07-20신연호

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1 대한응급의학회지제 23 권제 6 호 Volume 23, Number 6, December, 2012 원 저 90 일이하발열환아에게중증세균성감염의저위험예측기준의유용성 아주대학교의과대학응급의학교실, 인제대학교일산백병원응급의학교실 1 신연호 민영기 이지숙 전우찬 1 Usefulness of Low-Risk Criteria for Serious Bacterial Infections in Febrile Infants Younger than 90 Days of Age Yeon Ho Shin, M.D., Young Gi Min, M.D., Ji Sook Lee, M.D., Woo Chan Jeon, M.D. 1 Conclusion: Although low-risk infants must be carefully observed, our criteria for low-risk might be a reliable and useful tool for excluding SBI for febrile young infants in ED. Key Words: Febrile infants, Serious bacterial infection, Low-risk criteria Purpose: To examine the usefulness of simple and quick criteria for identifying febrile infants younger than 90 days with a low risk for serious bacterial infection (SBI). Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of febrile infants younger than 90 days who visited an emergency department (ED) between July 2010 and June We reviewed their medical history, physical examination findings, levels of white blood cells (WBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP), blood culture, urinalysis, and an analysis of their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients who met all the following criteria were considered to have a low risk for SBI: (1) an unremarkable medical history, (2) a good appearance, (3) no focal physical signs of infection, (4) WBC 5,000~15,000 /mm 3, (5) CRP <2.0 mg/dl, (6) a normal urinalysis, and (7) CSF WBC <25 /mm 3 for neonate or <10 /mm 3 for infants between 29 days and 90 days. SBI was defined as a positive culture of bacteria from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine. Results: Complete data were available for 493 infants. SBI was documented in 62(12.6%) infants, with 54(11.0%) having a urinary tract infection, 3(0.6%) with bacteremia, 1 (0.2%) with bacterial meningitis, and 4(0.8%) with co-infections. The sensitivity and negative predictive value for SBI from the combination of low-risk criteria was 98.4% and 99.6%, respectively. 책임저자 : 이지숙경기도수원시영통구월드컵로 164 아주대학교의과대학응급의학교실 Tel: 031) , Fax: 031) eesysook@naver.com 접수일 : 2012년 10월 30일, 1차교정일 : 2012년 11월 6일게재승인일 : 2012년 12월 5일 819 Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea, Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Koyang, Korea 1 서 영아는임상증상이나징후가모호하거나비특이적인경우가많아발열의원인을찾기가힘든반면, 90일이하의발열환아에서원인이중증세균성감염으로밝혀진경우가 10~21% 를차지한다 1-5). 