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1 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 7 호 pp J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 7, pp ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) Jul 2016 / 단일구동기로수중이동이가능한수중이동체개발 Development of Biomimetic Underwater Vehicle using Single Actuator 전명재 1,2, 김동형 2, 최현석 1,, 한창수 2, Moung Jae Jun 1,2, Dong Hung Kim 2, Heun Seok Choi 1,, and Chang Soo Han 2, 1 한국생산기술연구원청정생산시스템연구소 (Department of Green Materials and Process R&BD Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technolog) 2 한양대학교기계공학과 (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanang Universit) Corresponding author: hchoi@kitech.re.kr, Tel: cshan@hanang.ac.kr, Tel: Manuscript received: / Revised: / Accepted: In this paper, we propose a novel propulsion method for a Biomimetic underwater robot, which is a bio-inspired approach. The proposed propulsion method mimics the pectoral fins of a real fish. Pectoral fins of real fish are able to propel and change direction. We designed the propulsion mechanism of 1 D.O.F. that has two functions (propel and change direction). We named this propulsion sstem 'Flipper. The proposed propulsion method can control forward, pitch and aw motion using the Flipper. We made an experimental underwater robot sstem and verified the proposed propulsion method. We measured its maximum speed and turning motion using an experimental underwater robot sstem. We also analed the thrust force from the maximum speed, using the thrust equation. Experimental results showed that our propulsion method enabled the thrust sstem of the biomimetic robot. KEYWORDS: Biomimetic robot ( 생체모방로봇 ), Underwater robot ( 수중로봇 ), Fish robot ( 물고기로봇 ) 기호설명 F T = Thrust F B = Buoanc ρ = Water densit C M = Center of mass C B = Center of buoanc C F = Center of flipper mass B V = Bod volume g = Gravit acceleration F DS = Force of restitution F I = Rotational Inertial force L R = Distance of the C M from the force sensor L Z = Distance of the C M from the Flipper 1. 서론 수중로봇기술은해양탐사및해양자원개발의목적으로최근연구개발이증가하고있는분야이다. 1 해양은인간의접근이어려운환경이기때문에해양탐사를위해서는무인수중운동체의사용이필요하다. 2 이러한무인수중운동체는모선 Copright C The Korean Societ for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in an medium, provided the original work is properl cited.

