대한밤시선의학회지 1997; 36 : 궤양형내경동맥협착모형을이용한자기공명혈관조영술에서조정변수의적정화에관한실험연구 1 정태섭 은충기 2 서정호 3 엄윤철 4. 이동훈 5. 김은호 6 목적. 경동맥의죽종 (atheroma) 내궤양, 출혈등의확인은일과성허혈증의
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1 대한밤시선의학회지 1997; 36 : 궤양형내경동맥협착모형을이용한자기공명혈관조영술에서조정변수의적정화에관한실험연구 1 정태섭 은충기 2 서정호 3 엄윤철 4. 이동훈 5. 김은호 6 목적. 경동맥의죽종 (atheroma) 내궤양, 출혈등의확인은일과성허혈증의한원인으로임상적으로중요시되고있다. 그러나현실적으로죽종의궤양내부에발생하는와류와저류에의한신호소실로인하여자기공명혈관촬영은궤양의확인에대한신뢰성이높지않다. 저자는죽종내궤양과협착의표현성을높일수있는조정변수를얻기위하여궤양형내경동맥협착모형에여러가지자기공명혈관촬영 pulse sequence 와다양한농도의 gadolinium 용액을이용하여연구하였다. 대상및방법 : 실제궤양및협착된내경동맥과유사한탄력성있는실리콘모형을자체제작하였다. 컴퓨터로조절되는박동성펌프를이용하여다양한농도의 gado linium용액 (1 : 1000 과 1: 200 의 Gd-DTPA) 및증류수를순환시켰다. 2D-TOF (time of fli g ht) 와 3D-T OF se quence 의횡단면과관상면자기공명혈관촬영에서최대강도투사, 다면재구성과자기공명혈관촬영의기본절편영상을분석하였다. 각각의검사종목별 MR 영상을모형내에바리움을채우고촬영한 X진영상과비교분석하였다. 결과 : 모든검사종목에서정상경동맥모형에서의영상이병적인궤양과협착의모형보다우수한영상을보였다. 같은종류의모형에서는다면재구성, 최대강도투사의영상에서궤양과협착의표현도가우수하였으며고농도의 ga d olini um 용액이저농도용액과증류수에비해우수한영상을보였다. 자기공명혈관촬영의 pulse sequence 에서는 3D -TOF 방식의표현력이 2D -TOF 방식보다우수하였다. 결론 : Gadolin i um을고농도로유지하며 3D -T OF 방식의자기공명혈관촬영에서다면재구성법과최대강도투사법을사용하는것이경동맥분지부의궤양과협착의표현력을향상시키기위한적합한 M R 영상방법드로사료된다. 죽종으로인한내경동맥의협착과동반된궤양은혈전의발 생과일과성허혈발작 (transient ischemic attack : TIA) 의 원인으로서널리알려져왔다 (1-6). 따라서경동맥협착에서 궤양의유무확인은매우중요시취급되고있으며, 종래에는비 첨습적검사인경동맥색혈류영상으로많이진단되어왔었다. 그러나경동맥색혈류영상은시술자의능력과기계의성능에 따라서진단결과가영향을많이받게되며, 적절한검사각도의 유지가필요하여휘어진경동맥에서는검사에어려움이많다 (7-8). 최근자기공명영상술 (magnetic resonance imaging : MRI) l 연세대학교의과대학진단방사선과 2 인제대학교의과대학진단방사선과 아주대학교의과대학진단방사선과 1 연세대학교공과대학기계공학과 5 배재대학교물리학과 h 연변의학원진단방사선과, 중국 이논문은 년 10 월 1 4 일접수하여 년 11 월 25 일에채택되었음 때X 의발전과더불어자기공명혈관조영술이경동맥질환의진단에비침습적인진단방법으로널리쓰이고있다. 자기공명혈관조영술은진단결과가시술자와기계에비교적적게영향을받으며, 휘거나변형된경동맥이라도검사에영향을적게받으며, 석회화된죽종이있어도검사에지장을받지않는장점이있어앞으로더욱더많이이용될전망이다 (7). 그러나종래의경동맥에관한자기공병혈관조영술의거의대부분은단순히협착정도를정확히표현할수있는지에대해서집중적으로연구발표하였으며동반된궤양의존재확인에대해서는통상적인촬영도중에우연히관찰할수있였다는내용만이보고되고있다 (7 12). 이러한사실은경동맥협착에서궤양의확인이중요하나현실적으로자기공명혈관조영술의표현력이궤양내부의저속의혈류와난류 (turbulent flow) 로인하여궤양내부의형태를충실히표현할만큼충분하지않다는증거가될수있다. 따라서경동맥협착시동반되는궤 OJ을신뢰성있게표현할수있는적정조정변수 (parameter) 를모형실험을통하여알아내는것