이는더큰유소아에비해상대적으로높은빈도로, 이를감별하기위해서어린영아일수록혈액, 소변, 뇌척수액배양검사를포함한여러가지검사를시행하고입원및항생제사용을적극적으로고려하게된다 6-8). 만약안전한범위내에서중증세균성감염의저위험군을판별할수있다면불필요한입원과검사를최소화할수있으므로, 기존연구자들에의하여여러가지저위험군예측기준이제안된바있다 3,7-9). 1990년대에국내에 b형인플루엔자균 (Hemophilus influenzae type B; Hib) 백신이도입된이후세균성수막염의원인균중 Hib의빈도가 34.3% 에서 26.1% 로감소하였고, 그밖의침습성세균감염의원인으로서 Hib가차지하는비율또한 20.1% 에서 4.5% 로현저히감소하였다 10,11). 7가폐구균단백결합백신 (pneumococcal 7-valent conjugated vaccine; PCV-7) 이국내에 2003년에도입된이후폐구균에의한중증세균성감염발병빈도의변화에대한자료는아직없으나, 해외연구결과에의하면 Hib 와 PCV-7 예방접종이도입된후영아및유아에게중증세균성감염의유병률이감소하고있다 12,13). 아파보이지않는 60일이하의영아에서중증세균성감염률은 5% 미만으로보고되고있으며 60일이후의영아에서요로감염 론

2 820 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 23 권제 6 호 2012 외의세균감염은 1% 미만으로추정되고있다 4). 따라서기존의간단한지표들을이용한중증세균성감염을배제하기위한저위험군예측기준을사용하기에부적절한측면이있다. 또한기존에사용되던중증세균성감염의저위험군예측기준에서는혈액학적검사로주로총백혈구수와띠중성구비율을사용하였으나이러한검사들의진단적가치가회의적인보고들도있다 6-9,13-16). 이를보완하기위해 C-반응성단백질 (CRP), 프로칼시토닌, 인터루킨-6(IL- 6) 을비롯한다양한생화학적지표들이중증세균성감염의예측인자로서연구되고있으나, 실제응급실에서시행하기어렵거나빠른시간내에결과를확인하기어려운항목들이포함되어있다 17-21). 본저자들은발열을주소로내원한 90일이하의영아들중에서국소증상이나징후가없는환아를대상으로임상양상과응급실에서쉽게확인가능한초기검사를통해중증세균성감염에대한저위험군예측기준을설정하고그유용성을평가하고자하였다. 대상과방법 1. 연구대상 2010년 7월부터 2011년 6월까지아주대병원응급의료센터에발열 ( 고막또는액와체온 38 C) 을주소로내원한 90일이하의영아를대상으로하였다. 내원당시신체검진상국소감염이확인된경우, 진찰또는흉부방사선사진상호흡기질환으로확인된경우, 내원전항생제치료를받았던경우또는항생제복용여부가불확실한경우는제외하였다. 2. 연구방법각환아의내원기록을후향적으로검토하여과거력, 내원당시임상증상, 진찰소견, 응급검사결과와입원후검사결과및주진단등을조사하였다. 중증세균성감염은혈액, 소변, 뇌척수액과제대나연부조직등의화농성분비물을대상으로시행한배양검사결과세균성병원균이배양된경우로정의하였다. 설사가있었던환아의경우대변배양검사결과를확인하였다. 본연구기간동안에는무균채뇨백을사용하였으며소변분석검사가양성이면서 10 5 colony forming unit (CFU) /ml 이상의단일세균이배양된경우를세균성요로감염으로정의하였다. 응급실에서확인할수있는증상, 병력, 초기검사결과를토대로중증세균성감염에대한위험예측기준을설정하였다. 본연구에서설정한저위험군예측기준은 Table 1과같다. 환아의증상, 병력, 검사결과를취합한저위험군예측기준을하나라도만족시키지못하면고위험군으로분류하였다. 대상환아들을고위험군과저위험군으로분류한후중증세균성감염에대해저위험군예측기준의임상적유용성을평가하였다. 3. 통계방법통계분석은 SPSS 12.0 프로그램을사용하였다. 범주형변수는빈도와백분율로표시하였고, 카이제곱검정을사용하여비교하였다. 연속형변수는평균 ± 표준편차로표시하였고, Student s t test를사용하여비교하였다. p값이 0.05 미만인경우통계적으로유의한차이가있다고판정하였다. Table 1. Low risk criteria for SBI 1 Not so ill-looking appearance Not lethargic state No mottling 2 Previously healthy Born at term Had not been previously hospitalized (including NICU) No underlying diseases 3 Laboratory data: Peripheral blood WBC count 5,000~15,000/mm 3 CRP <2 mg/dl Urinalysis <5 WBC/HPF Urine chemistry: Leukocyte esterase (-) and Nitrite (-) CSF <25 WBC/HPF( 28 days old) or <10 WBC/HPF ( 29 days old) SBI: serious bacterial infection, WBC: white blood cell, HPF: high power field, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid.

