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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 8-14, June 2017 by The Korean Society of Safety (pissn , eissn ) All right reserved. 국내유용건축자재용수입목재의연소특성에관한연구 - 북미산재 (Douglas-fir, Western Red cedar) 와아프리카산재 (Makore, Padauk, Bubinga) 를중심으로 - 서현정 백종규 이민철 인천대학교안전공학과 ( 접수 / 채택 ) A Study on the Combustion Characteristics of Useful Imported Wood for Building Materials - Focusing on the North American species (Douglas-fir, Western Red cedar) and African species(makore, Padauk, Bubinga) - Hyun Jeong Seo Jong Kyo Baek Min Chul Lee Department of Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Incheon National University (Received March 10, 2017 /Accepted May 24, 2017) Abstract : This study examined the combustion and thermal characteristics of imported woods for building materials in Korea. Wooden specimens were confirmed by a cone calorimeter according to the KS F ISO standard. The combustion properties of the wooden specimens were measured in terms of the heat release rate (HRR), total heat released (THR), mass lose rate (MLR), and ignition time (time to ignition; TTI). The optical microscope was used for determine the anatomical characteristics of wood pit and structure. Also, the thermal properties were measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the thermal stability of wooden specimens. The result of this experiment would be useful for fundamentals of guiding the combustion properties and thermal stability using wood application. Key Words : cone calorimeter, combustion characteristics, fire safety, thermal stability 1. 서론 국내에서발생하고있는건축물화재는과거에비해그규모가점차대형화되어수많은인명및재산피해가발생되고있다. 국민안전처에서 2015 년에발표한 10 년간의화재발생현황자료에따르면건물에서의인명피해는약 40% 이상의사망률을나타낸다. 또한화재발생건수는매년 4 만건이상으로평균 15% 정도의사고가사망으로이어진다 1). 매년화재발생건수및인명피해는점차적으로증가하는추세이며이러한결과를바탕으로화재안전에대한연구및의식의전환이필요하다고판단된다. 최근자원위기, 기후변화등의환경적인문제와더불어국제자유무역협정, 국내입목축적성장등을바탕으로목재의이용이다시활발해지는추세이다. 목재는가공의용이성과심미적인무늬, 기계적성질의우수성등의이유로과거부터꾸준히건축재료및가구재로써유용하게사용되고있다 2-5). 그러나이러한목재를건물에적용할경우, 목재의가연성으로인한화재위험이문제가된다 6-9). 목재는셀룰로오스, 헤미셀룰로오스, 그리고리그닌등유기물로구성되어있어 250 o C 이상의온도에서연소가진행되며 400 o C 이상의온도에서착화가시작되므로건물실내적용시화재위험성에대한단점을극 Corresponding Author : Min Chul Lee, Tel : , LMC@inu.ac.kr Department of Safety Engineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea 8