2 정태섭오 1 : 궈 l 앙형내겸동맥렵착모형을이용한자기공명힐관조영술에서조정변수의적정회에관한실힐 이필요하다. 이연구에서는고탄력의실리콘으로제작한경동맥모형을이용하여각종농도의 gadolinium 제재를주입하여박동성혈류를순환시키며여러가지 pulse sequence로자기공명혈관촬영을하였을때경동맥분지부협착과궤 OJ: 을잘표현할수있는조정변수를알아내고자하였다. 대상및방법실리콘경동맥모형의제작파라펀을이용하여실제경동맥의모양과크기가유사한모형을실제통계치에맞추어수작업으로 4가지형태의모형 (Fig. 1A, 1B, 1C & 1D) 을제작하였다 (1 6). 정상경동맥모형 (Fig. 1A) 에서는총경동맥의직경을 6mm, 내경동맥의중간부위가 5mm, 외경동맥이 3mm가되도록각각조절하였다. 협착부위의폐양은한개있는것 (Fig. 1B) 과두개있는것 (Fig. 1C) 을제작하였다. 궤양의크기는각각깊이가 4mm, 폭이 5 mm가되도록하였으며, 협착은내경동맥외측부에비대칭형으로위치한 40% 의협착이되도록유지하였다 (Fig. 1B, 1C). 나머지는내경동맥기시부에대칭형인 40% 의협착 (Fig. 1D) 이되도록제작하였다. 수작업으로제작된파라펀기본모형에흔합형 RTV 실리콘 ( 한국신에츠실리콘주식회사, 대한민국 ) 을도포하여장시간숙성시킨후내부파라핀을가열하여제거한후튜브형경동맥모형을얻었다. 경동맥모형을아크렬로제작한틀에고정시킨후시험적으로유체를압력을주어통과시켜새는지확인하였으며, 내부에바리움을충진시킨후 X 진촬영 (Fig. 1) 을하여원하는대로잘제작되었는지확인한후만족스러운것만실험에사용하였다. 위치하도록하였다. 자기공명혈관촬영은 2D -T OF 와 3 D-TOF 의 pulse sequence 를이용하였으며경동맥분지부와협착궤양부위가중심이되도록위치를선정하였다. 2D -TOF 와 3D-TOF 자기공명혈관촬영시각각횡단및관상촬영을하였다.2D -TOF 자기공명혈관촬영은 FLASH (fast low angle shot) 방식 (TR/TE/FA= 25/9/25) 으로 3 회 acquisition, 두께 3mm, 관찰시야 (FOV) 220mm, pixel은 1.72x l.72mm로하였다. 3D-TOF 자기공명혈관촬영은 FISP (fast imaging with steady precession) 방식 (TR / TE / F A = 30/6/20) 으로 2 회 acquisi tion, 총두께 60mm, 유효두께 1.5mm, 관찰시야 220 mm, p i xel은 1.72 x 1.72 mm으로하여촬영하였다. 횡단촬영시최대강도투사 (maximum intensity projection: MIP) 를사용하여영상을얻였으며, 이어다면재구성방식을이용하여궤양및협착이가장잘관찰되는시상면과관상변의영상을구성하였다. 관상촬영은관상면을따른기본절편영상을관찰하기위하여촬영하였다. 순환용액제작실험용경통맥모형에사용한순환용액은 3가지의증류수, 1 : 1000 의 Gd-DTPA와증류수의희석액및 1: 200 의 Gd-DTPA 와증류수의희석액을사용하였다. 표준성인의체중을 60Kg 으로할때총혈액량을 6000ml로환산하여 Gd -DTPA 의농도가 O.l mmol/kg 이되도록산정한값인 1 : 의 Gd-DTPA 와증류수의희석액은최근조영증강자기공명혈관조영술에대한논문에서혈중적정용량으로정상용량의절반용량을권장함에따라정상농도의절반농도가되도록유지하였다 (1 8). 최근개발된호흡정지조영증강자기공명혈관조영술 (breath hold contrast enhanced MRA) 은정상용량의 2-3 배용량을 박동성혈류경동맥모형내를통과하는박동성혈류는 micro -pro cessor 가내장되어전방이동유출형 (positive 강 i splacement) 펌프이며성능이안정되게보고된 UHDC flow system (Quest Image Co., London, Canada) 을이용하였다 (17). 펌프는크게컴퓨터조절부와 solenoid 밸브를포함한펌프부로나뉘며컴퓨터조절부는 MRI 촬영실외부에, 비자성체로구성된펌프부는 MRI 테이블위에장치하여전기케이블으로연결하였다. 순환액은 gadolinium의신호증강효과를집중비교하기위하여증류수를사용하였으며필요에따라비율에맞게일정량의 gadolinium 제재를주입하였다. 박동성혈류는평균 9. 2ml/ 초, 수축기최대 30m l / 초, 박동량 479ml / 분, ECG 지점 으로조절하였다. MR 혈관조영술 MRI 장비는 1.5T 초전도형 (Vision, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) 이었고 4가지종류의경동맥모형을차례로 MRI 기계내에박동성펌프의펌프부와연결설치하여실험하였다. 무릎촬영용코일을사용하여경동맥모형들이자기장의중심에 Fig. 1. Plain X-ray images of the various phantoms filled with barium. A. Normal carotid bifurcation. B. 40 % stenosis at carotid bifurcation with single ulceratlon. C. 40 % stenosis at carotid bifurcation with dou ble ulcerations. D. 40 % stenosis at internal carotid artery 546 -
