 평화은행구좌번호 : 025-û1αD1댐2 예금주 : 대한방사선의학회 따주 제 Lyrnphoma 다연수교육내용 시 간 연 제 연 자 1α15 08:0o-D8:30 08: 3o-D9: 00 09: 00-D9:30 10/1608: 아 -08 :30 08:3o-D9:00 09: 아 -D9:30 1α17 08:0o-D8:30 08:3o-D9:oo Pathology of the Lyrnphorna Lyrnphoma of CNS and Head & Neck 간접촬영펼름판독 Lyrnphorna of 깐 lorax Lyrnphorna of Musculoskeletal System 흉부 X 선정도관리 Lyrnphoma of GI 암 act and the Abdominal S 이 íd Organ Lyrnphðma of GU System 김철우 ( 서울의대 ) 한문희 ( 서울의대 ) 진수일 ( 원자력병원 ) 이경수 ( 성균관의대 ) 서진석 ( 연세의대 ) 엄정기 ( 서울의대 ) 하현권 ( 울산의대 ) 변재영 ( 가톨릭의대 )
Staging of Lung Cancer
Coronary calcium score Atherosclerosis Repeated inflammation and repair Clinical end points Related to arterial luminal stenosis Subclinical disease Arterial wall disease Progress without symptoms for
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More information<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>
대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
More information(
317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More informationKbcs002.hwp
Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,
More information저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할
저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
More information1..
Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :
More informationLumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More information원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현
원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 지도김석원교수 이논문을석사학위논문으로제출함
More information황지웅
Comparison of Laparoscopy and Exploration in the Distal Pancreatectomy BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with exploration, the clinical outcomes of open and laparoscopic
More informationJksvs019(8-15).hwp
Grade I Grade II Grade III 12 대한혈관외과학회지 : 제 20 권 제 1 호 2004 Control Group A Group B Fig. 4. Microscopic findings of vein wall in control, group A and group B on the day of 7 after venous occlusion. The
More informationAbstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,
More informationÀ̱ٿµ
607 Table 1. Diagnostic Accuracy in the Detection of Urinary Stone Between CT Urography (CTU) and Intravenous Urography (IVU) (n=34) CTU Urinary stone (+) Urinary stone ( ) (n=27) (n=7) IVU Urinary stone
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More information노영남
Purpose: Delayed massive hemorrhages from pseudoaneurysm rupture of the peripancreatic large arteries, after pancreaticoduodenectomy, are fatal. We reviewed the clinical course and outcome of bleeding
More information( )Kju225.hwp
비임균성비뇨생식기감염에서 의진단적효용성 Usefulness of the Mycofast Test (MYCOFAST Evolution 2) for the Diagnosis of Nongonococcal Genitourinary Infections Hang Ro Park, Yang Hyun Kim, Ho Jae Lee, Jea Sang Oh, Hyoung Jin
More information자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr
Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(2):129-134 The Survey of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quality according to in Korea 1 자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 1 Hyun-Hae
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More information(Microsoft PowerPoint - S13-3_\261\350\273\363\307\366 [\310\243\310\257 \270\360\265\345])
Cardiovascular Disease in Metabolic Syndrome 김상현 보라매병원내과 서울대학교의과대학내과학교실 Contents Metabolic syndrome and Cardiovascular system CVD Mortality Coronary artery disease Heart failure Atrial fibrillation Management
More informationºÎÁ¤¸ÆV10N³»Áö
case of brugada syndrome presented as chest pain STRCT rugada syndrome was described in 1992 as a new clinical entity characterized by electrocardiographic STsegment elevation in the right precordial leads
More information김범수
Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales
More information±èÇ¥³â
533 Fig. 1. Dead zone. Nine echoes are positioned 2-10 mm below the scan surface with 1 mm distance. All nine echoes are clearly visualized. 534 Fig. 2. Vertical and horizontal measurement. 10 cm distance
