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1 한국토목섬유학회논문집제 14 권 2 호 2015 년 6 월 pp. 1 9 J. Korean Geosynthetics Society Vol.14 No.2 June pp. 1 ~ 9 DOI: ISSN: (Print) ISSN: (Online) 미생물을활용한지반개량제의혼합비율에따른사질토의강도개선효과 Effect of Mixed Ratios of Ground Improvement Material using Microorganisms on the Strength of Sands 박경호 1, 김대현 2 * Kyung-Ho Park 1, Daehyeon Kim 2 * 1 Member, Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Chosun Univ., Seosuk-dong Dong-gu Gwangju, , Republic of Korea 2 Member, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Chosun Univ., Seosuk-dong Dong-gu Gwangju, , Republic of Korea ABSTRACT In this study, the objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of calcium carbonate powder, produced by the microbial reactions, on the strength of soft ground (sand). To analyze the cementation effects of calcium carbonate powder produced by microbial reactions on the strength of the sand, six different types of specimens (untreated, calcium carbonate, cement, carbonate + cement (1:9, 3:7, 5:5)) were made. The specimen were tested after curing (7 and 28 days). Uniaxial compressive strengths were measured on D 5 cm H 10 cm specimens. Based on the test results, as both the weight ratio and the curing period increase, calcium carbonate, cement, and calcium carbonate + cement specimens showed an increase in the strength. In addition, compared with the strength of the specimen with cement, the strengths of the specimens with mixing ratios of 1:9, 3:7, and 5:5 (carbonate : cement) were found to be 93.5~95.8%, 825.%, 65.2~70.6%. 요 ( ). 6 case(,,, + (1:9, 3:7, 5:5)) (4%, 8%) (7, 28 ). (0%, 5%, 15%) D 5cm H 10cm.,,, +. 1:9, 3:7, 5: ~95.8%, 82.5%, 65.2~70.6%. Keywords : Microbial reaction, Calcium carbonate powder, Soft ground, Uniaxial compressive strength 지 1. 서론 1.1 연구배경및목적 최근급속한산업발전에따라국가기간산업의양적, 질적확대로인하여넓은대지를가지고있는나라에비해 Received 12 Mar. 2015, Revised 30 Mar. 2015, Accepted 31 Mar *Corresponding author Tel: ; Fax: address: dkimgeo@chosun.ac.kr (D. Kim) 국내에서는부지확보에어려움을겪고있다. 이에효율적인토지이용을위해그동안건설부지로고려하지않았던느슨한사질토나연약한실트질로구성된연약지반개량공법에대한관심이상당히높아지고있어연약지반의개량을위한새로운공법개발이나, 신소재의개발이필요하다. 선진국의경우시멘트의생산량을한정하고점차줄여나가고있는추세이며, 이산화탄소배출금이라는국제적인법적세금을만드는방안을추진하고있다. 따라서친환경신소재를개발하여저탄소, 지구온난화방지등의 미생물을활용한지반개량제의혼합비율에따른사질토의강도개선효과 1