3 대한방시선의학회지 199? ; 36 : 권장하고있으므로 1: 200 의고농도인 Gd-DTPA 와증류수의 희석액은 0.5mmo l / kg 이되도록유지하였다 (19). 영상분석및전산처리 촬영에서획득된자료를 workstation (Magic View, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) 에전송한후최대강도투사와 다면재구성영상방법으로재구성하였으며, 이때저장된영상정 보를 workstation 에서 Power Macintosh 9500/ 1 32 로 netwo rk 을통하여전송한후미국보건원 (National institute of health: NIH, MD, USA) 에서제작배부된영상처리소프터웨 어인 NIH Image 으로 head file 을제거한후 Adobe 면의기본절편영상에서나타나는협착과궤양의표현력과 x 선촬영한영상을비교하여표현력의우수성에따라 -( 보이지않는다 ), +( 희미하게보인다 ), ++( 웬만큼보인다 ), +++ ( 선명하게보인다 ) 로구분하였다. 동시에 1: 1000 과 1: 200 으 로희석된 Gd -DTPA(Schering AG, Germany) 의용액으로 순환시켰을때각각같은방법으로영상의질과표현력을분석 하였다. 결 정상경동맥모형과협착부위의궤양이한개있는것과두개 photoshop 과 PowerP oint 의소프터웨어로영상을재구성하였있는것및내경동맥기시부에대칭형인 40% 의협착이있는 4 다. 각각 sequen ce 의최대강도투사및다면재구성영상과관상 가지의기본모형에각각순환액으로 gadolin ium 을섞지않은 과 Table 1. Representing Score of Carotid Artery Bifurcation Phantoms (Norma!, Ulcerations and Stenosis) on Variable Gadolinium Concentrations of Circulating Fluid Gd- Seq- Image Conc uence Ana)ysis 2D-TOF 3D-TOF Phantorn Normal Single ulceration Double ulcerations 40 % stenosis Non-GD 1: : 200 Non-GD 1: : 200 Non-GD 1: : 200 Non-GD 1 : : 200 MIP MPR Coronal Source MIP MPR Coronal Source ; Non-visualized or poorly outlined stenosis and ulceration (s) + ; Faintly outlined stenosis and ulceration (s). + + ; Moderately outlined stenosis and ulceration (s). 十 + + ; Well outlined stenosis and ulceration (s). GD : Gadolinium Conc. : Concentration TOF : Time of flight MIP Maximum intensity projection MPR : Multiple planar reconstruction Fig. 2. Various MRA images of normal carotid bifurcation model filled with distilled water. MIP and MPR images of 2D-TOF are better than other imaging methods. m H Fig. 3. Various MRA images of normal carotid bifurcation model filled with 1: 1000 gadolinium solution. Generally, image qualities with Gd-enhan ced MRA (l : 1000) appears better than the images with distilled water (Fig. 2).