3 신연호외 : 90 일이하발열환아에게중증세균성감염의저위험예측기준의유용성 / 821 결과 1. 일반적특성연구기간동안발열을주소로내원한 90일이하의영아는 775명이었다. 이중의무기록이나검사에서관련항목이확인되지않은 222명과, 내원전 48시간내에항생제복용을하였거나복용여부가불확실한 60명을제외한 493 명을대상으로분석하였다. 연령별분포는 0~28일 124명 (25.1%), 29~60일 171명 (34.7%), 61~90일 198명 (40.2%) 이었다 (Fig. 1). 남아가 289명 (58.6%), 여아가 204명 (41.4%) 이었으며평균나이는 49.3±25.1일, 평균체중은 5.5±2.5 kg이었다. 2. 저위험군예측기준의유용성저자들이설정한예측기준에따라고위험군과저위험군을나누었을때고위험군은 255명 (51.7%), 저위험군은총 238명 (48.3%) 이었다. 성별은남아가고위험군 143명 (56.1%), 저위험군 146명 (61.3%) 으로모두여아보다많 았다. 연령은고위험군 50.8±24.2일, 저위험군 47.7± 25.9일 (p=0.13), 체중은고위험군 5.4±2.3 kg, 5.6±2.7 kg (p=0.18) 으로각각통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 중증세균성감염으로최종진단된 62명중 61명이고위험군으로분류되어저위험군예측기준의민감도는 98.4%, 특이도 55.0%, 양성예측치는 23.9%, 음성예측치 99.6% 였다 (Table 2). 저위험군으로분류된 1명의환아는생후 28일이하이며균혈증 (Group B Streptococcus) 이진단되었다. 연령에따라구분해보았을때, 28일이하신생아군에서민감도가 90.8%, 음성예측치 98.6% 로가장낮았다. 3. 중증세균성감염의발생빈도혈액, 뇌척수액, 대변, 소변배양검사를통하여최종적으로중증세균성감염이진단된환아는 493명중 62명 (12.6%) 이었다. 요로감염이 54명 (11.0%) 으로가장많았고균혈증 3명 (0.6%), 세균성뇌수막염 1명 (0.2%), 2가지의감염증이동시에진단된경우는 4명 (0.8%) 이었다 (Table 3). 29일이후에서는중증세균성감염의대부분 (96%) 이요로감염으로, 연령별로상이한차이를보였다. Fig. 1. Enrolled and exclusion of febrile infants between 0 day and 90 days old. Table 2. Diagnosis of 62 infants with serious bacterial infections 0~28 days (n=124) 29~60 days (n=171) 61~90 days (n=198) UTI Bacteremia Bacterial meningitis UTI+Bacteremia Bacterial meningitis+bacteremia Bacterial meningitis+uti Total SBI (%) 11 (8.9%) 29 (17.0%) 22 (21.4%) UTI: urinary tract infection, SBI: serious bacterial infection.

4 822 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 23 권제 6 호 2012 반면소변의현미경검사와화학검사에서양성소견을보였으나배양검사결과오염으로진단된경우가 22.7% 이었다. 29~90일환아 369명중 53명 (14.4%) 이뇌척수액세포증가증을보였으나 1명만세균성뇌수막염으로진단되었고나머지 52명 (14.1%) 는무균성뇌수막염으로진단되었다 (Table 4). 고찰발열은감염질환의흔한증상으로 90일이하영아의발열원인은바이러스에의한것이대부분이다 22,23). 그러나이들중 13~21% 는심각한세균성감염을보이기때문에영아의경우즉각적인배양검사와함께입원및경험적항생제치료를시행하는경향이있다 1-3,6). 어린영아일수록검체채취가어렵고침습적검사와입원에대한보호자들의거부감이높으며의인성합병증이생길위험도높다. 이러한점들을고려해볼때많이아파보이지않거나명백한세균성감염이의심되지않는영아의경우에도모든검사와치료를해야하는지에대해오랜기간동안논란이있어왔다 3,4,6,7,9,23-25). 기존에중증세균성감염을배제하기위해사용되던저위험군예측기준의경우, 민감도와음성예측치는높으나양성예측치가낮아고위험군으로분류된환아중중증세균성감염이아닌경우가많았다. 결과적으로이런환아들도불필요한입원과경험적항생제치료를시행하게되므로, 양성예측치를더높이기위해새로운기준과예측인자에대한연구가지속되어왔다 8,9). 최근중증세균성감염의예측인자로연구되고있는생화학적인자들중프로칼시토닌과 CRP가총백혈구수와비슷하거나더우월한유용성을보인다고보고되어있다 19-21). 프로칼시토닌의경우연구자들간의차이가있기는하나바이러스감염과세균감염을감별하는지표로기준값을 1.0 ng/ml로하였을때민감도 96%, 특이도 93%, 기준값을 2.0 ng/ml로하였을때민감도 83%, 특이도 96% 로우수하다 21,26). 그러나연구자들에따라기준값의범위가넓고세균감염이있었던영아의 10~20% 에서는프로칼시토닌수치가상대적으로낮았다는보고도있어단일지표로위험예측기준으로사용하기에는적당하지않다 21,27). 또한국내대부분의응급실에서프로칼시토닌의결과를즉각적으로확인할수없는경우가많아초기진단검사로적용하기엔어렵다. CRP는염증이시작된후 4~6시간내에빠르게상승하므로조기에세균성감염을인지할수있고프로칼시토닌에비하여저렴하며결과확인이상대적으로단시간에용이하다는장점이있어 1차진료기관이나응급실에서중증세균성감염을감별하기위한인자로적합하다 20,21). 세균성감염을감별하기위한 CRP의기준값에대해서도연구자에따라 1.0 mg/dl에서 14.8 mg/dl까지범위가넓고그에따라민감도와특이도도다양하게보고되고있으나표준화된수치는아직정해지지않았다 17,19,21,23,27). 