대한방사선의학회지 1998; 39: 장간막동맥의색전술에었어서금속코일과첼폼색전위치에관한실험적연구 1 이동원 진공용 오희술 엄영수 이상용 이정민 검종수 한영민 1, 2. 이동근 3 목적 : 개에서코일과젤폼을이용하여상장간막동맥의원위부와근위부를경도관통맥색전술후장관의

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1 대한방사선의학회지 1998; 39: 장간막동맥의색전술에었어서금속코일과첼폼색전위치에관한실험적연구 1 이동원 진공용 오희술 엄영수 이상용 이정민 검종수 한영민 1, 2. 이동근 3 목적 : 개에서코일과젤폼을이용하여상장간막동맥의원위부와근위부를경도관통맥색전술후장관의변화를비교하여효과적인색전물질과적절한색전위치를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 네마리견에서동축성의도관체계 (Coaxial catheter system) 를이용하여총 16군데의동맥에서초선택색전술을시행하였다. 각각네군데씩젤폼을이용하여연동맥보다근위부 (Group A) 와원위부 (Group B) 를색전하였고, 코일을이용하여연동맥보다근위부 (Group C) 와원위부 (Group D) 를색전하였다. 모든견을색전술후장시간후에희생시켰고, 색전을시행한장관의조직을육안적, 현미경학적측면에서알아보았다. 결과 : 모든개에서초선택적경도관동맥색전숨을성공적으로시행하였다. Group B 에서현저한점막파괴, 점막과정막하층에럼프구증식과내장의전층에미만성부종이모두보였다. 또한점막하층의혈관이적혈구와젤폼으로완전히막혀있였다. 세군데에서는내장의미만성괴사변화와한군데에서는국소적괴사가보였다. Group D 에서는한군데에서점막의파괴와삼출액이보였고점막하층에출혈이있었다. Group A, C 에서는내장의모든층에변화의소견은없였다. 결론 : 코일을이용한초선택적경도관동맥색전술은원위부까지색전을해도장관의괴사없이색전이가능하였다. 그러나젤폼의경우장관의근위부혈관에서주위깊게시행해야하며원위부까지초선택하여색전술을시행하는것은장관의심한괴사를유발할수있으므로바람직하지않다. 공장과회장의위장관출혈이의싱되어출혈의위치를찾고 자할때바리움과내시경을이용한소장검사는기술적인문제 로그위치를찾기가어렵다. 혈관촬영은소장출혈의부위를결 정하는유용한검사로알려져있고, 뚜렷한조영제의혈관외유 출소견이외에현재급성출혈이없다고하더라도반복적인출혈 을일으키는소장혈관병변의위치를확인할수있다 (1). 하부위장관출혈이있는환자의 75 % 는 2 pint 정도의수혈 과보존적요법으로출혈이멈추는것으로알려져있다 (2). 그 러나 5 pint 이상의대량출혈시에는응급수술을설시하나수술 장에서병소의정확한부위를확인하기어렵다. 그리고아전혹 은완전결장절제술을시행하게되는경우수술후사망률과이 환률이높다 (3). 혈관조영숭을이용한위장관출혈의진단이 보고된이래바소프래신 ( vasopressin) 의동맥주업술이급성 l 전북대학교의과대학진단방사선과학교실 2 전북대학교의과대학심혈관연구소 3 선북대학교의과대학병리학교실이논운은 년전북대학교병원특수목적연구비에의하여연구되였 -o. 이논문은 년 2 월 17 일접수하여 년 4 월 24 일에채택되었응. 위장관출혈의치료에이용되었으나잦은재발과합병증이보고되었다 ( 4). 색전물질의경도관동팩색전술시가장큰문제점은장관의경색인데이것을방지하기위해가급적이연연동맥 (margina l arte r y) 을기준으로근위부에서시행하고색전물질은젤폼과같은얼시적인색전물질을사용하도록제안되었다. 또한소장과달리대장에는연동맥의원위부에직혈관 (arteria recta) 의문합이발달되어있지않기때문에소장과비교하였을때연동백원위부의색전은대장경색의위험이높다고알려져있다 ( 6). Antoinettes 등 (7) 에의하면바소프레신 ( vasopressin) 을이용한소장혈관주업시근위부를색전하는것은지혈에비효과적이며, 오히려원위부를주업하는것이효과적이고허혈이나경색은없었다고보고하였다. 또한 Gregory 등 (8) 은직혈관부위에 PVA(polyvinyl alcohol particles) 를사용하여색전을시행하여가역적인허혈을제외하고대장경색은없었음을보고하였으며, 초선택적색전술은가능한허혈의부위를최소할수있어경도관동맥색전술을일차적인치료방법으로주장하였다