4 정 EH 십오 1: 궤앙형내경동맥힐칙모형을이용한자기공밍휠관조영술에서조정변수의적정호 } 에관한실힐 증류수, 1 : 1000 으로희석된 gadolinium 용액과 1: 200 으로희석된 ga dolinium 용액을순환시키며 2D -T OF 와 3D -TOF 의각각 seq u ence로촬영한자기공명혈관조영술에서최대강도투사, 다면재구성영상빛관상면촬영의기본절편영상에있어서궤양과협착의표현력정도를 -, +, ++, +++ 으로나누어분석한결과는 Table 1 과같다. 정상경동맥모행에서증류수 (Fig. 2) 와 1 : 1000 (Fig. 3) 및 1: 200 (Fig. 4) 의 gadolinium 희석용액을사용한 2D-TOF 와 3D-TOF 의최대강도투사와다면재구성영상의표현력은좋은편이었으나관상면촬영의기본절편영상에서는증류수만순환시킨경우영상이흐리게보였으나 gado lin ium을희석한경우그농도에비례해서신호강도도증가되며영상의표현도좋아졌다. 경동맥협착부에한개의궤양이있는모형 (Fig.5-7 ) 과두 개의궤양이있는모형 (Fig ) 에있어서증류수만순환시 킨경우최대강도투사와관상면촬영의기본절편영상에서는 궤양의모습이전혀보이지않았으며 2D -TOF 와 3 D -TOF 의 다면재구성영상에서흐리게모습이보였다. 1: 1000 및 1 : 200 의 gadolinium 희석용액을사용한 2D -TOF 와 3D -TOF 의최 대강도투사와다면재구성영상에서신호가점차증가되며궤양 의모습이잘보이게되며특히 3D -TOF 의최대강도투사와다 면재구성영상에서월등히표현력이좋아졌다. 내경동액기시부에대청형인 40% 의 협착이있는모형에서 증류수 (Fig. ll ) 와 1 : 1000 (Fig. 12) 및 1 : 200 (Fig. 1 3) 의 gadolinium 희석용액을순환시킨경우 2D-TOF sequence 의 관상면촬영기본절편영상에서가장표현력이나쨌으며그외의 Fig. 4. Various MRA images of normal carotid bifurcation model filled with 1 : 200 gadolinium solution. Image qualities with high concentrated Gd-enhanced MRA (1 : 200) are better than the MRA with disti!led water and low concentrated Gd-enhanced MRA (Fig. 2, 3) Fig. 6. Various MRA images of 40 % stenosis and single ulceration at carotid bifurcation model filled with 1 : 1000 gadolinium solution. MIP and MPR images of the 3D-TOF Gd-enhanced MRA reveals better outline of ulceration than the MRA with distilled water. Fig. 5. Various MRA images of 40 % sten osis and single ulceration at carotid bifurcation model filled with distilled water. An ulceration at carotid bifurcation is fa intly outlined on MPR images of 2D- and 3D-TOF MRA w ith distilled water. The ulceration was not detected on th e other imaging methods Fig. 7. Various MRA images of 40 % stenosis and single ulceration at carotid bifurcation model filied with 1 : 200 gadolinium solution. High concentrated Gd-enhanced MRA (MPR of 2D-TOF, MIP and MPR of 3D-TOF) shows better images of ulceration at carotid bifurcation than the MRA with distilled water and low concentrated Gdenhanced MRA (Fig. 5, 6)
5 대한밤사선의학호 지 1997 ; 36 : 조건에서는증류수를순환한경우희미하게보일정도이었으나 gadolinium 희석농도의증가에따라서표현력도점차향상되었다. 전체적인평가로각항목별 + 의수를함산한결과 3D-TOF 의다면재구성영상이가장표현력이우수하였으며그다음으로 3D -TOF 의최대강도투사, 2D -TOF 의다면재구성영상, 3D TOF 의관상면촬영기본절편엠상과 2D -TOF 의최대강도투사영상의순서이었으며 2D -TOF 의관상면촬영기본절편영상이가장표현력이나쨌다. 순환액의종류별비교에서는증류수보다 gadolinium을추가한경우신호강도가좋아졌으며 gadolinium 의농도가높을수록협착과궤양의묘사력이좋아졌다. 각모형별비교에서는청상경동맥분지형모형에서는증류수로만순환시켜도영상표현력이우수하였으나협착과궤양이있는 경우증류수만순환시킨경우신호강도가급격히떨어쳤으며 gadolinium을추가한후신호강도가증가되며표현력이좋아졌다. 고찰최근자기공명혈관조영술이경통맥질환의비침습적진단방법으로많이이용되고있으나영상의표현력이재래식조영제혈관조영술만큼좋지않으며혈류의변화에대해서민감하게변할수있다. 