이전의연구결과들을토대로다른인자들과연관하여평가하였을때저자들은 2 mg/dl을기준값으로적절하다고판단하였다 19,21,28). 과거의중증세균성감염의저위험군예측기준에서사용되던인자들에 CRP를추가하여저자들의저위험군예측기준을만들어적용해보았다. 그결과민감도 98.4%, 음성예측치 99.6% 로, 필라델피아연구 98%, 99.7%, 로체스터연구 92%, 98.9% 와비교할때충분히안전하게중증세균성감염을배제하기위한저위험군을예측할수있었다 8,9). 28일이하의신생아 1명이저위험군으로예측되었으나패혈증으로진단되었고처음부터경험적항생제및입원치료를시행하였으므로합병증없이퇴원하였다. Table 3. Performance of risk criteria in identifying serious bacterial infections SBI* Non-SBI Total High Risk Group 61 (23.9%) 194 (76.1%) 255 Low Risk Group 01 (00.4%) 237 (99.6%) 238 Total 62 (12.6%) 431 (87.4%) 493 Sensitivity; 61/62=98.4%, Specificity; 237/431=55.0%, Positive Predictive Value; 61/255=23.9%, Negative Predictive Value; 237/238=99.6%. * SBI: serious bacterial infection. Table 4. Season and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis No pleocytosis Pleocytosis Total October-May (Non-Summer) 205 (90.3%) 22 (09.7%) 227 June-September (Summer) 111 (78.7%) 30 (21.3%) 141 Total 316 (85.9%) 52 (14.1%) 368

5 신연호외 : 90 일이하발열환아에게중증세균성감염의저위험예측기준의유용성 / 823 또한양성예측치는 23.9% 로필라델피아연구 14%, 로체스터연구 12.3% 에비해높았으나국내김등의연구 38.3% 보다는낮았다 2). 김등의연구에서는치골상부방광천자뇨를이용하여소변분석및배양검사를시행하였는데본연구에서는응급실에서기존에시행해오던방법대로무균채뇨백을사용하여검사를시행하였다. 소변분석검사상양성이었으나배양검사결과세균성요로감염으로진단되지않은경우가 112건 (22.7%) 이어서요로감염으로진단된 57건 (11.6%) 의두배에달하는오염률을보였다. 요로감염이의심되는환아의경우권장되는방광천자뇨나도뇨관뇨를사용하여소변검사를시행한다면본연구의중증세균성감염의저위험군예측기준의양성예측률과특이도를더높일수있을것으로생각된다. 특히 29~60일환아의경우세균성감염으로밝혀진 29명중 27명 (93.2%), 61~90일환아의경우세균성감염으로진단된 22명 (100%) 모두요로감염이었던점을고려해보면 90일이하의어린영아의소변검사시오염률을줄이기위한검사법선택에주의할필요가있다. 본연구에서 29~90일의발열환아전체 369명중세균성뇌수막염은 1명 (0.3%), 무균성뇌수막염이 52명 (14.1%) 에서진단되었다. 이전의연구에서도열이나는어린영아에서세균성뇌수막염은 0.32%~2.4% 의발병률을보이나아파보이지않는영아의경우 0.24%~0.39% 로발생빈도가낮아 29~90일영아에서발열원인을찾기위한초기검사로뇌척수액천자를일괄적으로시행해야하는가에대해논란이지속되고있다 24,25,29). 발열원인이명확하지않은 29~90일환아의경우미숙아가아니고, 건강해보이며, 실험실검사상특별한이상소견이없을시에는요추천자나항생제처방없이퇴원한뒤, 24시간내외래추적관찰을권유할수있다는보고들이있으며실제미국의 1차소아진료기관에서도열이나는 29~90일환아의 25.6% 만이요추천자를시행하고있는것으로보고하고있다 24,25,30). 본연구의결과에서여름은다른계절에비해 21.3% 로다른계절 9.7% 에비하여뇌척수액세포증가증의빈도가높았다 (p=0.002). 기존의연구에서도 90일이하의발열영아에서여름인경우뇌척수액세포증가증은다른계절과비교하여 5.0% 에서 17.4% 까지증가하는것으로보고하였다 29). 무균성뇌수막염은중증세균성감염질환은아니지만영아에서는탈수및신경학적, 학습장애등합병증의발생률이더높아입원치료를요하는비교적위중한질병으로일차진료시진단을간과해서는안된다 4). 따라서기존의연구들에서제안한바와는달리외관및병력, 혈액및소변검사결과세균성감염이의심되지않는저위험군이라하더라도계절적으로여름이라면다른위험요인과상관없이요추천자검사를일괄적으로시행할필요가있겠다. 본연구는몇가지제한점을가지고있다. 첫째, 의무기 록검토에의한후향성연구이므로전향적연구를통해저자들의중증세균성감염에대한저위험군예측기준의유용성을평가해볼필요가있다. 둘째, 앞서논의한바대로저자들은무균채뇨백으로시행한소변분석검사와배양검사결과를사용하여위양성률이높았다. 방광천자뇨나도뇨관뇨를통한소변검사결과자료를사용하여저자들의위험예측기준을평가해볼필요가있다. 셋째, 중증세균성감염중호흡기계감염은바이러스성호흡기계감염과응급실에서시행하는흉부촬영만으로초기판단이어렵기때문에본연구에서는중증세균성감염의범주에넣지않았다. 하지만많은수의영아가발열과동반된호흡기계증상을주소로내원하므로이에대한평가방법을고려할필요가있겠다. 넷째, 중증세균성감염환자중 1명이저위험군으로분류되었으며 28일이하의환아였음을고려할때신생아에게맞는또다른기준선정을위해추후연구가필요하며저위험군이었던환아들도외래에서면밀한추적관찰이필요할것으로생각된다. 결 본저자들의발열을주소로응급실에내원한 90일이하환자들에게중증세균성감염을배제하기위한저위험군예측기준은유용하였다. 