2 녹색성장정책에기여할필요가있고, 신소재의개발을통해원자재값상승과건설재료부족등의문제를해결해나갈필요가있다 (Park 2011). 또한토목현장에서다루는대부분의흙은입자크기가균등하지않고크고작은입자가서로섞여있어실트와같은세립분이일정이상포함된경우가많다 (Park and Lee 1999; Park 2010). 현장지반은대부분느슨하게고결된상태로존재하므로고결된지반내의실트나점토와같은세립분이현장지반의강도에미치는영향에대한정확한평가가선행되어야할필요성이있다 (Park et al. 2010). 또한미생물용액과염화칼슘수용액의반응으로생성된탄산칼슘을건설자재로널리이용되고있는시멘트와같은분말형태로제작하여사용함으로써앞서미생물반응에의해생성된탄산칼슘의정량적강도증진효과를확인할수있으므로앞서수행한연구들과는차별성을갖는다. 본연구에서는연약한지반인느슨한사질토지반에미생물에의해생성된탄산칼슘을적용시지반의강도에어떤영향을미치는지분석하기위하여탄산칼슘을시멘트와같은분말형태로제작하였으며, 무처리, 탄산칼슘, 시멘트, 탄산칼슘 + 시멘트의비 (1:9, 3:7, 5:5) 의공시체를 7 일, 28일기간으로제작하여일축압축실험을통해강도를분석하였다. 또한고결된모래입자에 #200체통과된시료를 0, 5, 15% 를혼합하여동일한다짐방법을통해일축압축실험을수행하였으며, 기존연구된순수한 Sand외의실트함유가함유된지반의강도변화를분석하였다. 1.2 국내 외선행연구최근시멘트를근본적으로절감시킬수있는친환경소재인 biopolymer와유기산재료, 식물추출액등을활용한지반개량공법이다양하게연구되어지고있는실정이다 (Lee et al. 2012; Park et al. 2012, Chang and Cho 2012). 특히, 땅속에존재하는수많은미생물중 B. Pasteurii 균 (KCTC 3558) 의생 화학반응을통해생성되는고결물 (CaCO 3 ) 을이용하여연약지반을고결화 (Cementation) 하는연구가국내 외소수연구자들에의해서진행되어졌다 (Kim et al. 2012; Kim and Park 2013; Park and Kim 2012; 2013; Mitchell and Santamarina 2005; Dejong et al., 2010; Paassen et al. 2009; Wiffin et al. 2007). 국내에서는순수한미생물을이용하여강도를증진시키는연구를하였으며, 미생물고농도의조건을통해고결 물의침전을높이는방법을개발함으로써무처리시료와일반농도처리시료, 고농도처리시료등의혼합시험을통해포켓관입시험기로측정한결과, 500kPa 이상의강도를확인하였으며, 이를통해연약지반의미생물고결화를확인할수있었다 (Kim et al. 2012). 또한기존의 biogrouting 의문제점인중앙부분에서의강도증가가되지않는문제점들을개선하고자현장실험을모형으로재현주입하는연구를수행하고있다 (Park and Kim 2012; 2013). 국외에서는 MICP(Microbially induced carbonate precipitation) 방법을이용하여미생물과반응용액을반복주입을통해삼축압축강도및직접전단시험을통해강도개선을확인하는연구가진행되고있다. Dejong et al.(2006) 은 SEM(Scanning electron microscopy) 를통하여무처리시료와미생물처리된시료를비교하여전단파속도를통해 2:1 비율로제작된느슨한시료에서 190m/s, MICP 로처리된시료에서 520m/s, 석고로처리된시료에서 610m/s로강도의증가를확인하였다. Soon et al.(2013) 은 MICP로처리된잔류토에서전단강도는 1.41~2.64배, 모래시료에서는 1.14~1.25배로무처리시료보다증가함을확인하였다. 대부분의경우반복주입으로인한공정처리가어려우며현장의적용성이떨어지는문제점을가지고있다. 또한 biogrouting의개념을도입하여공시체에그라우팅을한결과, 10MPa이상의큰값을얻었으나추정치에의한값으로강도를추정하였고공기가겉표면부분을따라강도가증가되어중앙부분에서의강도는미미함등의문제점이있었다 (Whiffin et al. 2007; Paassen et al. 2009). 앞서수행한선행연구에서는대부분이순수한 Sand를이용하여강도개선의효과를확인하였고수용액상태의탄산칼슘을이용하여연약지반의강도를개선하고자하였으나, 수용액상태의탄산칼슘은수용액상태로많은양을주입시강도저하와상층액의처리곤란등문제점이있었다. 2. 공시체제작방법및종류 2.1 실험재료본연구에사용된시료는전북남원시송동면에위치하고있는섬진강변에서채취된모래를주재료로사용하여일축압축시험용공시체를제작하였다. 채취된시료는일축압축시험을통해강도를측정할수있도록시료 ( 체가름 2 한국토목섬유학회논문집제 14 권제 2 호