특히경통맥죽종에동반된궤양의존재는일과성허혈발작의원인으로서중요시취급되므로궤양의유무확인이중요하다. 궤 % 꽤부의유동으로오 } 류또는정체가생길가능성이높으며이로인한신호강도의갇소는자기공명혈관조영숱 Fig. 8. Various MRA images of 40 % stenosis and double ulcerations at carotid bifurcation model filled with distilled water. Double ulcerations at carotid bifurcation are faintl y outlined on MPR images of 2D- and 3D-TOF MRA with distilled water. The ulcerations were not detected on the other imagin 옹 methods. Fig. 10. Various MRA images of 40 % stenosis and dou ble ulcerations at carotid bifurcation model filled with 1 : 200 gadolinium solution. Generally, high concentrated Gd-enhanced MRA shows better images of double ulcerations at carotid bifurcation than the MRA with distilled water and low concentrated Gd-enhanced MRA (Fig. 8, 9). Fig. 9. Various MRA images of 40 % stenosis and double ulcerations at carotid bifurcation model filled with gadolinium solution. MIP and MPR images of the 3D-TOF Gd-enhanced MRA reveals better outline of ulcerations than the MRA with distilled water. Fig. 11. Various MRA images of 40 % stenosis at internal carotid filled with distilled water. Stenosis at carotid bi furcation is faintly outlined on the 2D- and 3D-TOF MRA with distilled water
6 소를 gado linium효과로보상하여혈관영상의질과조영도를사영상에비해궤양과협착에대한비교적우수한표현력을보 -정태십오 1: 궤앙형내경동맥힐칙모형을이용한자기공명혈관조염술에서조징변수의적정회에관한실힐 1魔Fig. 12. Various MRA images of 40 % stenosis at internal Fig. 13. Various MRA images of 40 % stenosis at internal carotid artery filled with 1: 1000 gadolinium solution carotid artery filled with 1: 200 gadolinium solution Gd-enhanced MRA(l: 1000) reveals better outline of 40 % Generally, high concentrated Gd-enhanced MRA shows stenosis than the MRA with distilled water. better images of 40 % stenosis at carotid bifurcation than the MRA with distilled water and low concentrated Gd-enhanced MRA (Fig. 1 L 12). 때궤양의발견율을떨어뜨리는중요한요인이될수있다. 자 증가시킬수있다 (14, 21). 저자의실험결과에서보면정상경 기공명혈관조영술시궤양의 발견율은 % 로다양하게 통맥모형에서는 gadolin ium을첨가하지않았다하여도신호강 발표되고있어 (7-12) 전반적으로신뢰성은낮은것으로보인다. 물론촬영방법과기계종류에따라차이가있을수있겠지만역설적으로궤 % 노을정확하게표현할수있는적절한 sequence 나방법이확립되지않았다고도볼수있다. 도가비교적적절히유지되었으나궤양이나협착이있는경동맥모행에서는 gadolinium을첨가하지않는경우선호강도가급격히감소하여궤양이나협착의정확한파악이힘들정도였다. 신호강도의증가를위해서 pixel의크기를크게하거나, acq 일반척으로 3D-TOF 방식의 자기공명혈관조영술이 2D. ui s i tio n 의회수를증가시키는방법을이용할수있으나영상 TOF 방식의자기공명혈관조영술보다고해상력을가지고있어두개강내부의혈관을촬영하는데더많이이용되나 2D -TOF 와 3 D-TOF 방식모두경동맥에사용할수있는 seq u ence 이기때문에본연구에대상으로하였다. 3D -TOF 방식이 2D -TOF 방식보다촬영두께가 1. 5 mm로앓 의질이저하하거나시간이오래걸려어느정도이상의범위에서는이용이어려우므로궤양이나협착의유동변화로인한신호소실을보상하는데는 gado linium제재를이용하는것이보다효과적이라고생각된다. 표준성인의혈액량이 6, 000 m l내외이므로 Gd-DTPA 6 ml를주사한경우를 1 : 희석용액으 다는점등으로인해전반적으로궤양의표현력이좋았다각각 로, 정상주업용량인 1 5ml 의두배용량에해당하는 30 ml를 의 se quence 에서최대강도투사, 다면재구성영상과관상면기 주사한경우흘 1: 200희석액으로산정하여실험하였다. 