2 이동원오 1: 장간막동맥의색전술에있어서금속코일과젤폼색전위치에관한실험적연구 저자들은네마리의개에서연동맥보다원위부와근위부에코 일과젤폼을이용한경도관동맥색전술을시행하여장관의점 막, 점막하, 근육층, 장막변화를보고장허혈의유무를조직학적 결 과 으로확인함으로써코일과첼폼의색전효과를비교해보았다. 또한효과적으로창의허혈을일으키지않은연동맥의색전위치를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 20-26kg의네마리개를이용하여경도관동맥색전숨을시행하였다. Ketamine hydrochloride(ketalar : Youhan, Seoul, Korea) 20 mg / kg을근육주사하여마취한후포타딘과알코올을이용하여우측대퇴동맥부위를소독하였고이곳에 19G Venflon-2(Ohmeda: Helsingborg, Sweden) 바늘을이용한 Seldinger technique으로 5Fr introduce sheath( Cook : Bloomington, IN, USA) 을삽입하였다. 5 Fr Pig- tail catheter (Cook : Bloomingtom, IN, USA) 를이용하여복부대동맥촬영술을시행하였고 5Fr Yashiro catheter(terumo: Tokyo, Japan) 를이용하여상장간막동맥을선택한후상창간동맥촬영을실시하였다. 상장간막동맥조영술후 5Fr Yashiro catheter내로 3.0-Fr SP catheter(terumo : Tokyo, Japan) 를삽입하여초선택동맥조영술을시행하였고, 연동액의근위부와원위부를임의적으로선택하여색전물질을주업하였다. 투여색천물질빛색전부위에따라네그룹으로나누었다. 그룹 A는연동맥보다근위부, 그룹 B는연동맥보다원위부에서젤폼을이용하여색전을하였다. 그룹 C는연동맥보다근위부, 그룹 D는연동맥보다원위부에서코일을이용하여색전을하였다. 각그룹당한마리의개를대상으로하였고, 한마리당네군데에서동일한색전물질을투여하였다. 색전물질인젤폼 (Gelfoam : Upj ohn, Kalamazoo, M I) 은약 1mmx1mm 크기의절편을만들어 1cc 주사기를이용하여색전을실시하였다. 코일은 O.01 8mm-3mm-6cm의 Platinum Flow 코일 (Target therapeutic Inc: San Jose, California, USA) 이용하여색전을시행하였다. 색전술후 3.0F SP 도관을제거한후 5F Yashiro catheter를통해상창간막동맥조영숭을시행하여색전유무를확인하였다. 모든개는 24시간후에희생시켰고, 개복하여색전숨을시행한부위를육안적으로찾아장을절제하였다. 젤폼으로색전한그룹은혈관촬영소견과비교하여혈관내에혈전이있음을확인하고이혈관에의해공급받는부위의장을절제하였다. 코일로색전한그룹은투시하에서코일을찾아육안으로확인후장을절제하였다. 절제된장을포르말련에고정한후육안적소견을분석하였고, 각절편은 1m 두께로박절한후 H-E 염색을하여미세조직학적소견을분석하였다. 또한, 색전혈관을중심으로색전된주된혈관의전후소견빛주위의가지혈관들을색전물질을중심으로전후소견을관찰하였다. 모든개에서원하는부위의상장간막동맥에색전물질을성공적으로위치시켰고, 색전후상장간막동맥조영술을시행하여원하는부위의혈관이색전됨을확인하였다. 젤폼을색전물질로근위부를색전하였을때색전된혈관에의해공급받던장관은쐐기모양으로조영되지않았으며 (Fig. 1A), 원위부의경우는조영되지않는범위는근위부보다작았으나역시쐐기모양으로거의장관에국한되어조영이되지않았다 (Fig. 2A). 또한, 원위부의경우두군데에서장의주위로약간의조영제의저류가있음을알수있었다. 이는좁은공간에압력의증가로인한조영제의혈관외유출로발생하였다. 코일을사용할때에는투시상원하는부위에코일이있음을확인하였고조영되는정도는젤폼그룹보다는범위가작았으나원위부와근위부모두젤폼과비슷한모양을보였다 (Fig. 3A, 4A). 조직학적측면에서, 생폼을사용하여연동액의원위부에서색전하였던 Group B에서는육안적소견상내장의심한부종과장의색깔의변화가세군데에서있었고 (Fig. 2B), 한군데에서는육안적변화는보이지않았다. 미세조직학척소견상현저한점막파괴, 점막과점막하층에럼프구증식과미만성부종이있었다. 다른그룹에비해점막하층의혈관이젤폼과적혈구로막혀있는것이특정이었다. 세군데에서는내장에미만성괴사변화가있었고, 한군데에서는국소적괴사가보였다 (Fig.2C). Group D에서는한군데에서육안적소견상장의부종은보이 지않았으나, 장색깔의경미한변화를보였다 (Fig. 4B). 미세조직학적소견상일부점막의파괴가있었고럼프구의침윤이있었으나괴사는보이지않았다 (Fig. 4C). 나머지세군데에서는정상적인소견을보였다. Group A와 Group C는육안적인소견및현미경학적인소견모두정상적인소견이었다 (Fig. 1B, 3B). 혈관의조직학적소견을보면, Group B에서는색전의근위부는다량의적혈구가보여이부위에울혈이있었음을예측할수있었다. 원위부에서는다량의적혈구와젤폼이혈관을거의채우고있어혈전을생각할수있으며일부에서는혈관벽내로적혈구와염증세포의침윤된소견이보였다. Group A에서는색전을하였던혈관의근위부는다량의적혈구가혈관벽의가장자리에주로모여서역시울혈이있었음을알수있었다. 원위부에서는 Group B와같이혈전된양상이었으며, 주위의가지혈관도마찬가지로혈전된것으로보아 Group B와비교하여넓은범위에서혈관이색전됨을알수있었다. Group C와 Group D에서는코일의근위부와원위부에다량의적혈구가보여역시울혈이있었음을얄수있었다. 또한코일이있던위치는적혈구외에무형물질 (amorphous material) 이섞여있어혈전이있었음을알수있었고일부는코일에의한혈관벽의손상이있었다. 그렇지만 Group A, B와다르게주위혈관은정상적인소견을보였다