3 Table 1. Results of particle size distribution curve Sieve(mm) Classification D 10 D 30 D 60 C u C g F F F 실제토목현장에서쓰이는흙의경우실트부터점토성분등다양한종류의세립분이섞여있기때문에본연구에서는모래입자사이에포함되는세립분으로섬진강유역에서채취한흙을체가름하여 #200번체통과시료인세립분 0, 5, 15% 혼합하였으며, 모래와세립분을고결시키기위한고결제는국내 S사의포틀랜드시멘트를사용하였다. Fig. 1. Particle size distribution curve of specimens by fines 시험을통해 #60 체 (0.25mm), #100 체 (0.15mm), #200 체 (0.075mm) 에잔류하는시료 ) 를 1:1:1의비율로물과배합하여공시체를제작하였다. Fig. 1은본연구에서사용된모래시료의입도시험결과이며, 균등계수와곡률계수를다음 Table 1과같이나타내었다. 분석결과, F0의시료는빈입도에입도분포가좋지않은것으로나타났으며 F5, F15의시료에서는빈입도이나입도분포가고른것으로나타났다. 2.2 미생물반응으로생성된탄산칼슘본연구에서사용된 B. pasteurii 균 (KCTC 3558) 은한국생명공학연구원생물자원센터에서균배양제로균주를분양받아사용하였다. B. Pasteurii 균을배양하기위해배양배지는 Nutrient Broth 8g/L, Urea 20g/L로시료를증류수 1L에혼합하여배양하였으며, 30 에서 180RPM의쉐이킹인큐베이터에서배양하였다. 사용된탄산칼슘은수용액상태의탄산칼슘을사용한선행연구와달리미생물반응에생성된탄산칼슘을시멘트와같이분말화하여사용하였으며, Fig. 2는미생물용 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Fig. 2. Extraction and production of calcium carbonate 미생물을활용한지반개량제의혼합비율에따른사질토의강도개선효과 3

4 (a) 무처리시료 (b) MICP 처리 Fig. 3. Process of creation of calcium carbonate (Dejong et al. 2006) 액과염화칼슘수용액의반응을통해탄산칼슘을침전시켜건조후탄산칼슘을분말화하는모습이다. Fig. 2(a) 는배양된미생물용액, (b) 염화칼슘용액 (1L) 교반, (c) 반응용액탄산칼슘침전, (d) 탄산칼슘추출, (e) 건조후분쇄, (f) 시멘트와같은시료로미생물반응으로생성된탄산칼슘을분말화하여공시체의고결제로사용하였다. 미생물과요소의반응은식 (1) 과같으며, 미생물생장 을통해요소와반응하여아래와같이탄산이온 ( ) 과 두개의암모늄이온 ( ) 으로가수분해된다. B. paseurii 균은요소를섭취하여반응을통해생성된 탄산이온 ( ) 과염화칼슘 ( ) 수용액의칼슘이온 ( ) 이반응하여탄산칼슘 ( ) 이생성되며, 탄산칼슘침전반응은식 (2) 와같다. (1) (2) 이러한단계를거쳐미생물반응을통해서생성된탄산칼슘 ( ) 은지반내의공극을채워주고입자간결합력을높임으로서지반의고결화 (Cementation) 가진행되어진다. 다음 Fig. 3은미생물반응을통해서생성된탄산칼슘 ( ) 은지반내의공극을채워입자간의결합력을높여지반의고결화 (Cementation) 가형성되는모습이다. 2.3 공시체제작본연구에서는미생물반응으로생성된탄산칼슘과시멘트, 탄산칼슘 + 시멘트의공시체는일축압축강도를측정하기위해동일한다짐에너지를가하는방법으로서공시체를 5층으로나누고층당 30회로일정하게유지하였고, 일축압축시험은공시체에대하여 1%/mm의전단속도로일축압축강도시험을실시하였다. 무처리시료는 7일, 28일에해당하는공시체를제작하였으며, 탄산칼슘, 시멘트, 탄산칼슘 + 시멘트 (1:9, 3:7, 5:5) 공시체는중량비 4%, 8% 의공시체에세립분 #200체통과시료를 0, 5, 15% 로제작한후각각의양생일 (7일, 28일 ) 에따라측정하였다. Table 2는무처리, 탄산칼슘, 시멘트, 탄산칼슘 + 시멘트 (1:9, 3:7, 5:5) 공시체의배합비를나타낸표이다. 3. 실험결과분석일축압축시험은 F0의공시체 2개씩을각각제작하여유사한값을나타냄을확인한후압축강도실험을수행하였고, 파괴형상은다음 Fig. 4와같다. 3.1 재령일에따른강도효과무처리공시체에서나타나는일축압축강도의증가는겉보기점착력의영향으로양생기간에따라공시체의일축압축강도가약간증가함을확인할수있었다. Fig. 5(a), 5(b) 는혼합비 4%, 8% 에대한세립분이없는 4 한국토목섬유학회논문집제 14 권제 2 호

5 Table 2. Mixing the specimens material for 7day Test-ID Cementation material Soil (g) Water (g) Calcium carbonate (g) Cement (g) N-F N-F N-F C4-F C4-F C4-F Cement C8-F C8-F C8-F Ca4-F Ca4-F Ca4-F Calcium carbonate Ca8-F Ca8-F Ca8-F CaC4-F CaC4-F CaC4-F CaC4-F CaC4-F CaC4-F CaC4-F CaC4-F CaC4-F Calcium carbonate CaC8-F Cement CaC8-F CaC8-F CaC8-F CaC8-F CaC8-F CaC8-F CaC8-F CaC8-F Fig. 4. View of specimen of before experiment(left) and after experiment (right) 미생물을활용한지반개량제의혼합비율에따른사질토의강도개선효과 5