2 국내유용건축자재용수입목재의연소특성에관한연구 - 북미산재 (Douglas-fir, Western Red cedar) 와아프리카산재 (Makore, Padauk, Bubinga) 를중심으로 - 복하기위한재료의연소특성및난연처리기술에대한연구가진행중이다. 특히최근의인식변화로인해목재수요량이증가됨에따라건물화재안전을위한실내유용목재의내화기술이많이연구되고있으나기초적자료가부족하다 8-10). 이러한이유로목재수종별연소및열적특성은해당재료의고유의성질이며, 해당기초자료를수급하여특성을확인하고수종별특성에따른난연및방염처리방법을달리할수있으므로해당특성을파악하는것은매우중요한과정으로판단된다. 화재발생시건축내장재의화재안전성은화염에노출되었을대의착화시간 (Time to ignition; TTI), 재료표면에서의열방출률 (Heat release rate; HRR) 및총방출열량 (Total heat release; THR), 그리고화염의전파정도등의요소들을통해평가할수있다 11). 이러한평가요소를측정하기위한실험으로는 KS F ISO 콘칼로리미터시험이있으며, 해당실험을통해재료의연소특성에대해파악할수있다. 또한, 열중량분석 (Thermogravimetry analysis; TGA) 의경우, 시간당승온온도를설정하여재료에열을가함으로써중량감소율을확인할수있으며, 열분해온도분석을통해서재료의열적안정성을확인할수있다. 본연구에서는국내에서주로사용되는수종중해외에서수입되는북미산재 2 종 ( 더글라스퍼, 서부적삼목 ) 과아프리카산재 3 종 ( 마코레, 부빙가, 파둑 ) 을선정하여연소특성및열적특성에대해확인하였다. 해당수종들은국내에서건축내장재및외장재, 구조재등으로활용되고있는수입수종으로써시장조사및문헌조사를통하여유용수종으로선정하였다 10,12-14). 또한해당수종들을콘칼로리미터시험방법및열중량분석시험방법에의거하여연소특성및열분해온도분석을실시하였다. 2.1 공시재료 2. 재료및방법 본실험에서는국내유용해외수종으로써북미산재더글라스퍼 (Douglas-fir; Pseudotsuga menziesii), 서부적삼목 (Western Red cedar; Thuja plicata) 2 종과아프리카산재마코레 (African cherry; Tieghemella heckelii.), 부빙가 (Bubinga; Guibourtia tessmannii), 파둑 (Padauk; Pterocarpus soyauxii) 3 종, 총 5 수종을선정하여연소특성및열적특성을분석하였다. 해당목재수종은 KS F ISO 에의거하여 100 mm 100 mm 10 mm 의크기로제작하여사용하였 Table 1. Density of the wooden specimens Mass (g) Density (kg/m 3 ) Douglas-fir Western Red cedar African cherry Bubinga Padauk 다. 제작된목재시편은온도 25 o C, 상대습도 50% 의조건에서전처리하여안정화시킨후실험에이용되었다. 또한열중량분석을위해공시재료를 2~4 mm 크기로분쇄하여건조후사용하였다. Table 1 에목재수종의물리적특성에대하여나타내었다. 2.2 콘칼로리미터시험 KS F ISO 에의거하여콘칼로리미터 (Cone calorimeter, Fire Testing Technology Ltd.,UK) 시험을통해연소가진행되는동안재료의열방출률, 총방출열량, 연기발생량을측정하여연소특성을평가하였다. 본실험은열유속 (Heat flux) 조건을 50 kw/m 2 로하여각수종별로 20 분동안실시하였다. 시험진행동안내부조건은 24 ± 1 o C, 50 ± 1% 로유지하였다. 2.3 열중량분석 열적안정성은열중량분석을통해확인하였고, 이때 TA Instruments Inc. 의 2960 SDT 를이용하여분석을진행하였다. 시료는각목재수종별로 5 mg 을분석하였고, 질소분위기 (N 2 ) 에서상온에서부터 800 o C 까지분당 10 o C 의승온속도로실험을실시하였다. 2.4 수종감정시험본연구에서는공시재료의수종의해부학적특성에대해파악하고, 수종에대해정확히감정하기위하여시험전감정시험을진행하였다. 공시재료는먼저육안으로 3단면을확인후, 가로, 세로, 높이를각각 mm의크기로한블록을제작하였다. 그후에슬라이딩마이크로톰을이용하여각각 3단면 ( 횡단면, 방사단면, 접선단면 ) 에대한 15~20 μm의박편을제작하였다. 이때박편은사프라닌으로염색한후에에탄올로탈수처리하여영구프레파라트로제작된다. 염색을하는이유는광학현미경관찰시시험편의형상이뚜렷하게보이게하기위함이다. 이렇게완성된프레파라트는광학현미경 (Carl zeiss, DE/Axio Imager M1) 으로조직특징을관찰하고사진촬영하였다. 한국안전학회지, 제 32 권제 3 호, 2017 년 9

3 서현정 백종규 이민철 3. 실험결과및고찰 3.1 콘칼로리미터시험결과 5 수종에대한콘칼로리미터실험을실시하여열방출률, 총방출열량, 착화시간, CO 및 CO 2 발생수율에대하여측정하였다. 열방출률은재료표면적당발생되는순간적인열량의크기로써, 표면착화시의연소가능성을잘표현할수있는요소들중하나이다 15-17). Fig. 1 에북미산수종과아프리카산수종의열방출률값을그래프로나타내었다. 선행연구에서의결과 5,7,17) 와유사하게목재는두번의열분해과정을거쳐연소되며, 초기열분해과정에서수분및휘발성가스등이방출된후 char 를형성하는과정에서방출되는열량이감소하다표면에서의 char 탈착후분해최고온도에도달하는것으로측정되었다. 초기열방출률피크의경우수종별로큰차이 를보이지않았으나두번째피크에서는차이점이보였다. 