3 대한밤시선의학호 지 1998: 39: A B Fig. 1. Group A. Embolization at the proximal level of marginal artery by gelfoam A. Postembolization angiogram shows complete obstruction of marginal artery and wedge shaped filling defect in the bowel(arrow). B. Microscopic examination shows nonspecific findings and no ischemic changes A B Fig. 2. Group B. Embolization at the distal level of marginal artery by gelfoam A. Postembolization angiogram show complete obstruction of marginal artery(arrow) B. The gross finding show edematous changes of the bowel * and color changes of the intestine(arrows). C. The microscopic finding show the significant mucosal destruction, necrosis and lymphocytic proliferation of submucosa and mucosa, as well as diffuse swelling in all layers of the intestine. The vessel in the submucosal layer is obstructed by red blood cells and gelfoam completely (arrow). These findings is corresponding to the ischemic and necrotic changes of the bowel. C

4 이동원오 1: 잠간막동맥의색전술에있어서금속코일고 } 젤폼색전위치에관한실헐적연구 A B Fig. 3. Group C. Em bolization in the proximal level of the marginal artery by coil A. Postembolization angiogram show complete obstruction of marginal artery(arrow). B. The microscopic finding show all layers of the intestine were intact. A B Fig. 4. Group D. Embolization in the distal level of marginal artery by coil. A. Postembolization angiogram show complete obstruction of marginal artery and retention of the contrast around the obstructed marginal artery(arrow) B. Photography show coiling located in the adjacent area of the bowel wall(arrows). Gross examination show nonspecific findings. C. The microscopic finding show exudation and destruction of the mucosa c ιn

5 대한밤시선의학회지 1998 ;39:59-65 직행혈관벽내분지 (vasa r ecta 의 mural branches) 간의횡적 고 하부위장관출혈은 Treitz 인대이하의장관에서출혈을하 는경우로대부분 50세이상에서발생한다. 흔한원인으로는다 발성게실증과혈관형성이상이며그외에염증성장질환, 감염 성대장엽, 허혈성대장염, 궤양, 암등으로알려져있다 (1). 시간당 50ml 이상의대량출혈이있을때그원인을진단하기 보다는신속하고정확하게출혈부위를찾는게우선이며, 하부 위장관의출혈부위를진단하는검사방법에는항문경및 S 자 결장경, 대장경, 핵의학적검사, 혈관조영술등이있다. 찰 내시경 검사는다량의출혈이있는경우출혈과점막부종으로정확한 부위를찾기어렵고, 특히우측대장에서출혈이있는경우는 접근이어렵다. 핵의학검사는혈관조영술보다민감하지만정 확한해부학적위치를알려주지못핸단점이있다. 이에비하 여혈관촬영술은정확한해부학적위치를얄수있고동시에응 급으로경도관동맥색전술등의중재적시술을즉시할수있어 서유용한방법으로알려져었다 (1-10). Tilloston 등 (1) 은소 장출혈이의섬된 64 명의환자에서상창간막혈관촬영을하여 38 명에서병변부위를찾았다는보고가있다. 