어린영아의경우소변채집시권장된채뇨법으로오염을줄이기위해노력해야하며저위험군도퇴원후 24시간내에외래에서추적관찰이필요할것이다. 론 참고문헌 01. Baker MD, Bell LM. Unpredictability of serious bacterial illness in febrile infants from birth to 1 month of age. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153: Kim SH, Jung JA, Kim HS, Yoo ES, Sohn SJ, Seo JW, et al. Usefulness of low risk criteria for serious bacterial infection among febrile infants younger than three months of age. J Korean Pediatr Soc 2002;45: Kadish HA, Loveridget B, Tobeyt J, Bolte RG, Corneli HM. Applying outpatient protocols in febrile infants 1-28 days of age: can the threshold be lowered? Clin Pediatr 2000;39: Tintinalli JE, Stapczynski JS, Ma OJ. Tintinalli's emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011.p Huppler AR, Eickhoff JC, Wald ER. Performance of lowrisk criteria in the evaluation of young infants with fever: review of the literature. Pediatrics 2010;125:

6 824 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 23 권제 6 호 Dagan R, Powell KR, Hall CB, Menegus MA. Identification of infants unlikely to have serious bacterial infection although hospitalized for suspected sepsis. J Pediatr 1985;107: Baskin MN, O'Rourke EJ, Fleisher GR. Outpatient treatment of febrile infants 28 to 89 days of age with intramuscular administration of ceftriaxone. J Pediatr 1992;120: Baker MD, Bell LM, Avner JR. Outpatient management without antibiotics of fever in selected infants. N Engl J Med 1993;329: Jaskiewicz JA, McCarthy CA, Richardson AC, White KC, Fisher DJ, Powell KR, et al. Febrile infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection-an appraisal of the Rochester criteria and implications for management. Pediatrics 1994;94: Kim KH, Sohn Y, Kang J, Kim K, Kim D, Kim J, et al. The causative organisms of bacterial meningitis in Korean children, J Korean Med Sci 1998;13: Lee JH, Cho HK, Kim KH, Kim CH, Kim DS, Kim KN, et al. Etiology of invasive bacterial infections in immunocompetent children in Korea ( ): A retrospective multicenter study. J Korean Med Sci 2011;26: Carstairs KL, Tanen DA, Johnson AS, Kailes SB, Riffenburgh RH. Pneumococcal bacteremia in febrile infants presenting to the emergency department before and after the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine. Ann Emerg Med 2007;49: Rudinsky SL, Carstairs KL, Reardon JM, Simon LV, Riffenburgh RH, Tanen DA. Serious bacterial infections in febrile infants in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Acad Emerg Med 2009;16: Bachur RG, Harper MB. Predictive model for serious bacterial infections among infants younger than 3 months of age. Pediatrics 2001;108: Dagan R, Sofer S, Phillip M, Shachak E. Ambulatory care of febrile infants younger than 