6 (a) 4% specimens (a) Cement specimens (b) 8% specimens Fig. 5. Curing period to compare the strength of specimens (b) CaCO 3 specimens Fig. 6. Fines content to compare strength of specimens 공시체의재령일에따른일축압축강도의결과이며, 실험결과혼합비에상관없이분말화한탄산칼슘이혼합된공시체에서는물과섞여모래입자주변에서건조되므로물의증발로인해모래입자와입자를잡아주는수축작용이발생함에따라탄산칼슘공시체의일축압축강도가양생기간에따라최대 122.2% 까지강도가증가한것으로나타났다. 또한재령일에따른일축압축강도는탄산칼슘으로재령된공시체보다시멘트로재령된공시체에서대부분약 2.2배높은강도의효과를나타내었는데, 이는시멘트공시체에서발생하는수화반응으로인한강도증가로확인되며양생기간이증가함에따라무처리, 탄산칼슘공시체의강도증진효과보다약 1.22배높은폭의강도증진효과를나타냄을확인할수있었다. 3.2 세립분및중량비에따른강도효과 Fig. 6(a), 6(b) 의결과처럼세립분의함유량이 5%, 15% 증가할수록일축압축강도는증가하는경향을보였다. Fig. 6(a) 의경우세립분이 5, 15% 로증가함에따라시멘트비가 4%, 8% 인공시체의일축압축강도는각각 115%, 135% 그리고 105%, 128% 로증가하는경향을보였고, Fig. 6(b) 의경우세립분이 5, 15% 로증가함에따라탄산칼슘의비가 4%, 8% 인공시체의일축압축강도는각각 104%, 128% 그리고 108%, 126% 로증가함을확인할수있었다. 이와같은결과는 Park, 2010과유사한경향을나타내었으며, 세립분으로인한강도증가는세립분이조립분사이를채우면서단위중량이가증가한것으로판단되었다. 또한실트함유량이증가함에따라액상화에대한저항강도가증가한다는연구가다수발표된바있다 (Fei, 1991; Law and Ling, 1992). 또한시멘트, 탄산칼슘의중량비가 4% 에서 8% 로증가함에따라세립분함유량에관계없이일축압축강도는증가하였으며, 세립분이없는공시체보다세립분이포함된경우에서시멘트비의증가에따른강도증가율이높게나타났다. 6 한국토목섬유학회논문집제 14 권제 2 호

7 Table 3. Strength of specimens by fines content Test ID U.C.S (kpa) U.C.S(kPa) Test ID F0 (%) F5 (%) F15 (%) F0 (%) F5 (%) F15 (%) Non Non C C C C Ca Ca Ca Ca Table 4. Strength of specimes by fines content (unit:kpa) Test ID U.C.S (kpa) U.C.S (kpa) Test ID F0 (%) F5 (%) F15 (%) F0 (%) F5 (%) F15 (%) CaC CaC CaC CaC CaC CaC CaC CaC CaC CaC CaC CaC 미생물을활용한지반개량제의혼합비율에따른강도효과 시멘트의경우포졸란반응으로인한강도효과가확연히들어나지만미생물에의해생성된탄살칼슘의경우포졸란반응없이수분증발에의한결합강도를가지므로시멘트와혼합하여시멘트양을줄이면서최적의효율을갖는혼합비를찾고자다음과같이시멘트대비 1:9, 3:7, 5:5 의비를시료에혼합하여일축압축강도를측정하였다. 측정결과, Fig. 7(a), 7(b) 에나타난바와같이재령 7일차시멘트대비시멘트강도에비해 1:9의경우약 95.8% 수준, 3:7의경우약 82.4% 수준, 5:5의경우약 70.6% 수준의일축압축강도를나타내었으며, 재령일 28일차시멘트대비시멘트강도에비해 1:9의경우약 93.5% 수준, 3:7의경우약 82.5% 수준, 5:5의경우약 65.2% 수준의일축압축강도비를나타내었다. 이때, 재령 7일차시멘트대비시멘트강도에비해 1:9의경우약 95.8% 의수준은 CaC4-1:9의각각 F0(95.9%), F5(98.3%), F15(98.3%) 의 3 가지공시체의강도효과와 CaC8-1:9의각각 F0(93.9%), F5(93.8%), F15(94.3%) 의 3가지공시체의강도효과를합하여 6으로나눈평균값이다. 이를통하여미생물에의해생성된 CaCO 3 의강도비율은 3:7의비율이가장효율적일것으로판단되나, 추후추가적인혼합재료를통하여현장그라우팅사용시에알맞은최적의혼합비를구해야할필요성이있다. (a) Fines content to compare the strength of specimens for 7 day (b) Fines content to compare the strength of specimens for 28 day Fig. 7. Fines content to compare the strength of specimens 미생물을활용한지반개량제의혼합비율에따른사질토의강도개선효과 7