저자들 본절편영상의 표현력비교에서 3D -TOF 의 다면재구성영상의 의실험상 gado li n ium 의농도가높을수록전반척인신호의강 표현력이우수하였다. 경동맥협착부위에서기본절편영상을관찰하는것이경동맥혈관벽의변화도동시에볼수있으므로도 도도증가되었으며표현력도향상되였다. 적절한영상구성을위해서최대강도투사, 다면재구성영상과 움이 된다는 보고가 있었으나 ( 2이 저자의 실험에서는 기본절편영상을이용할수있다 (15, 20). 자기공병혈관촬영의 3D -TOF 다면재구성영상이더우수하였다. 저자의의견으로는컴퓨터의발전으로다면재구성영상을이용한다면표현력을높일수있을뿐만아니라혈관벽의형태도동시에관찰이가능하므후훨신효과적일것으로사료되며다른보고와도일치하였다 (15) 기본절편영상을이용하는경우혈관벽의변화를직접확인할수있디든장점이있다고보고되었으나 (20, 22, 23) 저자들의경험상궤양이나협착부위를정확히겨냥하지못하는경우가있을수있으며실제영상도만족스럽지못하였다. 오히려저자들의연구에서는혈관묘사대조도는최대강도투사, 다면재구성 증류수, 1 : 1000, 1 : 200 의순서로 gadolinium 제재의희석 영상에서우수하게나타났으며특히컴퓨터를이용하여다면재 비율이높을수록신호강도가월등히향상되였다. 협착및궤양같이유통의변화가생길수있는경우에서는 gadolinium 제재의희석액을순환시키며촬영한 3D -TOF 방식의최대강도투사, 구성영상을이용한다면정확하게궤양과협착부위를겨냥한영상을얻을수있였다. 궤양을표현하는데있어서 3D -TOF 방식에서 ga dolinium 제재의희석액을순환시키며촬영한다면재구 다면재구성영상에서특히표현력이좋아졌다. 이러한현상은 성영상과 최대강도투사영상 모두 표현력이 우수하였으나, 자기공명혈관조영술때 gado linium 이순환혈액의 T1 이완시간 ga dolinium제재의 첨가하지않은증류수만순환시킨경우 을감소시키는효과가있기때문에난류와정체에따른신호감 3D -TOF 방식에서다면재구성영상을얻은영상이최대강도투 % n ν-필 벌꾀빼ν藝l빼-빠VJ鋼빼 鋼
7 대한밤시선의학회지 1997 ; 36 : 였다. 또한최대강도투사영상은기계적으로생성되는영상인데 반해다면재구성영상은검사자가주관을가지고관찰하며만드 는영상이므로혹시최대강도투사영상에서흐리거나또는누락 된병변도다양한각도에서다시한번검토할기회를가질수 있겠다. 이러한의미에서최대강도투사영상에서궤양등의병 변이있다하여도다면재구성영상을검사자가흐리거나또는 누락된병변을직접확인하는것이바람직하겠다. 결론적으로 3D -TOF 방식에 gadolinium 제재를희석한용액 을순환시키며최대강도투사, 다면재구성영상의영상을얻을 경우표현력이우수하였으므로, 앞으로인체에적용할때통상 용량의 gadolinium 제재를주사하며 MOTSA (multiple overlapping thin slab acquis i tionj 방식등 3D-TOF 의 sequence 를이용한다면경동맥의협착뿐만아니라궤양등의정확한확 인에도움이될것으로사료된다. 참고문헌 1 정태섭, 서정호 / 김동익등한국인뇌경색증의색조도플러 혈류영상대한방사선의학회지 1990; 26: Fisher M. Occlusion of the carotid arteries. Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1954; 72: Bartynski W5, Darbouse p, Nemir P Jr. 5ignificance of ulcerated plaque in transient cerebral ischemia. Am J Surg : Dixon 5, Pais 50, Raviola C, et al. Natural history of nonstenotic, asymptomatic ulcerative lesions of the carotid ar tery: a further analysis. Arch Surg 1982; 117: Mohr JP. Asymptomatic carotid artery disease. Stroke 1982; Fields WS. Cerebrovascular disease. In Netter FH, ed. The CIBA collection of medical illustrations. Vol 1. μ'est Caldwell CIBA 1986: Wasserman BA, Haacke EM, Li D. Carotid plaque formation and its evaluation with angiography, ultrasound, and MR angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging 1994; 4: Huston J III, Lewis BD, Wiebers DO, et al. Carotid artery: prospective blinded comparison of two-dimensional time-of-f1 ight MR angiography with conventional angiography and duplex U5. Radiology 1993; 186: Ricotta JJ, Bryan FA, Bond MG, et al. Multicenter validation study of real-time (B-mode) ultrasound, arteriography, and pathologic examination. J Vasc Surg 1987; 6: F J F 10 Anderson CM, 5aloner D, Lee RF, et al. Assessment of carotid artery stenosis by MR angiography : comparison with x-ray angiography and color-coded Doppler ultrasound. AJNR 1992; Laster RE, Acker JD, Halford HH IIL et al. Assessment of MR angiography versus arteriography for evaluation of cervical ca rotid bifurcation disease. AJNR 1993; Mattle HP, Kent KC, Edelman RR, et al. Evaluation of the extracranial carotid arteries: correlation of magnetic resonance angiography, duplex ultrasonography, and conventional angiography. J Vasc Surg 1991; 13: Huston J IIL Ehman RL. Comparison of time-of- f1ight and phase contrast MR neuroangiographic techniques. RadioGraphics 1993; 13: ze G, Goldberg N, Kawamura Y. Comparison of bolus and con stant infusion methods of gadolinium administration in MR angiography. AJNR 1994; 15: Vanninen RL, Mannine HL Partanen PK, et al. How should we estimate carotid stenosis using magnetic resonance angiography? Neuroradiology 1996; 38 : Zarins CK, Giddens DP, Bharadvaj BK, et al. Carotid bifurcation atherosclerosis : quantitative correlation of plaque localization with f10w velocity profiles and wall shear stress. Circ Res 1983; 53: Holdsworth DW, Rickey DW, Drangova M, et al. Computer-controlled positive displacement pump for physio logical f10w simulation. Med. & Bilo. Eng & Comput 1991; Jung HW, Chang KH, Choi D5, et al. Contrast enhanced MR angiography for the diagnosis of intracranial vascular disease Optimal dose of Gadopentate Dimeglumine. AJR 1995; Prince MR. Gadolinium-enhanced MR aortography. Radiology 1994; 191: Anderson CM, Lee RE, Levin DL, et al. Measurement of internal carotid artery stenosis from source MR angiograms Radiology 1994; 193: Marchal G, Michiels J, Bosmans H, et al. Contrast enhanced MRA of the brain. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1992; 16: Masaryk T, Obuchowski N. Noninvasive carotid imaging caveat emptor. Radiology 1993; Bowen BC, Quencer RM, Margosian P, et al. MR angiography of occlusi ve disease of the arteries in the head and neck: cur rent concepts. AJR 1994;
8 정태십오 1 : 궤양형내경동맥렵착모형을이용한자기공명힐관조영술에서조정변수의적정화에관한실힘 J Korean Radiol Soc 1997; 36: An Experimental Study on Optimization of Parameter Values for Magnetic Resonance Angiography Using Phantom Model of Ulcerated Stenotic Internal Carotid Arteryt Tae-Sub Chung, M.D., Choong Ki Eun, M.D. 2, Jung Ho Suh, M.D. 3 Yoon Chu1 Rhim, Ph.D. 4, Dong Hoon Lee, Ph.D. 5, En-Hao Jin, M.D. 6 1 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, College of Medicine, Y