하부위장관출혈이있을때치료방법으로써경도관동맥색 전술은혈관수축제를선택적으로투입하는방법과색전술두 가지방법이있다. 바소프레신의선택적혈관주엽이효과적이 라는보고는많다 (1-8). 그러나장시간동맥내에카테터를유 치해야하며성장, 장과사지의괴사를가진환자에서합병증이 발생하고재출혈의빈도도높다는단점이있다. 또한비교적큰 혈관에서는비효과적이라고알려져있다 (7-8). 이에비하여장간막색전술은대부분의경우진단시짧은시 간내에쉽게시행할수있고다른심한병이동반된경우에도 일시적인지혈효과가있기때문에대치되는치료로서의의가 있다. 색전물질로는젤폼, polyvinyl alcohol, coil 등여러가지 가있고, 그중젤폼은장간막의제한된측부혈류때문에장간 막괴사등의합병증이비교적많이발생하며이를최소화하기 위해서출혈을조절할수있을정도로적은업자를선택하여근 위부에서사용해야한다고말하고있다 ( l1 ).Okazaki 등 (3) 은 소장출혈이있는 6 명의환자에서젤폼또는젤폼과코일등을 사용하여모든환자에서초선택적경도관동맥색전술을성공적 으로실시하였다. 지혈이된후 3명의환자에서는수술을실시 하였고조직학적으로장괴사가없었으며 2 명에서점막하층의 부종빛경미한점막염증이있었다. 결론적으로는소장출혈환 자에서직행혈관 (vasa recta) 의궁 (arcade) 근처에서초선택적 으로색전술을해야하지만적어도직혈관은폐쇄하지않아야한 다고주장하였다. 소장출혈시색전의목표는압력을감소시켜 자발적인지혈을유도하는데있다. 따라서색전의위치는아주 중요하다고할수있다. 지금까지알려진장괴사를피하기위해 이상척인색전방법은직혈관은폐쇄하지않으면셔그분지 (segmental branch 의 vasa r ecta) 의가장가까운궁 (arcade) 교류로괴사를예방할수있다는것이다. 색전시근위부와원위 부의위치에따라색전결과에는차이가있다. 일부저자들은장 간막분지의근위부에서색전을해야한다고주장한다 (5-7). 그이유로는원위부를색전할경우벽내의교류를폐쇄시켜괴 사를일으킨다는것이다. 따라서근위부를색전시켜혈류를감 소함으로써출혈을멈추게할수있고벽내의교류폐쇄를피할 수있다는것이다. 또한원위부색전시벽내교류의차단은소장 보다는대장에서더잘일어나며이는연동맥주위교합직혈관 이발달되지않았기때문이라고말한다. 따라서장간막분지의 원위부색전시소장보다는대장에서색전술후경색이더잘얼 어난다. 소장의출혈이있을때여러가지색전물질이사용되어왔고, 그선택은색전시키고자동 } 는동맥의크기, 위치, 상태, 병변의특 성, 출혈정도에따라달라진다. 이전까지소장동액의폐쇄에는 2x2mm 크기의젤폼이사용되었고, 그이유로는말단궁 ( terminal arcades) 과벽내문합 (intramura l anastomoses) 은보 존하면서장막의확산은유지할수있기때문이었다. 저자들은말단궁과벽내문합의폐쇄와장괴사의관계를알기위해 1x1 mm 크기의젤폼을사용하였으며연동맥근위부의경우정상 소견을보였으나원위부의경우에는장관의벽내문합이폐쇄됨 을확인하였다. Okazaki 등 (3) 은적용하는도관흑은가능한 색전물질에따라여러가지색전물질을사용하였고장경색과 협착같은합병증없이거의완벽한지혈을하였다. 소장색전술 에대한보고는소수의증례만있는것으로보아여전히선호하 는방법은아니며현재까지도논쟁이되고있다. 그러므로부가 적인증례의축척을하고자할때명확한결과를얻기전에는 이상적이라고생각되는색전물질을사용하여야한다. 저자들의경우에도연동맥보다근위부에서는모두정상적인 모양을보였다. 따라서색전위치가근위부인경우색전물질의 종류가장괴사에영향을미치지않음을알수있었다. 연동맥보 다원위부중코일을사용한경우약간의가역적인점막손상이 나염증손상이보였으나괴사소견은없였다. 네군데중한군데 에서는교합직행혈관의근위부까지코일이위치해있었으나 장의괴사소견은없었다. 원위부중젤폼을사용한경우는교합 직행혈관뿐만아니라벽내문합까지폐쇄가있었다. 따라서괴 사에영향을미치는부위는원위부이고교합직행혈관과벽내 문합의폐쇄여부가장괴사에중요할것으로생각이된다. 코일 의경우벽내문합의폐쇄에영향을끼치지않아장괴사를일으 키지않은것으로생각된다. 또한두물질사이의혈관내변화 를비교했을때, 코일의경우혈관의완전한폐쇄는보이지않 았다. 따라서코일은혈류의감소를유발하여지혈을일으켰을 것이라생각했다. 실험도중어려웠던점은근위부와원위부의정확한위치를 결정하는것이었다. 저자들의경우큰위부는상장간막동맥에 서가능한한근위부를택하였고, 원위부의경우 3Fr S-P cath- eter 를사용하여연동맥근처까지초선택을하였다. 또한시행 하나를색전하는것이다. 폐쇄된원위부가다른동맥궁전에개의상창간막동맥의분포를숙지하는것은필수적이다. (arterial arcade) 를통해측부혈류로공급을받아소장의벽내 에 앞으로소장출혈의색전술에대한실험시더보완해야할점