이는수종별밀도나내부공극에서오는흡열및방열반응에대한차이로써해당수종들의고유의특성이라고판단된다. 최대열방출량은더글라스퍼가 kw/m 2, 서부적삼목이 kw/m 2, 마코레가 kw/m 2 로밀도가낮은수종이낮은값을나타냈으며, 파둑이 kw/m 2, 부빙가가 kw/m 2 으로상대적으로높은값으로확인되었다. 총방출열량은연소가진행되는동안재료의표면착화후방출되는열량의총합을나타내는값으로, 화염확산가능성을표현하는요소이다 15-17). Fig. 2 에해당데이터를나타내었다. 총방출열량의최댓값을나타낸수종은파둑으로 MJ/m 2 로측정되었고, 부빙가가 MJ/m 2 로써두번째로높은값을나타내었다. 이는앞선열방출률결과와관련성이있는것으로사료되며, 타수종들에비해높은밀도와내부공극으로의흡열반응에서 (a) Heat release rate of North American species (a) Total heat release of North American species (b) Heat release rate of African species Fig. 1. Heat release rate characteristics by species. (b) Total heat release of African species Fig. 2. Total heat release characteristics by species. 10 J. Korean Soc. Saf., Vol. 32, No. 3, 2017

4 국내유용건축자재용수입목재의연소특성에관한연구 - 북미산재 (Douglas-fir, Western Red cedar) 와아프리카산재 (Makore, Padauk, Bubinga) 를중심으로 - Table 2. Results of Cone Calorimeter test Douglas-fir Western Red cedar African cherry Bubinga Padauk PHRR (kw/m 2 ) THR (MJ/m 2 ) CO/CO Time to ignition (s) Total oxygen consumed (g) Mass loss rate (%) 기인된것으로판단된다. 특히파둑과부빙가의경우, 공극내부에서의추출물등이 Oil 성분을띠고있다는선행연구를바탕으로하여해당수종들의연소시고유의특성으로볼수있다. 더글라스퍼는 MJ/m 2, 마코레는 MJ/m 2, 그리고서부적삼목은 MJ/m 2 으로측정되었다. 기타콘칼로리미터데이터를 Table 2 에정리하였다. CO 는가연성가스이기도하지만, 고체재료의연소시초기에방출되는불완전연소생성물로써재료의표면에서형성된 char 가공기중의산소와접촉을제한하는것에서기인된다 6,8,17-19). 해당수종들의연소시 char 의생성으로인하여착화된표면에서의산소접촉을차단하는것은화염의전파속도를늦추는역할을할수있으며, 이때주로 CO 가발생된다 7). 반면 CO 2 는완전연소생성물로 CO 2 의생성량이높을수록재료의중량감소율이증가한다. 또한 CO 2 의발생량이낮을수록재료의연소가억제됨을의미하는것으로판단할수있다. CO/CO 2 값은 CO 2 발생대비 CO 의발생수율로써연소의진행시산소소비량과상관관계가있는것으로확인되었다. CO/CO 2 값이가장낮은수종은파둑으로, 연소시산소소비량은가장높은값으로나타났다. 5 수종의 CO/CO 2 값을확인하였을때, CO 2 의발생수율이높을수록산소소비량이증가하는추세를나타내었으나, 밀도가낮은수종들의경우 ash 화가빠르게진행되어약간의차이를보였다. 이러한결과를바탕으로 CO/CO 2 발생수율은목재의연소거동과높은상관관계를가진다고판단된다. 착화시간은재료표면에화염이발생하기시작한시점으로열방출률, 총방출열량등과함께화염확산가능성을나타낼수있는요소이다 20,21). 착화시간이지연될수록화재안전성이확보되는것으로판단할수있으며어느정도의방염성능을가지고있는재료로 구분할수있다. 착화시간은부빙가 47 초, 파둑 43 초로늦은시점을나타내었고, 더글라스퍼 30 초, 서부적삼목 22 초, 마코레는 31 초로앞의두수종보다빠르게측정되었다. 부빙가와파둑은아프리카산재중활엽수종으로내부에 Gum 물질과 Oil 성물질이존재 22) 하여착화시점이늦은대신방출되는열량은더높게측정된것으로판단된다. 3.2 열중량분석 분당 10 o C 의승온속도로상온에서최고온도 800 o C 까지측정한열중량분석결과를 Fig. 3 에나타내었다. 열중량분석은가열로에시료를넣고일정속도에따라열을가하였을때, 온도의상승과시료의질량변화를통해연소과정에대한열분해의분석이가능하다 23). Fig. 3 에서나타나있듯이목재수종은모두열분해및산화과정을거쳤으며크게두단계로열분해가진행되었음을확인하였다. 첫번째단계에서는 40~60 o C 사이에서열분해가진행되었고, 두번째는 250~450 o C 에진행되며 350 o C 부근에서중량감소율이급격하게증가하는것으로나타났다. (a) Douglas-fir (b) Western Red cedar 한국안전학회지, 제 32 권제 3 호, 2017 년 11