2 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 7 호 pp Jul 2016 / 572 에서유선원격제어가가능한 ROV (Remotel Operated Vehicle) 와유선원격제어없이자체적으로자율운항이가능하여광대역수중탐사가가능한 AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) 가있다. 3 수중운동체의연구분야중하나는생체모방형로봇이다. 최근에는생체모방과관련된기술의발달과자연생물체를모사하려는생체모방학 (Biomimetics) 및자연계에서영감을얻어개발에적용하는 Bio-Inspired 관련연구들이진행되면서수중로봇에서도수중생물체의움직임을모사한로봇이연구되고있는것이다. 4 수중생물체가사용하는운동은고효율의유영과소음이없는추진운동을가능하게할뿐만아니라급선회와폭발적인순간가속을할수있는장점이있다. 5 그렇기때문에생체모방형수중로봇은자율무인잠수정 (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) 및어뢰개발등에적용되는연구가많이이루어지고있다. 6 지금까지의생체모방형수중로봇들의연구는생물체를모방한몸체의움직임과꼬리지느러미의움직임을모사하는것에중점을두어왔다 본논문에서는단일모터를사용한새로운형태의구동방식을제안하고제안된구동방식을실험을통하여검증하였다. Fig. 1 Fish robot design using single actuator (a) (b) Fig. 2 The pectoral fin of fish 2. 로봇설계 & 구동원리 제안된시스템은 1 자유도의시스템으로수중에서직진운동과종동요 (Pitch) 그리고선수동요 (Yaw) 운동이가능하기때문에하나의구동기만을사용하여수중에서원하는경로를따라이동이가능하다. Fig. 1 은설계된로봇의도면이다. 로봇은추력을발생시키는부분 (Flipper) 과구동기와전자부품을포함하고있는몸통부분 (Main Bod) 으로구성된다. 꼬리는직진운동시로봇의선수동요 (Yaw) 를감소시키는역할을하는수직꼬리지느러미 (Vertical Fin) 와횡동요 (Roll) 를감소시키는꼬리지느러미 (Tail Fin) 로구성되어있다. 로봇의몸통은전체적으로물속에서의저항을최소화할수있는유선형의형태를취하고있으며몸통과꼬리는회전조인트 (Revolute Joint) 로연결되어있어구동기의회전에따라몸체와꼬리의상대각이변화한다. 로봇의추력은 Fig. 1 의 Flipper 에의해서주로발생한다. 추력을만들어내는 Flipper 는 Fig. 2(a) 에서보이는바와같이물고기의가슴지느러미에서영감을얻어설계되었다. 물고기의가 Fig. 3 The location of torsion spring 슴지느러미는물고기가유속이있는물속에서중심을잡을때주로사용된다. 본논문에서는물고기의가슴지느러미처럼로봇의추력과방향제어의기능을하는추진방식을제안하고이것을 Flipper Form 추진방식이라고하였다. 꼬리의회전축에는구동기가없다. 회전스프링은꼬리의회전축에위치하며 Fig. 3 에서 B 부분이로봇의몸체에고정되고 A 부분이꼬리에연결된다. 스프링은물속에서부력조절시꼬리와몸체를수평으로유지시키기위한강성조절용도로사용된다. 2.1 추력제어 Fig. 4 는 Flipper 의회전에의한추력발생과정을순차적으로표현한그림이다. 몸체의앞쪽에

3 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 7 호 pp Jul 2016 / 573 Fig. 5 Change of direction Fig. 4 Locomotion for straight propulsion 있는단일날개형태의스크류 (Flipper) 가회전을하게되면일반선박에서와같이추진력을만들게된다. 이때 Flipper 의끝단에는무게추가있어 Flipper 의무게중심 C F 는 Flipper 의끝쪽에위치한다. Flipper 가회전하면 Fig. 4 Step A 의 F I 와같이편심에의한영향으로그림과같이한쪽방향으로원심력이발생한다. 원심력에의해로봇이진동하게되며좌우방향으로의진동의크기는상대적으로상하방향으로의진동보다작다. 로봇형상설계시측면의단면적을더크게함으로써좌우진동을억제하였다. 로봇의몸체와꼬리는각기다른면적을가지고있어물과의저항력차이로움직임의속도가달라상대각이변화하게된다. 이러한움직임은측편형 (Compressiform) 운동을하는물고기의유영모습을모사하는데용이하다. 꼬리와몸체의부력차를조정하기위해몸체와꼬리연결부위를스프링으로연결하여강성을조절할수있도록하였다. 꼬리와몸체의상대각은스프링의강성을조절함으로써제어할수있다. Flipper 의회전에의한로봇의움직임은 Fig. 4 Step A 에서 Fig. 4 Step D 로순차적으로진행하게된다. 로봇이진동하게되면 Fig. 4 Step A 에서무게중심이부력중심보다밑에있기때문에중력방향으로복원력 F DS 가발생하게되고로봇의움직임은 Fig. 4 Step B 로변환된다. 로봇은관성에의해 Fig. 4 Step C 까지움직인후수평상태인 Fig. 4 Step D 의형태로움직인다. 로봇은 Fig. 4 Step A 에서 Fig. 4 Step D 로순차적인움직임을반복하며움직인다. 이때 Flipper 의회전과진동에의한로봇의움직임은유체의흐름을발생시키고로봇유영은측편형 (Compressiform) 물고기의움직임을모사하며전진하게된다. 2.2 방향제어 Fig. 5 는제안한수중이동체에서방향전환을위한 Flipper 의움직임을표현한것이다. Flipper 의왕복회전운동구간에대한중심각도를제어함으로써로봇은원하는방향으로회전할수있다. 로봇앞쪽의 Flipper 가회전을멈춘상태로이동하고자하는방향의반대쪽에서일정한각을가지고왕복운동을한다. Flipper 가 θ 1 에서 θ 2 까지왕복운동을하게되면 θ 1 과 θ 2 의중심각에서유체의흐름이발생하게되고이때의유체의흐름은로봇의몸체를회전하게하는회전력을발생시키게된다. 원하는방향까지회전이동후 Flipper 의구간반복운동은멈추고다시회전운동을시작하여목표지점까지이동한다. 2.3 유영과 Flipper 의운동관계제어기에는로봇이수중에서유영을할수있도록유영패턴이 Fig. 6 과같이입력되어있다. 외부의조종명령에따라로봇의유영패턴이결정되면각각의유영에따른 Flipper 의회전운동이결정된다. 전진시에는 Flipper 가 0 부터 360 를회전하게되고좌회전시에는 215 부터 315 구간을반복운동을하며우회전시에는 Flipper 가 45 부터 135 구간을반복운동을한다. 3. 실험시스템구현 제안된추진방식의실험을위해 Fig. 7 과같이수중이동체를구현하였다. 전체길이는 350 mm, 폭은 145 mm 로전체무게는 kg 으로구현되었다. 모터제어를위해 Arduino Nano 를사용하였으며구동모터는 FAULHABER 사의 DC Encoder 모터를사용하였다. 사용된모터와엔코더의상세내용은 Table 1 과 2 와같다. 몸체를구성하는재질은 ABS 로써 3D Printer 를이용하여제작한후실리콘을사용하여방수처리를하였다. 제작된수중이동