onsei University 2Department of Diagnostic Radiology, College of Medicinζ Inje Universiη 3Department of Diagnostic Radiolog)ι College of Me 뼈diκ 띠Cα C!rη zn eκ, 써 A~oωuUαJ niversitη y 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University 5 Department of Physics, Paichai U niversity 6 Department of Diagnostic Radiolog)ι Yanbian M edical College, China Purpose: It has been suggested that an ulceration or hemorrhage within an atheroma on a stenotic carotid artery is a clinically important cause of transient ischemic attack (TIA). In previous studies, due to its inherent signa1 10ss by static or turbu1ent flow, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) proved to be an unreliab1e methed for the eva1uation of subt1e changes of ulceration. To improve the detectability of the ulceration within atheroma, a vascu1ar phantom was filled with gado- 1inium solution of various concentrations during various MR sequences. Materials and Methods: Severa1 vascu1ar phantoms made of e1astic silicon mimicking an ulcerated stenotic interna1 carotid artery (ICA) were constructed, and gadolinium solution of different concentrations (1 : 1000 and 1: 200 of Gd-DTPA) and distilled water were introduced into the vascu1ar phantoms using a computerized pu1satile pump. To eva1uate maximum intensity projection (MIP), mu1tip1e p1anar reconstruction (MPR) and source images, axia1 and corona1 images of MRA with 2D-TOF (time of flight) and 3D-TOF were reviewed. Each image of various sequences was compared with p1ain X-ray fi1ms of each phantom filled with barium. Results: On all MR suquences, the images of the phantom of the norma1 carotid bifurcation were su perior to the images of ulcerated and stenotic phantoms. MPR and MIP were the optima1 image for detecting and defining ulceration and stenosis. Better quality images were obtained when a higher concentration of Gd-DTP A was used and when the 3D-TOF technique instead of the 2D-TOF technique was applied. Conclusion: This study revea1s that a combination of higher concentration gadolinium with MPR and MIP on 3D-TOF technique cou1d be optima1 for the eva1uation of ulceration and/or stenosis at the bifurcation of the carotid artery. Index Words: Carotid arteries, MR Carotid arteries, stenosis or obstruction Magnetic resonance (MR), vascu1ar studies Address reprint requests to: Tae-Sub Chung, M.D., Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, YongDong Severance HospitaL # Dogok-Dong, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul , Korea. Tel Fax 떠샤
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