More information:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )
:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α=.83.91.,.,,..,,,.,. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ..,.,.,. Bandura(1997),.,,,,., (,,, 2009), (,,,, 2014).?.,,,.. Bandura (1995) (Resiliency
More informationTreatment and Role of Hormaonal Replaement Therapy
Treatment and Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy Chung-Ang University Hospital Chee Jeong Kim 7.2 5.3 6.4 5.6 7.3 5.5 1 1 2 3 4 10 11 7 34 49 122 123 1.0 - - 10. 2001 1998 1998 Improvement of postmenopausal
More information( ) Jkra076.hwp
Vol. 11, No. 4, December, 2004 Objective: Ultrasonography (USG) of joints has a unique position for the diagnosis of joint diseases. Bone surface, cartilage, periarticular soft tissue and their pathologic
More information°ø±â¾Ð±â±â
20, 30, 40 20, 30, 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.1 6.3 9.4 12.6 15.7 18.8 22.0 25.1 28.3 31.4 2.4 4.7 7.1 9.4 11.8 14.1 16.5 18.8 21.2 23.6 7.1 14.1 21.2 28.3 35.3 42.4 49.5 56.5 63.6 70.7 5.9 11.9 17.8 23.7
More information395-402Ȳ¼º¼ö
395 Fig. 1. Flow diagram showing selection of options for adequate screen recording on the CamStudio 396 Fig. 2 Flow diagram showing the menu buttons on the CamStudio and the process of recording after
More information<B0E6C8F1B4EBB3BBB0FA20C0D3BBF3B0ADC1C E687770>
심전도연수강좌 : 처음시작하는사람들을위한심전도 연세대학교원주의과대학순환기내과학교실 안민수 Cardiac Electrophysiology I : Automaticity : 60-100 회 /min, His bundle : 40-60 회 /min Bundle branch : 20-40 회 /min Purkinje fiber : 20 회 /min Cardiac Electrophysiology
More information13-3.indd
http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2012.13.4.182 가톨릭대학교의과대학여의도성모병원내과학교실김주연, 김미경, 정우백 Exercise Treadmill Test for Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetic Patients Ju Youn Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Woo-Baek
More informationJkbcs016(92-97).hwp
Expression of bcl-2 and Apoptosis and Its Relationship to Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer - A Study with Long Term Follow-up correlated with the survival rate.(journal of Korean
More information전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II)
전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) 전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - vii - - viii - - ix - -
More information서론
- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - - 21 - - 22 - - 23 - - 24 - -
More information현대패션의 로맨틱 이미지에 관한 연구
한지닥섬유제품의인체생리반응및쾌적성평가 임순 Evaluation of Thermal Physiological Responses and Comfort in Dox Fabric Soon Im Professor, Dept. of Fashion Industry, Incheon National University This study performed the evaluation
More information( )Kjhps043.hwp
Difference of Fistula Maturation Degree and Physical Property by the Types of Tube Material: An Experimental Study Sang Koo Kang, M.D. 1, Hee Chul Yu, M.D. 1,4, Woo Sung Moon, M.D. 2,4, Ju Hyoung Lee,
More information( )Kju269.hwp
만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University
More information원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 6, No. 4: , October 임상화학 건강검진자에서임상전단계관상동맥죽상경화증과혈중호모시스테인치와의연관성 Associatio
원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 6, No. 4: 221-227, October 2016 임상화학 건강검진자에서임상전단계관상동맥죽상경화증과혈중호모시스테인치와의연관성 Association of Homocysteine Levels with Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Subjects 나은희
More informationSTKP.PDF
() 1-1 1-2 () 1 1 ( ) ( ) (,, ) (,,, ), 1 ( ), ( ) ( ) 30, 30 1, +1%, 1 2 1 15 ( ) 1,, 1 3, ( ), 1 ( 210 ) 3 2, 4 10(1 ) ( ( ) ) 5 1 2 3, 4 5 ( ) 6 1 1 14, 20( ) 1 15 6 5 15,, 1, 65 7, 20 ( ) 1 8 15( (
More information대한영상의학회지 2009;60: 관상동맥 CT 혈관촬영술에서죽상판특성 : 관상동맥협착에미치는영향 1 최연희 황윤미 백승연 김유경 목적 : 관상동맥 CT 혈관촬영술에서발견된동맥경화죽상판의 CT 소견을분석하여, 혈관협착정도에따른죽상판특성의차이를알아보고자하였다.