4 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 7 호 pp Jul 2016 / 574 Moving Flipper motion Front view 3D view x Forward x Left (Turn) Right (Turn) Direction of progress Axis Fig. 6 Flipper control for swimming Fig. 7 Experiment robot mechanism Table 1 Motor spec (FAULHABER SR) Voltage Power Friction torque Rated speed DC 6V 4.55W 0.2mNm 6390min-1 Table 2 Encoder spec (IE2-8) Voltage Channel Phase shift Line/revolution DC 5V Pulse 체의명령신호전달을위해외부의컴퓨터와케이블로연결하였다. 전원은내부전원으로배터리 (DC 7.2 V 340 ma) 를사용하였다. 3.1 부력설계부력 F B 는유체의밀도 ρ, 부피 B V, 중력가속도 g 의함수로써식 (1) 과같이표현된다. 8 수식에서도 x Fig. 8 Experiment of straight propulsion: (a) Clamp, (b) F/T(force) Sensor, (c) Coordinate sstem 알수있듯이부력은수중로봇의부피와밀접한관계를가지고있으며수중시스템의설계시에너지효율을높이기위해서시스템은중성부력에최대한근접하도록설계된다. 설계된수중이동체의초기부피값 B V 는 m 3 이며질량은 kg, 유체밀도 ρ 값은담수에서사용하는유체밀도값인 kg/m 3 값을사용하였다. 8 제작된수중이동체는식 (1) 에의해부력을조종하였다. 또한전원이 Off 된상태에서수면위로서서히부상할수있는양성부력을가지게하고자표면에부력재 ( 스티로폼 ) 를추가하여로봇이양성부력을가질수있도록하였다. F B = ρbg (1) 3.2 항력과추력추력을측정하기위해서 Fig. 8 에서와같이 F/T (Force Torque) 센서를설치하였다. Flipper 의회전속도 (RPM) 에따른각각의추력값을실험적으로측정하였다. 실험에사용된 F/T (Force Torque) 센서는 ATI 의 Omega 85 센서를사용하였으며 Fig. 8(a) 에서와같이클램프를제작하여로봇을고정하였다. 클램프는 Fig. 8(b) 에서처럼센서와 Z 축에대하여 Rod 로연결되어있고 Fig. 8(c) 에서처럼로봇의추력방향과센서의 X 축방향 (+) 을일치시켰다. Flipper 의속도변화에따른각각의추력값은 5 초동안획득한테이터의평균값으로구하였다. 센서로부터받은각축의힘과토크데이터는외팔보 V