2 months of age classified as being at low risk for having serious bacterial infections. J Pediatr 1988;112: Brown L, Shaw T, Wittlake W. Does leucocytosis identify bacterial infections in febrile neonates presenting to the emergency department? Emerg Med J 2005;22: Manzano S, Bailey B, Gervaix A, Cousineau J, Delvin E, Girodias JB. Markers for bacterial infection in children with fever without source. Arch Dis Child 2011;96: Pulliam PN, Attia MW, Cronan KM. C-reactive protein in febrile children 1 to 36 months of age with clinically undetectable serious bacterial infection. Pediatrics 2001; 108: Bilavsky E, Yarden-Bilavsky H, Ashkenazi S, Amir J. C- reactive protein as a marker of serious bacterial infections in hospitalized febrile infants. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98: Van den Bruel A, Thompson MJ, Haj-Hassan T, Stevens R, Moll H, Lakhanpaul M, et al. Diagnostic value of laboratory tests in identifying serious infections in febrile children: systematic review. Bmj 2011;342:d Hsiao AL, Baker MD. Fever in the new millennium: a review of recent studies of markers of serious bacterial infection in febrile children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2005;17: Kliegman RM BR, Jenson HB, Stanton BF. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Co; p Cho EY, Song H, Kim AS, Lee SJ, Lee DS, Kim DK, et al. Predictive factors for severe infection among febrile infants younger than three months of age. J Korean Med Sci 2009;52: Ishimine P. Fever without source in children 0 to 36 months of age. Pediatr Clin North Am 2006;53: Baraff LJ. Management of fever without source in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med 2000;36: Gendrel D, Raymond J, Coste J, Moulin F, Lorrot M, Guerin S, et al. Comparison of procalcitonin with C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and interferon-alpha for differentiation of bacterial vs. viral infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18: Galetto-Lacour A, Zamora SA, Gervaix A. Bedside procalcitonin and C-reactive protein tests in children with fever without localizing signs of infection seen in a referral center. Pediatrics 2003;112: Cho JI, Lee SC, Kim HI, Kim CA, Kim KS. Clinical evaluation of diagnostic criteria for early prediction of bacterial infection in febrile neonates. J Korean Pediatr Soc 1999; 42: Meehan III WP, Bachur RG. Predictors of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in febrile infants aged 0 to 90 days. Pediatr Emerg Care 2008;24: Pantell RH, Newman TB, Bernzweig J, Bergman DA, Takayama JI, Segal M, et al. Management and outcomes of care of fever in early infancy. JAMA 2004;291:

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