관상동맥 CT 혈관촬영술에서죽상판특성 : 관상동맥협착에미치는영향 1 최연희 황윤미 백승연 김유경 목적 : 관상동맥 CT 혈관촬영술에서발견된동맥경화죽상판의 CT 소견을분석하여, 혈관협착정도에따른죽상판특성의차이를알아보고자하였다. 대상과방법 : 2005년 12월부터 2008년 5월까지관상동맥 CT 혈관촬영술에서동맥경화성관상동맥질환을보였던 239명에서죽상판의위치,
More information달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있
대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준
More information<4D F736F F F696E74202D20BFA1C4DA5FC0D3BBF3C3CAC0BDC6C42E BC8A3C8AF20B8F0B5E55D>
심장 (Heart) 심초음파 서울대병원내과 김용진 심장은평생몇번이나뛸까요? 1) 3 백만번 2) 3 천만번 3) 3 억번 4) 30 억번 30 억박동, 2 억리터의혈액 Cause 심장질환 6.2 12.4 11.1 16.2 뇌졸중 4.3 8.5 7.7 11.3 기타심혈관질환 2.6 5.1 6.0 8.8 심혈관질환 13.1 26.0 24.8 36.3 총사망 50.4
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Study on the Pe
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.405-425 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.405 * A Study on the Perceptions and Factors of Immigrant Background Youth
More information임상병리검사과학회지 : 제 30 권저 112 호 섬근경색환자에서의 Wall Motion Abnormality 의부위와 관상동맥질환의벼교 이화의대동대문병원섬전도살 검형중 여영옥 The Comparsion of Wa1l Motion Abnorma1 Site an
임상병리검사과학회지 : 제 30 권저 112 호 1998. 섬근경색환자에서의 Wall Motion Abnormality 의부위와 관상동맥질환의벼교 이화의대동대문병원섬전도살 검형중 여영옥 The Comparsion of Wa1l Motion Abnorma1 Site and Coron 따 y Artery Disease in Myocardia1 Infarction
More information(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re
EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern
More information975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호
Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology
More informationYI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w
497 의사학 제24권 제2호(통권 제50호) 2015년 8월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː497-532 Aug 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.497 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 역시만필( 歷 試 漫 筆 ) 의 사례로 재구성한 조선후기 여성의 삶과 질병
More information한국 출산력의 저하 요인에 관한 연구
가족계획실천율 가족계획실천자 세 유배우부인 조출생률 년간 총출생아수 연앙인구수 일반출산율 년간 총출생아수 가임연령 여자연앙인구수 합계출산율 세 연령층 여성이 출산한 출생아수 세 연령층 여성의 연앙인구수 즉 합계출산율 합 6 계 출 산 율 5 4 3 2 1 1960 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
More informationJkafm093.hwp
가정의학회지 2004;25:721-739 비만은 심혈관 질환, 고혈압 및 당뇨병에 각각 위험요인이고 다양한 내과적, 심리적 장애와 연관이 있는 질병이다. 체중감소는 비만한 사람들에 있어 이런 위험을 감소시키고 이들 병발 질환을 호전시킨다고 알려져 있고 일반적으로 많은 사람들에게 건강을 호전시킬 것이라는 믿음이 있어 왔다. 그러나 이런 믿음을 지지하는 연구들은
More information기관고유연구사업결과보고
기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106
More information( )Jksc057.hwp
직장암환자의전직장간막절제술의 예측인자분석 : 불완전절제와절제시간에영향을미치는인자에관한연구 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Degree of Difficulty in Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer: Investigation of the Factors Affecting Incomplete
More information歯1.PDF
200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)
More informationDIABETES FACT SHEET IN KOREA 2012 SUMMARY About 3.2 million Korean people (10.1%) aged over 30 years or older had diabetes in 2010. Based on fasting g
DIABETES FACT SHEET IN KOREA 2012 Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) / Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) DIABETES FACT SHEET IN KOREA 2012 SUMMARY About 3.2 million Korean people (10.1%)
More information저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할
저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,
More information¼Û±âÇõ
223 Table 1. Results of FEV 1.0, Methacholine Challenge Test, and Exercise Provocation Test in Eight Patients Who Performed PFT Pts Tests 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 FEV 1.0 (%pred) 66.6 88.8 120 101 90.5 95.4 91.6
More information227-233Â÷¼øÁÖ
227 228 Table 1. The Results of PSNR (db) for Various Compression Rate Modality Case 5:1 10:1 20:1 40:1 80:1 MR 9 71.68 2.37 60.54 2.51 52.85 2.53 48.54 2.29 44.09 2.47 CT 9 51.90 1.67 63.70 2.02 57.32
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT
More informationMicrosoft Word doc
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Korean Circ J 2008;38:483-490 Print ISSN 1738-5520 / On-line ISSN 1738-5555 Copyright c 2008 The Korean Society of Cardiology 무증상성인에서관상동맥질환의일차예방전략의비교 서울대학교의과대학내과학교실, 1 분당서울대학교병원심장센터순환기내과,
More informationMicrosoft Word - 순12-4.doc
원저 Korean Circulation J 2004;34(12):1167-1173 관상동맥질환의진단에있어서 Multidetector Computed Tomography 의임상적유용성 이화여자대학교의과대학심장내과내과학교실 오희정 권기환 박시훈 박성훈 이유현유민아 김수현 송지현 김윤정 CT Coronary Angiography Using Multidetector
