290 pissn : , eissn : Original Article J Korean Orthop Assoc 2013; 48:
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1 290 pissn : , eissn : Original Article J Korean Orthop Assoc 2013; 48: 수근관감압술후초음파상정중신경단면적의변화와예후와의상관관계 이승주 김지섭 최윤락 김성준 * 강호정 연세대학교의과대학정형외과학교실, * 영상의학교실 Relationship between Change of Median Nerve Cross-Sectional Area Measured by Ultrasonography and Prognosis after Carpal Tunnel Release Seung-Joo Lee, M.D., Ji-Sup Kim, M.D., Yun-Rak Choi, M.D., Sung-Jun Kim, M.D.*, and Ho-Jung Kang, M.D. Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and *Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate cross-sectional area of the median nerve using ultrasound in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome before and after endoscopic intervention, and to verify the level at which it can be used in prediction of outcome. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 21 patients who underwent endoscopic carpal tunnel release from March 2011 to March Median nerve cross-sectional area was measured before the operation and three months after the operation at the level of lunate, pisiform and hamate. The Boston questionnaire was evaluated before the operation and three months after the operation, and then allocated as two groups (group I: symptom improvement of more than 25%, group II: symptom improvement less than 25%). Then, differences of cross-sectional area between preoperative measurement and postoperative measurement on three levels were compared between the two groups. Results: Nineteen patients were females and two were males ranging in age between years (mean, 55.4 years). Significant differences were observed between the two groups at the lunate level. However, at the level of pisiform and hamate, no differences were observed between the two groups. Conclusion: Measurement of median nerve cross-sectional area at the lunate level showed significant correlation with outcome of carpal tunnel release. Key words: carpal tunnel release, cross-sectional area, outcome, ultrasonography 서론 수근관증후군은수근관내압력의증가로생기는정중신경의압 박신경병증으로정중신경의분포영역에작열통, 무감각, 지각이 상, 무지구부근육의위측, 그리고심한경우에는어깨로의방사 Received February 15, 2013 Revised April 28, 2013 Accepted May 16, 2013 Correspondence to: Ho-Jung Kang, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul , Korea TEL: FAX: KANGHO56@yuhs.ac 통을일으키는비교적흔한만성질환이다. 여자에서많이발생하여남녀발생비는 1:2-5 이며, 세에서호발한다. 1,2) 수근관증후군의진단은주로임상증상및근전도검사를토대로이루어졌으나, 최근에는적은비용으로짧은시간에검사할수있는고해상초음파가수근관증후군의진단에유용하다는보고들이있다. 1,3,4) 초음파는정중신경의단면적측정을통해진단에도움을주고, 수근관내의공간점유병소존재여부에대한정보를제공해준다. 뿐만아니라, 술후증상의호전이없는경우에는횡수근인대의절제가불충분했는지, 반흔조직에의해정중신 The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association Volume 48 Number Copyright 2013 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 291 정중신경단면적의변화와예후와의상관관계 경이압박되는지에대한정보를제공할수도있다. 이렇듯, 수근관증후군의진단및추적관찰에초음파검사는유용하게적용될수있으나, 수술후의초음파소견에대해서는보고된바가많지않으며, 5-9) 초음파소견이수술의예후와어떠한상관관계를갖는지에대해서도알려진바가적다. 