5 서현정 백종규 이민철 도 이와 유사한 값을 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. 각 수종별 열분해 온도는 더글라스 퍼 oC, 서 부적삼목 oC, 마코레 oC, 부빙가 oC, 그리고 파둑 oC으로 측정되었다. 목재 내부의 리 그닌, 추출물 등의 함량에 따라 DTG 곡선의 경향이 달 라졌는데 250~550oC 구간에서 아프리카 산재 부빙가와 파둑의 열분해 정도가 상대적으로 완만한 곡선으로 나 타나는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 해당 수종들의 리그닌 구조, 추출물, 그리고 수종의 원산지 환경에 따른 차이 에서 기인된 것으로 사료된다. (c) African cherry 3.3 해부학적 특성 (a) Douglas-fir (b) Western Red cedar (c) African cherry (d) Bubinga (d) Bubinga (e) Padauk Fig. 3. TGA/DTG curves of wooden specimens. 이러한 열분해 형태에서의 첫 번째 단계에서는 목재 내부의 수분 및 기타 휘발성 물질이 가스화 되는 과정으 로써, 선행 연구에서는 해당 과정을 거친 이후에 본 재료 의 열분해가 본격적으로 진행된다고 보고되었다8,24). 목 재의 구성 성분인 셀룰로오스, 헤미셀룰로오스가 250~ 350oC에서 분해가 진행되고, 리그닌은 250~500oC에서 분해가 진행되는 특징이 있으며 열중량 분석 결과에서 12 (e) Padauk Fig. 4. Micrograph images of wood species-specific in the cross-section28). J. Korean Soc. Saf., Vol. 32, No. 3, 2017

6 국내유용건축자재용수입목재의연소특성에관한연구 - 북미산재 (Douglas-fir, Western Red cedar) 와아프리카산재 (Makore, Padauk, Bubinga) 를중심으로 - Fig. 4 에수종검정사진중횡단면사진을나타내었다. 그림에서보이듯북미산재 ( 더글라스퍼, 서부적삼목 ) 와아프리카산재 ( 마코레, 부빙가, 파둑 ) 의횡단면내부형태는확연한차이가있다. 특히아프리카재의경우, 내부공극의크기가크고환공의형태를가지고있으며, 이러한내부공극으로의흡열반응으로인하여외부열이재료의공극사이에축적되고방출열량분석시측정된것으로사료된다. 또한, 환공형공극내부에포함되어있는추출물들의양은착화시간에도영향을미칠수있다. 이러한특징은보통목재밀도를통해유추되며, 타수종들에비해밀도가높은부빙가와파둑은연소시험시질량감소율이낮았고, 공극외의조직이치밀하여열이가해졌을때분해진행속도가더딘것으로보인다. 다만마코레는다른아프리카산재들에비해공극이작고조직이성근형태를가지고있어, 열량특성에서특이사항을가지게된것으로판단하였다. 이러한결과는선행연구에서높은비표면적을갖는다공성물질의열흡수반응결과 17,25-27) 와유사한것으로확인되었다. 4. 결론 본연구에서는국내에서주로사용되고있는건축용목재중해외수종에대하여연소및열적특성을확인하였다. 해당재료들의연소특성은 KS F ISO 에의거하여콘칼로리미터시험법에따라확인하였다. 또한열적특성은열중량분석에의해측정되었으며, 목재라는재료자체의특성을검정하여실험결과를해석하였다. 콘칼로리미터실험결과, 최대열방출률을나타내는수종은파둑으로 kw/m 2 로확인되었다. 최대열방출율값의최소치는 kw/m 2 로서부적삼목으로확인되었다. 총방출열량또한최대치가파둑, 최소치가서부적삼목인것으로측정되었다. 착화시간은부빙가가 47 초로착화가가장늦게진행된것을알수있었고, 서부적삼목은 22 초로써타수종들에비해가장빠르게착화가진행된것을확인하였다. 이를통해, 열방출특성과함께착화시간또한서로관련이있으며, 화재위험및화재확산가능성을판단할수있는요소인것으로사료된다. 열중량분석결과아무처리하지않은목재들의경우, 선행연구들의결과와유사하게열분해과정을거치는것으로확인되었다. 하지만중량감소에대한결과에서는각수종들의특성에따라감소되는정도에차이를보였다. 이러한결과들을바탕으로수종고유의연소및열적특성에대하여 확인하였고, 같은산지에서의목재라하더라도특성이다를수있으므로화재예방을위한처리시고려되어야할사항이라고판단된다. 본연구의목적은건축물에서의목재사용시화재안전성향상을위한연구데이터베이스를구축하기위하여목재에대한기본정보를제공하는데에있으며, 향후해당결과를통한난연처리방법, 적정난연제등에대한개발연구를진행하고자한다. 감사의글 : 이성과는 2016 년도정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (No. NRF-2016R1C1B ). 