5 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 7 호 pp Jul 2016 / 575 Fig. 11 Experiment of straight propulsion Fig. 9 6-axis force/torque sensor setup up Fig. 12 Change of direction to the right Fig. 10 RPM vs. Force 형태의실험시스템을감안하여식 (2) 에의해보정하였다. 14 식 (2) 의 F X, F Y, F Z 는각축에서의축방향의힘값이며 T X, T Y, T Z 는각축에서의토크값이다. T T T x F = F + + F + + F + (2) t x L L L R R Z Fig. 9 의 L R 은센서로부터로봇의무게중심까지의거리를표현한것이며길이는 520 mm 이다. Fig. 9 에서의 L Z 는추진장치 Flipper 로부터로봇의무게중심까지의거리를표현한것이며 150 mm 이다. Fig. 10 은 Flipper 의 RPM 변화에따른추력변화를실험을통하여획득한값을보여준다. RPM 증가에비례하여추력이증가됨을볼수있다. 추진력을얻기위한최소 RPM 인 60 RPM 에서의측정된추력값은 N 이다. 최대추력을얻기위한 210 RPM 에서의측정된추력값은 N 이다. 그래프를보면 120 RPM 에서평균추력값이 0.16 N 줄어들었다. 이것은실험오차로추정된다. 3.3 직진주행과속도측정속도측정을위해실험은가로 2 m, 세로 3 m, 수심 0.6 m 의수조에서수행하였다. 영상데이터를획득하기위한카메라를수조위 2 m 높이에설치하였다. 위치추적을위해로봇의앞쪽에는청색 LED 가사용되었고꼬리부분에는적색 LED 가사용되었다. 속도는 Fig. 11 에서와같이총이동거리를총이동시간으로나누어평균속도를구하였다. 총이동거리는영상데이터의적색 LED 의위치를추적하여구하였으며상용프로그램인 Image J 가사용되었다. 속도는각각 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 RPM 에대하여 10 회반복하여측정하였다. Flipper 의회전속도가 60 RPM 일때로봇은전진추력을나타내었다. 제안된수중이동체는 Flipper 의최대회전속도인 210 RPM 에서로봇의최대속도 0.43 m/s 의속도를얻을수있었다. 3.4 유영방향전환실험수중이동체의방향전환을검증하기위해 Fig. 12 와같은실험을실시하였다. 실험을하는동안직진구간에서 Flipper 의회전속도는최대추력을낼수있는 210 RPM 으로고정하였다. 회전구간에서는 Flipper 가분당 50 회반복운동을할수있도록설정하였다. 방향전환을위한 Flipper 의중심각