10) 이에본논문에서는초음파검사를통해수술전, 후의정중신경단면적을수근관내의여러위치에서측정하여수술후회복정도와의연관성에대해살펴보고, 어느위치에서측정한값이수술의예후와상관관계가있는지알아보고자한다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상본연구는전향적연구로, 2011 년 3월부터 2012 년 3월까지본원외래를방문하여임상소견및전기생리학적검사를통하여특발성수근관증후군으로진단되고, 수술받은환자중본연구참여에동의한 21명의환자를대상으로하였다. 수술은한명의수부외과전문의가시행하였으며, Agee 등 11) 이소개한근위 one-portal 술식을이용하였다. 모든예에서 Smart- Release endoscopic carpal tunnel release system (Microaire, Charlottesville, VA, USA) 을사용하여내시경적수근관감압술을시행하였다. 외상성및종물또는기타질환에의한이차성수근관증후군환자는제외하였다 (Table 1). 2. 초음파검사모든환자를대상으로수술 2-3 주전및수술 3개월후에초음파검사를시행하였다. 모든검사는한명의영상의학과전문의에의해시행되었으며, 사용된초음파기기는 IU-22 unit (Philips, Bothwell, WA, USA) 였고, 7.5 MHz 선형탐촉자를사용하였다. 피험자는검사자를마주보고앉은채로초음파검사를받았으며, 전완은회내자세를취하고손목은편안하게신전된채로, 수지는자연스러운중등도굴곡자세를취하게하고, 손목을딱딱한아크릴판에안정적으로올려놓은채로검사하였다. 축상면상월상골 (lunate), 두상골 (pisiform), 그리고유구골 (hamate) 선상의세 Table 1. Patient Data No. Sex Age (yr) Duration (mo) Occupation Dominant hand Operation site Thenar muscle atrophy EMG/NCV* Group I 1 M Office worker Rt Lt (+) Intermediate 2 F 75 6 Housewife Rt Lt (-) Mild 3 F 54 9 Housewife Rt Lt (-) Intermediate 4 F 50 8 Housewife Rt Rt (+) Intermediate 5 F 50 6 Office worker Rt Lt (-) Mild 6 F Housewife Rt Rt (+) Severe 7 F 50 9 Housewife Rt Rt (-) Intermediate 8 F Housewife Rt Lt (+) Intermediate 9 F 53 7 Housewife Rt Rt (+) Intermediate 10 F Housewife Rt Lt (+) Severe 11 M None Rt Rt (+) Severe 12 F 52 8 Housewife Rt Rt (-) Mild 13 F Housewife Rt Lt (+) Intermediate 14 F Office worker Rt Rt (+) Intermediate Group II 15 F Housewife Rt Rt (+) Intermediate 16 F Housewife Rt Rt (+) Intermediate 17 F Housewife Rt Lt (+) Severe 18 F Housewife Rt Rt (-) Mild 19 F Housewife Rt Lt (+) Intermediate 20 F Housewife Rt Rt (+) Severe 21 F Housewife Rt Lt (-) Intermediate *Based on classification of Stevens. 12) EMG, electromyography; NCV, nerve conduction velocity; M, male; F, female; Rt, right; Lt, left.
3 292 이승주 김지섭 최윤락외 2 인 Figure 1. Ultrasonographic measurement of median nerve (white arrow, circle) cross-sectional area at three different levels. (A) Lunate (L) level, (B) pisiform (P) level, (C) hamate (H) level. Table 2. Baseline Characteristics of 21 Patients Group I Group II p-value Sex (male:female) 2:12 0: Age (yr) 55.29± ± Site (left:right) 7:7 3:4 1 Values are presented as number or mean±standard deviation. 위치에서각각의정중신경단면적을측정하여, 그단면적이가장큰부분을기준으로비교하였다 (Fig. 1). 3. Boston 설문지작성및평가방법환자상태의평가는자가작성설문지 (self-administered questionnaire) 인 Boston 설문지를이용하였다. 13) 우리실정에맞게일부내용을수정하여우리말로번역된 Boston 설문지를이용하였으며, 수술 2-3 주전및수술 3개월후에작성하도록하였다. Boston 설문지는증상 (Boston symptom severity) 과기능부분 (Boston function status) 으로나누어지는데, 기능부분은 8문항으로일상생활에서수근관증후군으로인한영향을묻는질문으로구성되어있다. 각문항은 1점에서 5점까지 1점단위로, 무증상인경우 1점이고, 가장심한경우 5점이부여되며합산을하여최종점수로하였다. 수술전, 후의 Boston 설문지점수를바탕으로수술전에비해수술 3개월후의점수가 25% 이상감소한환자들을임상결과가양호한군 (I군 ), 그외의환자들을임상결과가불량한군 (II 군 ) 으로분류하였다. 14) 4. 통계분석통계적분석은 SAS ver (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA) 을이용하였다. 