이논문은한국전력공사의재원으로기초전력연구원의 2015 년선정기초연구개발과제의지원을받아수행된것임. ( 과제번호 : R15XA03-13). References 1) Ministry of Public Safety and Security, E-report fire Statistics, ) Y. R. Kwon, Wood Industrial Development Master Plan, KFS , Korea Forest Service reports ) H. J. Seo and D. W. Son, Combustion Characteristics of Wood for Interior, Proceedings of 2015 Spring Annual Conference, Architecture Institute Conference, pp , ) Y. G. Eom, Wood and Engineered Wood as the Eco-friendly Building Materials, Air Cleaning Technology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp , ) H. J. Seo, M. R. Kang, J. E. Park and D. W. Son, Combustion Characteristics of Useful Imported Wood, Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp , ) R. H. White and M. A. Dietenberger, Fire Safety of Wood Construction, General Technical Report, FRL-GTR-190, Chapter 18, ) Y. J. Chung and M. Spearpoint, Combustion Properties of Native Korean Wood Species, International Journal on Engineering Performance-Based Fire Codes, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp , ) L. A. Lowden and T. R. Hull, Flammability Behaviour of Wood and a Review of the Methods for its Reduction, Fire Science Reviews, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 1-19, ) H. S. Kol, G. Ozbay, L. Köse and S. Kurt, Effects of Some Impregnation Chemicals on Combustion Characteristics of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) Produced with Oak and 한국안전학회지, 제 32 권제 3 호, 2017 년 13

7 서현정 백종규 이민철 Poplar Veneers, Bioresources, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp , ) R. H. White and M. A. Dietenberger, Fire Safety of Wood Construction, In: Wood Handbook-Wood as an Engineering Material, Centennial Edition, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, ) Y. J. Cheong, Combustion Properties of the Quercus variabilis and Zelkova serrata Dried at Room Temperature (II), Applied Chemistry for Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp , ) M. T. Gratkowski, N. A. Dembsey and C. L. Beyler, Radiant Smoldering Ignition of Plywood, Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp , ) The Information of National Timber Industry, KFS-2012 Trends in May, Korea Forest Service, ) S. H. Kim, Wood Species Information, Wood Korea, ) O. Grexa and Lűbke, Flammability Parameters of Wood Tested on a Cone Calorimeter, Polymer and Degradation Stability, Vol. 74, No. 3, pp , ) J. H. Lee and D. Kim, Combustion Properties for Tree Species of Major Structural Components of Traditional Wooden Building, Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp , ) H. J. Seo, J. E. Park and D. W. Son, Combustion and Thermal Characteristics of Korean Wood Species, Bioresources, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp , ) C. E. Byrne and D. C. Nagle, Carbonization