More informationhttp://www.kbc.go.kr/pds/2.html Abstract Exploring the Relationship Between the Traditional Media Use and the Internet Use Mee-Eun Kang This study examines the relationship between
More information388 The Korean Journal of Hepatology : Vol. 6. No COMMENT 1. (dysplastic nodule) (adenomatous hyperplasia, AH), (macroregenerative nodule, MR
6 3 2000 ; 387-392 (3) Dysplastic Nodule Young Nyun Park, M.D., Chanil Park, M.D. Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine BRIEF HISTORY 56. AST/ALT 72/73 IU/L, total bilirubin 0.7
More information02이용배(239~253)ok
A study on the characteristic of land use in subcenter of Seoul. - Cases of Yeongdeungpo and Kangnam Ok Kyung Yuh* Yong-Bae Lee**,. 2010,,..,.,,,,.,,.,,.,,,, Abstract : This study analyzed the land use
More informationCan032.hwp
Chromosomal Alterations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization Sang Jin Park 1, Mahn Joon Ha, Ph.D. 1, Hugh Chul Kim, M.D. 2 and Hyon Ju Kim, M.D. 1 1 Laboratory
More informationAnalysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ
Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]
More informationKjcg007( ).hwp
25 Elderly People are the Major Target for Risk Reduction to Prevent Atherosclerotic Disease 동맥경화의정도 증상 (+) 증상 (-) 뇌졸중심근경색 위험인자 Hypercholesterolemia Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Smoking Others 심장질환의고위험군이란?
More information<BFF8C0FA D C1A4C0CEC7F62E687770>
대한내과학회지 : 제 78 권제 4 호 2010 원저 09-281 선별검사목적으로시행된관상동맥 CT의석회수치에따른임상경과관찰 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원 1 심장병센터, 2 건강증진센터, 3 심장내과, 4 영상의학과정인현 1,2 김정순 1,2 남효정 1,2 김희성 2 김홍규 2 박덕우 1,3 이승환 1,3 김영학 1,3 이철환 1,3 김재중 1,3 박성욱 1,3
More information<35BFCFBCBA2E687770>
주요개념 : 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자, 성지식, 성태도 남자중학생의 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자와 비접촉자간의 성지식과 태도의 차이 김 영 혜* 이 화 자** 정 향 미*** 1. 연구의 필요성 한국은 I. 서 론 1960 년대 이후부터 시작된 돌진적 산업화 ( 한 상진, 1996) 로 인하여 경제적 부흥을 이루어 집집마다 TV 수상기를 가질 수 있게 되었고 최근에는 PC보급율
More information12이문규
Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental
More informationºÎÁ¤¸ÆV10N³»Áö
A case of atrioventricular dissociation with interference ABSTRACT Interference dissociation is one of the most interesting arrhythmias. Once thought to be a rare arrhythmia, it is now considered a very
More information#Ȳ¿ë¼®
http://www.kbc.go.kr/ A B yk u δ = 2u k 1 = yk u = 0. 659 2nu k = 1 k k 1 n yk k Abstract Web Repertoire and Concentration Rate : Analysing Web Traffic Data Yong - Suk Hwang (Research
More informationuntitled
Case Report : Asan Medical Center Cardiac Rehabilitation AACVPR (http://www.aacvpr.org/) KACVPR (http://www.kacvpr.com/) Backgrounds PCI 2,395 consecutive patients in Minnesota (Mayo Clinic) Between1994
More information( )Jkstro011.hwp
비인강암의방사선치료결과및생존율에관한예후인자분석 2005 2 1 2005 3 28. :, Tel: 053)250-7665, Fax: 053)250-7984 E-mail: jhkim@dsmc.or.kr 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 Carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated by radiotherapy
More information44-4대지.07이영희532~
A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who
More information<494352503131335FC1F8B9E6B1B3C0B02E687770>
ICRP 간행물 113 진단 및 중재 절차를 위한 방사선방호 교육훈련 Education and Training in Radiological Protection for Diagnostic and Interventional Procedures 대한방사선방어학회 이 번역본 발간은 2011년도 원자력안전위원회 방사선안전기술 개 발사업 과제 지원(한국동위원소협회로 부터
More informationECG & EP CASES Young-Keun On, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Cardiac & Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea A case of
More informationJkbcs032.hwp
Clinical Correlation of HER-2/neu Overexpression in Patients with Breast Cancer Sung Yong Kim, Tae Yoon Kim, Jae Jun Kim, Chang Ho Kim, Ok Pyung Song, Min Hyuk Lee, Eui Han Kim 1, and Moo Sik Cho Departments
More informationK O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 41 www.cdc.go.kr/phwr 2012 10 12 5 41 ISSN:2005-811X Comparison of drug-susceptibility test to the anti-tuberculosis
More informationⅢ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ α < < < < < χ χ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅰ Bagozzi, R., & Dholakia, U. (2002). Intentional Social Action in Virtual Communities. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16(2), 2-21. Borkovec, T. D. (1976).