6 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 7 호 pp Jul 2016 / 576 REFERENCES 은 Fig. 6 과같이 구간을왕복운동하도록설정하였다. Fig. 12 에서와같이수중이동체는 10 초동안전진운동을한후 Turning Point 에서우측으로방향전환을시작해서 9 초후에우측방향으로의방향전환이완료되었다. 실험을통해 Flipper 의구간반복운동으로특정방향으로의회전이가능함을확인할수있었다. Fig. 13 은수중이동체의회전성능을검증하기위해원운동을실험한것이다. Flipper 의회전은분당 50 회반복운동을할수있도록설정하였다. 회전방향은 CCW 방향으로 Flipper 의중심각은 Fig. 6 과같이 구간을왕복운동하도록설정하였다. Start Point 로부터 20 초후에 360 를회전할수있었고지름 375 mm 의궤적이생성되었다 Fig. 13 에서와같이방향전환시몸통전체가미끄러지면서회전하기때문에방추형 (Fusiform) 타입의물고기를모사한일반적인물고기로봇보다는회전성능이떨어질것으로추정된다. 4. 결론 Fig. 13 Motion of spin 본논문에서는단일구동기로수중이동이가능한추진방식을제안하고추진방식을검증하기위해테스트플랫폼을제작하여실험을진행하였다. 추력측정실험장치를제작하여제안된시스템의최대추력을측정하였고전진및방향전환원운동실험을통해제안된추진방식의가능성을검증하였다. 제안된수중이동체는하나의구동기로추진과방향전환이가능하다는장점이있지만꼬리지느러미로추진하는기존의방추형 (Fusiform) 물고기로봇보다는추력이떨어진다. 향후꼬리면적과 Flipper 의면적이속도에미치는영향을연구하여효율성을높일수있는꼬리와 Flipper 의형상을도출하고자한다. 1. Kim, D., Lee, S. S., Choi, H. S., Kim, J. Y., Lee, S., et al., Dnamic Modeling and Motion Analsis of Unmanned Underwater Gliders with Mass Shifter Unit and Buoanc Engine, Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technolog, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp , Jee, S. C., Lee, H. J., Kim, M. H., and Moon, J. H., Stabiliation of Underwater Glider b Buoanc and Moment Control: Feedback Lineariation Approach, Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technolog, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp , Jeong, S.-K., Choi, H.-S., Seo, J.-M., Tran, N. H., and Kim, J.-Y., Design and Control of 6 D.O.F(Degrees of Freedom) Hovering AUV, Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Sstems, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp , Kim, D. H., Lee, S. H., Kwon, J. H., Han, C. H., and Park, J. H. Trajector Tracking Control of a Fish- Mimetic Robot Using CPG, The Korean Societ of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 32, No. 11, pp , Heo, S., Wiguna, T., Goo, N.-S., and Park, H.-C., Mechanical Design, Fabrication and Test of a Biomimetic Fish Robot Using LIPCA as an Artifical Muscle, the Korean Societ of Mechanical Engineers A, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp.36-42, Han, C. H., Lee, S. H., Shin, C.-R., and Park, J. H., Hdrodnamics Analsis of Fish Locomotion Using a Biomimetic Fish Robot, The Korean Societ of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp , Park, J.-H., Lee, T.-H., and Choi, Y.-K., A Stud on the Straight Cruis of Fish Robot according to Biological Mimic, Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp , Antonelli, G., Underwater Robots, Springer, 3 rd Ed., pp , Moon, Y.-S., Seo, J.-N., Go, N.-Y., Kim, H.-S., and Bak, Y.-G., Design of Mine Robot Platform, Journal of Korea Robotics Societ, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp , Zhou, C., Chong, C., Zhong, Y., and Low, K.,

7 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 7 호 pp Jul 2016 / 577 Robust Gait Control for Stead Swimming of a Carangiform Fish Robot, Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, pp , Geder, J., Sandberg, W. C., and Ramamurti, R., Multi-Camera, High-Speed Imaging Sstem for Kinematics Data Collection, Nabal Research Laborator, Vol. Nrl/Mr , pp. 1-9, Geder, J. D., Palmisano, J., Ramamurti, R., Ratna, B., and Sandberg, W. C., Fu Logic PID Based Control Design and Performance for a Pectoral Fin Propelled Unmanned Underwater Vehicle, Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Control, Automation and Sstems, pp , Nguen, Q. S., Heo, S., Park, H. C., and Bun, D., Thrust Improvement of an Fish Robot Actuated b Compressed Unimorph Pieoelectric Composite Actuator, Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, pp , Yang, G.-H., Kim, K.-S., Lee, S.-H., Cho, C., and Ruh, Y. Design and Control of 3-DOF Robotic Fish ICHTHUS V5.5, in: Intelligent Robotics and Applications, Lee, J. M., Lee, M. C., et al., Eds. Springer-Berlin Heidelberg, pp , 2013.

8 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 7 호 pp Jul 2016 / 578

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

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