of Wood for Advanced Materials Applications, Carbon, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp , ) H. J. Seo, M. R. Kang and D. W. Son, Combustion Properties of Woods for Indoor Use (Ⅱ), Journal of the Korean wood science and technology, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp , ) H. S. Kim, S. Kim, H. J. Kim and H. S. Yang, Thermal Properties of Bio-flour-filled Polyolefin Composites with Different Compatibizing Agent Type and Content, Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 451, No. 1-2, pp , ) B. H. Lee, H. S. Kim, S. Kim, H. J. Kim, B. W. Lee, Y. Deng, Q. Feng and J. Luo, Evaluating the Flammability of Wood-based Panels and Gypsum Particleboard using a Cone Calorimeter, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp , ) D. Xing and J. Li, Effects of Heat Treatment on Thermal Decomposition and Combustion Performance of Larix spp. Wood, Boiresources, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp , ) J. Yang and C. Roy, Using DTA to Quantitatively Determine Enthalpy Change Over a Wide Temperature Range by the Ass-difference Baseline Method, Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 333, No. 2-3, pp , ) T. Randriamananantena, F. L. Razafindramisa, G. Ramanantsizehena, A. Bemes and C. Lacabane, Thermal Behaviour of Three Woods of Madagascar by Thermogravimetric Analysis in Inert Atmosphere, Proceedings of the Fourth High-energy Physics International Conference, Agugust 21-28, Antananarivo, Madagascar, ) A. Lorenzetti, S. Besco, D. Hrelja, M. Roso, E. Gallo, B. Schartel and M. Modesti, Phosphinates and Layered Silicates in Charring Polymers: The Flame Retardancy Action in Polyurethane Foams, Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 98, No. 11, pp , ) X. Chen, L. Huo, C. Jiao and S. Li, TG-FTIR Characterization of Volatile Compounds from Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foams Materials, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 100, pp , ) Q. Xu, L. Chen, K. A. Harries, F. Zhang, Q. Liu and J. Feng, Combustion and Charring Properties of Five Common Constructional Wood Species from Cone Calorimeter Tests, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 96, pp , ) D.W. Son, H.J. Seo, M.R. Kang, W.J. Hwang, S.B. Park, B.S. Park, and J.A. Oh, "Fire Characteristics of Useful Indoor Wood", NIFS-624, ISBN : , J. Korean Soc. Saf., Vol. 32, No. 3, 2017

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