More information<4D F736F F F696E74202D20BDC9C0E5C7D0C8B82E BC8A3C8AF20B8F0B5E55D>
심장단층촬영 (Thallium SPECT) 서울아산병원핵의학과김현미 Nuclear Medicine Invivo Gamma Camera Planar Imaging SPECT PET BMD Invitro PET/CT Scanner Dual Detector Gamma Camera Gamma counter Isotope Therapy 심장핵의학의변천 1970년대 (
More information878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu
한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim
More informationIL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) l l l α β α β β α β β α β 목적 (Background/Aims): 위암의가족력과 Helicobacter pylori 감염은각각위암발생의위험인자로알려져있으나,
More information歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF
********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although
More informationStudy on the Improvement of Management System through Analysis of golf semi- market: Focus on Physical Education Facility Act Ji-Myung Jung 1, Ju-Ho Park 2 *, & Youngdae Lee 3 1 Korea Institute of Sport
More information이찬주.hwp
대한내과학회지 : 제 79 권제 5 호 2010 관상동맥 CT 혈관조영술상정상이었으나심혈관계사건이발생한 2예 연세대학교의과대학내과학교실 이찬주 김광준 오창명 유희태 장지용 최동훈 장혁재 Normal coronary CT angiography with subsequent adverse cardiac events Chan Joo Lee, M.D., Kwang Joon
More information<B0E6C8F1B4EBB3BBB0FAC0D3BBF3B0ADC1C E687770>
개원의와함께하는임상강좌 2011 역류성식도질환제대로이해하기 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Jae-Young Jang, M.D., PhD. 개원의와함께하는임상강좌 2011 109 최신치료
More informationAbstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie
Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung
More informationKaes025.hwp
고위험군유두상갑상선암환자에대한방사성옥소최대허용선량측정법및치료법의검증 Verification of Measurement Methods and Therapeutic Efficacy of Maximum Permissible Dose of I-131 in High Risk Patients with Differentiated Papillary Thyroid Cancer
More informationJkcs022(89-113).hwp
대한배뇨장애 및 요실금 학회지 J. Korean Continence Society 2004;8:89-113 Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom 설문지의 한국어 번역 및 번역본의 언어 타당도 Seung-June Oh*, Hyung Geun Park*, Sung Hyun Paick, Won Hee Park and Myung-Soo
More informationTrd022.hwp
김신태, 이선녕, 이석정, 정필문, 박홍준, 신명상, 김종환, 이부길, 김상하, 리원연, 신계철, 용석중 Shin-Tae Kim, M.D., Shun Nyung Lee, M.D., Seok Jeong Lee, M.D., Pil Moon Jung, M.D., Hong Jun Park, M.D., Myung Sang Shin, M.D., Chong Whan Kim,
More informationA Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze
More information11¹ÚÇý·É
Journal of Fashion Business Vol. 6, No. 5, pp.125~135(2002) The Present State of E-Business according to the Establishment Year and the Sales Approach of Dongdaemun Clothing Market Park, Hea-Ryung* and
More information충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~ Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교
충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~5 2017 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교의과대학마취통증의학교실, 의학연구소 (28644), happycat19@hanmail.net
More information09È«¼®¿µ5~152s
Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.23, No.2, 2007, pp.45~52 Measurement of Backscattering Coefficients of Rice Canopy Using a Ground Polarimetric Scatterometer System Suk-Young Hong*, Jin-Young Hong**,
More informationCrt114( ).hwp
cdna Microarray Experiment: Design Issues in Early Stage and the Need of Normalization Byung Soo Kim, Ph.D. 1, Sunho Lee, Ph.D. 2, Sun Young Rha, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 and Hyun Cheol Chung, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 1
More informationA 617
Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R
More information