6 이동원오 1 : 잠간막동맥의색전술에있어서금속코일과젤폼색전위치에관한실험적연구 으로는코일의원위부색전술을시행시한개의분지만색전을 시행했을경우주위의측부혈류에의해장의괴사가방지된결 과인가하는것과장막의괴사에중요한영향을미치는혈관이 연동맥주위교합직혈관인가벽내문합인가를알아보는것이다. 이를해결하기위해서는주색전부위의주위분지를하냐에서 세개정도까지색전하고연동맥주위교합직혈관까지코일을위 치시켜측부혈류를차단후조직결과를비교해보는것이다. 이 런의문점을해결하여색전후장의괴사가되지않음을확인한 다면장의출혈부위를찾아출혈이되는원위부를정확하게색 전함으로써임상적치료에높은성과를얻으리라사료된다. 앞으로더많은실험이요구되지만, 저자들의경우소장혈관 에코일을이용한초선택적경도관동맥색전술시원위부까지 색전을해도장관의괴사없이색전이가능하였음을보고하는 바이다. 참고문헌 1. Tillotson CL, Geller SC, Kantrowitz L, Eckstein MR, Waltman AC, Athanasoulis CA. Small bowel hemorrhage: angiographic localization and intervention. Gastrointest Radiol 1988 ; 13 : Sebrechts C, Bookstein JJ. Embolization in the Management of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Semi η Intervent Radiol 1988; 5: Okazaki M, Furui S, Higashihara H, Koganemary F, Sto S, Fujimitsu R. Emergent embolotherapy of small intestinal hemorrhage. Gastrointest Radiol 1992; 17: Browder W, Cerise EJ, Litwin MS. Impact of emergency angiograph y in massive lower gastrointestional bleeding. Ann Surg 1986; 204(5): Palmaz JC, Walter JF, Cho KJ. Therapeutic embolization of the small bowel arteries. Radiology 1984; 152: Uflacker R. Transcatheter embolization for treatment of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Acta Radiol 1987; 28 : Guy GE, Shetty PC, Sharma RP, Burke MW, Burke TM. Acute lower gastrointestional hemorrhage: treatment by superselective embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles. AJR 1992; Gomes AS, Lois JF, Mccoy RD. Angiographic treatment of gastointestinal hemorrhage: comparison of vasopressin infusion and embolization. AJR 1986; 146: 심인재, 박오환, 영헌규, 검용주위장관출혈의경피경관색전술 대한방사선의학회지 1994; 30(5): 신길현, 오주형, 윤엽대량의대장출혈의경도자색전술대한 방사선의학회지 1996; 34( 1) : Chalmers AG, Robinson PJ, Chapman AH. Embolization in small bowel hemorhage. Clin Radiol 1986; 37:

7 [H 한밤시선의학회지 1998; 39: J Korean Radiol Soc 1998; 39 : Experimental Study on the Appropriate Embolic Site During Superior Mesenteric Artery Embolization: Using Coil and Gelfoam 1 Dong-Won Lee, M.D., Gong-Yong Jin, M.D., Hee-Sul Oh, M.D. Yeong~Su Lim, M.D., Sang-Yong Lee, M.D., Jeong-Min Lee, M.D. Chong-Soo Kim, M.D., Young-Min Han, M.D., Dong-Geun Lee, M.D. 1 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School 2Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Chonbuk National University M edical School 3Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National Univ e rs iη Medical School Purpose: To determine the effective embolic material and appropriate embolic site by comparing bowel changes after arterial embolization in dogs in which the proximal or distal level of the superior mesenteric artery had been occluded with gelfoam particles or a coil. Materials and Methods: Using the coaxial catheter system, superselective arterial embolization was performed at sixteen sites in four dogs. In groups A and B, each site was occluded at the proximal or distal marginal artery, respectively, with gelfoam particles and in groups C and D, at the proximal or distal artery, respectively, with a coi. All dogs were sacrifed one day after the procedure, and gross and microscopic histologic findings were evaluated. Results: In all dogs, the procedure was successful. In group B, significant mucosal destruction, lymphocyte proliferation in submucosa and mucosa, and diffuse swelling in all layers of the intestine were found at all sites. The vessel in the submucosal layer was completely obstructed by red blood cells and gelfoam. At three sites, the intestine showed diffuse ischemic change, and at one other site, focal ischemic change was observed. In group D, exudation with destruction of mucosa and submucosal hemorrhage occurred at one site, but in groups A and C, intestinal layers were found to be normal. Conclusion : Using a coil superselective arterial embolization was successful even up to the distal level of the intestinal artery, and the intestine showed no ischemic change. Embolization with gelfoam must be performed carefully at the proximal level and since it can cause severe intestinal necrosis, must be avoided at the distal level. Index words: Animals Intestine, ischemia Arteries, therapeutic blockade Arteries, mesenteric Address reprint requests to: Young Min Han, M.D., D epaπment of Diagnostic Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School # Keumam-Dong, Chonju, Chonbuk, , Korea Tel Fax

8 1998 년도제 54 자학술대회전시조록제출양식 제 E L 저 자 -λa - -=; ι 一 口뇌신경계口두경부口심혈관계口흉부口중재 口소화기계口비뇨생식계口근골격계口소아口유방 口핵의학口컴퓨터口기타 χ }Eii5 는 ~IT Back board type Illumination type 컴퓨터전시기타 선택 선택 space 선택없 ce 선택선택 모 처 대상및방법 켜 t 과 켜 t 론 : 66 -

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