8 3.4 기존고결제와경제성비교본연구에서기존고결제인시멘트와미생물에의해생성된탄산칼슘과의경제성을비교해보면공시체제작에사용된시멘트 22g을사용할경우비용은약 3원 (5,500원 /40kg) 이고, 초속경시멘트의경우 22g을사용할경우약 14원 (25,000/40kg) 이다. 미생물에의한탄산칼슘 22g 제조시비용은 Urea 0.5g, 7원 (15,000원/1,000g), NB 0.2g, 44원 (110,000/500g), 염화칼슘 2.85g, 3원 (920원/1,000g) 으로총약 54원이소요되므로일반시멘트약 18배, 초속경시멘트약 3배정도의차이가나타났다. 그러나유해성물질절감및시멘트 1t제조시 CO 2, 870kg을배출하기때문에 CO 2 배출금 ( 탄소배출권의경우 CO 2 1톤당 30달러부과 ) 을고려하고, 석회석채광을위한생산시설가동및운영에소요되는비용 (Kwak and Kim, 2003) 으로일반비용 : 273,620,000천원, 투자비용 : 23,000,000천원, 부두시설사용료 : 670,846천원과석회석채광시생기는환경절감가능액임야 1ha당 1,284만원 (2000년기준 광산개발기간동안지속될것으로가정 ), 수원함양기능의총가치 22,554만원, 이산화탄소흡수량을채광면적 1ha당환산한이산화탄소흡수량약 5만원, 산림휴양기능 ( 한사람이산에가기위한지불비용 : 약 6만원 x 횟수 ), 산림정수기능 ( 부유물질제거하기위한비용 : 658.3원 /ha x 총산림면적 ) 등사회적비용을감안한다면미생물을이용한고결제의경제성은충분이있다고판단된다. (3) 중량비및재령일에따른일축압축강도를측정한결과, 중량비와재령일이높아짐에따라일축압축강도는증가하였으며, 탄산칼슘으로재령된공시체보다시멘트로재령된공시체에서대부분약 2.2배높은강도의효과를나타내었는데, 이는시멘트공시체에서발생하는수화반응으로인한강도증가로확인되며, 탄산칼슘의경우는물의증발로인해모래입자들을결속하는수축작용이발생함에따라강도가증가한것으로나타나시멘트에비해강도의증가효과는크지않았음을확인할수있었다. (4) 기존고결제인시멘트와미생물에의한탄산칼슘고결제의경제성을분석한결과, 일반시멘트약 18배, 초속경시멘트약 3배정도의차이가났다. 하지만시멘트생산시에발생하는이산화탄소배출금및자연환경훼손등사회적비용을고려하였을때경쟁력은충분히있다고판단된다. Acknowledgement This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning(NRF-2013R1A1A ). References 4. 결론 (1) 세립분의함유량이 5%, 15% 증가할수록시멘트비에따라 105~135% 까지, 탄산칼슘의비에따라 104~ 128% 까지증가하는경향을확인할수있었으며, 이는세립분이조립분사이를채섬1우면서단위중량이증가한것으로판단되었다. 또한세립분이없는공시체보다세립분이포함된경우에서시멘트비의증가에따른강도증가율이높게나타났다. (2) 미생물에의해생성된탄산칼슘의비에따른일축압축강도측정한결과, 1:9에서시멘트대비약 93.5~ 95.8%, 3:7의경우 82.5%, 5:5의경우 65.2~70.6% 로혼합비율은 3:7이가장효율적인것으로판단되나추후추가적인혼합재료를통하여현장그라우팅사용시에알맞은최적의혼합비를구해야할필요성이있다. 1. Chang, I. and Cho G. C. (2012), Strengthening of Korean Residual Soil with b-1,3/1,6-glucan Biopolymer, Construction and Building Materials, Vol.30, pp Dejong, J. T., Fritzges, M. B., and Nüsslein, K. (2006). Microbially Induced Cementation to Control Sand Response to Undrained Shear, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol.132, No.11, pp Dejong, J. T., Mortensen, B. M., Martinez, B. C. and Nelson, D. C. (2010). Bio-mediated Soil Improvement, Journal of Ecological Engineering, Vol.36, pp Fei, H. C. (1991), The Characteristics of Liquefaction of Silt Soil, Ground Improvement, Vol.8, No.1, pp Kim, D. H., Park, K. H., Kim, S. W., and Mun, S. H. (2012). A Novel Approach to Induce Cementation of Loose Soils., Advanced Science Letters, Vol.9, pp Kim, D. H.. and Park, K. H. (2013). Injection Effect of Bio- Grout Soft Ground., Advanced Science Letters, Vol.19, pp Kwak, T. W. and Kim, H. G. (2003), Social Cost-benefit 8 한국토목섬유학회논문집제 14 권제 2 호

