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1 Wireless Signal Map Matching for Terrestrial Wireless Location Systems This paper proposes a new wireless-signal map-matching method for calibrating non-line-of-sight error in terrestrial wireless location systems under urban environments. The proposed method does not require specific types of handsets and is easily implemented by installing a telegeoinfomatics server either inside or outside of the core network structure. The installed telegeoinfomatics server, eliminating the necessity of sending probe cars and surveying instruments with operators outside, gathers bulks of measurements within a specific area by core network structure. The distorted user distribution based on the gathered network measurements are compared with the ideal map geometry to produce non-line-of-sight error correction maps. Once the corrections maps are constructed, user requests for location-based services can be responded in real-time. A simulation result, assuming a typical dense urban environment, demonstrates the benefits of the proposed wireless-signal map-matching technique. Keywords: location, NLOS error, map match, calibration, location-based service

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13 correlation method for GSM location," IEEE VTC 2001 Spring Conf., Rhodes, May 2001, pp [18] G. Wolfle, R. Hoppe, D. Zimmermann, and F.M. Landstorfer, "Enhanced Localization Technique within Urban and Indoor Environments based on Accurate and Fast Propagation Models", European Wireless 2002, Firence (Italy, Feb [19] A. Ichimura, M. Kamimura, J. Yamamoto, Vehicle Position Detecting Apparatus, US patent 6,023,653, Feb. 8, [20] W. Kim, G. I. Jee, J. G. Lee, "Efficient Use of Digital Road Map in Various Positioning for ITS," IEEE PLANS 2000, San Diego, Mar. 2000, pp [21] C. E. White, D. Bernstein, A. L. Kornhauser, "Some map matching algorithms for personal navigation assistants," Transportation Research Part C, Vol. 8, 2000, pp [22] R. Padovani, W. M. Hamdy, G. Bar-David, Pilot Singal Searching Technique for a Cellular Communications System, US patent 5,577,022, Nov. 19, [23] K. Shoarinejad, J. L. Speyer, and G. J. Pottie, "Integrated Predictive Power Control and Dynamic Channel Assignment in Mobile Radio Systems", IEEE Tr. on Wireless Comm., Vol. 2, No. 5, Sep. 2003, pp [24] M. Hata, "Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Systems," IEEE Tr. on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 29, No. 3, Aug. 1980, pp [25] E. Damosso, COST 231 (Digital mobile radio towards future generation systems, Final report, European Comission, Bruxelles, [26] TR V3.2.0 ( , Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS; Selection procedures for the choice of radio transmission technologies of the UMTS. [27] D. F. Watson, and G. M. Philip. "A Refinement of Inverse Distance Weighted nterpolation," Geo-process. Vol. 2, 1985, pp [28] R.H. Meyling, J. Gmelig and P.R. Pfluger, "Smooth Interpolation to Scattered Data by Bivariate Piecewise Polynomials of Odd Degree", Computer Aided Geometric Design, No. 7, 1990, pp [29] C. de Boor. A Practical Guide to Splines. Springer verlag, New York, [30] G. Matheron, "Principles of Geostatistics,", Economic Geology, Vol. 58, 1963, pp , [31] J. Lef?bvre, H. Roussel, E. Walter, D. Lecointe and W. Tabbara, "Prediction from Wrong Models: the Kriging Approach," IEEE Antennas and Propag. Mag., Vol. 38, No. 4, 1996, pp [32] K. V. Mardia, C. Goodall, E. J. Redfern and F. J. Alonso, "The Kriged Kalman filter," Test, Vol. 7, No. 2. Dec [33] N. Cressie and C. K. Wikle, "Spacetime Kalman filter," Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, Vol. 4, 2002, pp [34] D. Molkdar, "Review on Radio Propagation Into and Within Buildings", IEE Proceedings-H, Vol. 138, No. 1, Feb. 1991, pp [35] Y. Wang, X. Jia, H.K. Lee, and G. Y. Li, "An Indoor Wireless Positioning System based on Wireless Local Area Network," 6th International Symposium on Satellite Navigation Technology Including Mobile Positioning & Location Services, paper 54, Melbourne, Jul [36] D. Wong and T. J. Lim, "Soft Handoffs in CDMA Mobile Systems", IEEE Personal Communications, Dec. 1997, pp [37] E. W. Dijkstra, "A Note on Two problems in Connexion with Graphs," Numerische Mathematik, Vol. 1, 1959, pp

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