9 Analysis of Lapaz-Hanla Limestone Development Project, Ministry of Environment Report. pp Law, K. T. and Ling, Y. H. (1992), Liquefaction of Granular Soils with Non-cohesive and Cohesive Fines, Proceedings of the 10 th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rotterdam, pp Lee, J. H., Hong, J. O., Jin Y. and Chun, B. S. (2012), The Evaluation of the Field Applicability of the Soil Improving Method Using the Environment-friendly Organic Acid Material, Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.28, No.9, pp Mitchell, J. K., and Santamarina, J. C. (2005). Biological Considerations in Geotechnical Engineering. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering, Vol.131, No.10, pp Paassen, L. A., Harkes, M. P., Zwieten, G. A., Zon, W. H., Star, W. R. L., and Loosdrecht, M. C. M., (2009). Scale Up of Biogrout: A Biological Ground Reinforcement Method. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, pp Park, B. G. and Lee, G. C. (1999), Evaluation Methods of Weathering Degree for Korean Decomposed Granite Soils, Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.15, No.1, pp Park, K. H. (2011), Strength Improvement of Soft Soil using Soft Soil, MS, Thesis, Chosun University, Korea. 14. Park, K. H. and Kim, D. H. (2012), Identification of Calcium Carbonate for Silt and Sand Treated with Bacteria, Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.28, No.6, pp Park, K. H and Kim, D. H. (2013), Effect of Strength and Injection for the Sand Treated Bacteria, Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.29, No.2, pp Park, S. K. (2010), A Study on Characteristics of Soil-Cement with Fine Contents, MS, Thesis, Jeonnam University, Korea. 17. Park, S. S., Choi, S. K. and Nam, I. H. (2012), Development of Ground Cement using Plant Extract, Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.28, No.3, pp Park, S. S., Kim, K. Y., Kim, C. W. and Choi, H. S. (2010), Strength Variation of Cemented Sand Due to Wetting, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol.29, No.6, pp Soon, N. W., Lee, M. L., Khun T. C. and Ling, H. S. (2013), Improvements in Engineering Properties of Soils through Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol.17, No.4, pp Whiffin, V. S., Paassen, L. A., and Harkes, M.. P. (2007). Microbial Carbonate Precipitation as a Soil Improvement Technique, Geomicrobiology Journal, Vol.24, pp.1-7. 미생물을활용한지반개량제의혼합비율에따른사질토의강도개선효과 9

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