수술전과후에측정한월상골, 두상골, 유구골각위치에서의정중신경단면적및그차이값에대해 paired t-test 를이용하여유의성을검사하였으며, I군과 II군환자들의연령, 성별, 좌우위치등에대해 Fisher's exact test 를이용하여유의성을검사하였다. p값이 0.05 미만인것을통계적으로유의성이있는것으 Table 3. Ultrasonographic Data of Median Nerve Cross-Sectional Area (CSA) before and after the Operation at Three Different Levels Lunate 로판정하였다. Group I CSA (mm 2 ) 결과 Group II p-value Pre-operation 12.69± ± Post-operation 10.32± ±2.69 <0.001 Pisiform Pre-operation 10.62± ± Post-operation 11.16± ± Hamate Pre-operation 9.28± ± Post-operation 11.20± ± Different levels Lunate -2.36± ± Pisiform 0.54± ± Hamate 1.92± ± Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. 남자는 2 명 (9.5%), 여자는 19 명 (90.5%) 이었고, 연령은최소 35 세부 터최고 79 세까지로평균 55.4 세이었다. 이환부위는우측이 11 명 (52.4%), 좌측이 10 명 (47.6%) 이었다. I 군과 II 군간에성별 (p=0.533), 나이 (p=0.922), 좌우빈도 (p=1) 등에있어유의한차이는보이지 않았다 (Table 2). 수술전정중신경의단면적은월상골, 두상골, 유 구골위치에서각각평균 mm 2, mm 2, mm 2 였으 며, 수술후에는평균 mm 2, mm 2, mm 2 로측정되 었다. 각각의위치에따라결과를비교해보면, 월상골위치에서 의수술전정중신경의단면적은 I 군에서 12.69±3.53 mm 2, II 군 에서 13.20±2.31 mm 2 로양군간의유의한차이를보이지않았
4 293 정중신경단면적의변화와예후와의상관관계 으나 (p=0.736), 수술후정중신경의단면적은 I군에서 10.32±1.52 mm 2, II군에서 13.84±2.69 mm 2 로 I군에서수술전에비해유의하게감소한소견을보였다 (p<0.001). 수술전과후의차이는 I군에서 -2.36±3.09 mm 2, II군에서 0.64±1.74 mm 2 로양군간의유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.028). 두상골위치에서의수술전과후의차이는 I군에서 0.54±3.95 mm 2, II군에서 0.00±3.99 mm 2 로양군간에유의한차이가없었으며 (p=0.771), 유구골위치에서의수술전과후의차이는 I군에서 1.92±3.16 mm 2, II군에서 3.54±4.99 mm 2 로역시양군간에유의한차이가없었다 (p=0.372, Table 3). 고찰 수근관증후군은수근관절부에서의가장흔한압박성신경병증이다. 수근관은후방의수근골들로이루어진골성아치와전방요측의주상골결절- 대다각골과척측의두상골 -유구골돌기에부착된횡수근인대에의해이루어진터널로 9개의굴곡건과정중신경을포함하고있다. 정중신경은횡수근인대바로후방에위치하며, 어떤원인으로내부구조물의부피가증가하거나수근관의공간이감소하게되면수근관내부의압력이증가하고정중신경의압박이일어나게된다. 신경압박의초기에는부종이발생하고, 만성적으로압박이계속되면압박성신경병증의병태생리적경과를밟아신경실질의섬유화가진행된다. 즉, 수근관내에증가된간질액압이나직접적인정중신경의압박을일으키는압력이정중신경의미세혈관을변화시켜허혈및혈류장애를야기하며, 15) 혈류장애에의한반응으로신경외막의부종에의해신경종창이일어나고, 16) 만성압박부위에서수초의변형및신경의편평화를, 그리고압박근위부에서는신경의종창을유발시킨다. 수근관증후군의진단은고전적병력, Tinel 징후나 Phalen 검사와같은이학적검사, 정중신경분포지역의지각감퇴등과같은임상적소견, 근전도검사에서정중신경전도의지연등을통하여이루어진다 년고해상초음파가손의연부조직병변의진단에사용된이후, 17) Fornage 18) 에의해정중신경을포함한다양한사지의말초신경에대한초음파소견이발표되었고, 수근관증후군의초음파소견에대해서도많은연구가이루어지고있다. 1,3,4) 초음파상정중신경은굴근지대바로아래에위치하며, 음속이신경면에수직일때고에코 (high echo), 음속이약간경사질때저에코 (low echo) 로나타나고, 신경주위섬유조직을의미하는좁은고에코의테두리에의해둘러싸여있다. Buchberger 등 1,4) 은수근관증후군의고해상초음파진단에있어서원인과관계없이근위부수근관에서정중신경의종창, 원위부수근관에서정중신경의편평화, 그리고굴근지대의증가된굽힘 (bowing) 등의 3가지객관적소견을기술하였는데, 이러한초음파소견은 Middleton 등 19) 과 Mesgarzadeh 등 20) 이발표한수근관증후군에서의정중신경의 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 변화소견과유사하다. 수근관증후군에서초음파검사는정중신경자체의변화와횡수근인대의변화및다른수근관내구조물들의변화를발견함으로써진단에도움을준다. 수근관증후군에서정중신경은압박이일어난근위부, 수근관내로들어가기전부위에서는부종으로부피가증가되고, 4) 압박이일어난부위에서는얇고편평해지는데, 근위수근피부금 (proximal carpal crease) 에서신경의단면적 ( 장지름 단지름 p/4) 이 10 mm 2 이상이면진단이가능하며, 21) Lee 등 22) 은 15 mm 2 이상일경우전예에서수근관증후군을보였다고보고하였다. 수근관증후군의수술후초음파소견에대해, El-Karabaty 등 5) 은편평화되었던정중신경이수근관감압술후정상모양으로회복된다고보고한바있으며, Naranjo 등 14) 과 Mondelli 등 23) 은수술전정중신경단면적의증가가적은경우에수술의예후가좋다고발표한바있다. 그러나수근관내어느정확한위치에서의정중신경의단면적이예후와관련되어있는지에대해서는뚜렷하게알려진바가없다. 본연구에서는수술전과후의 Boston 설문지를통하여임상결과가양호한군 (I군 ) 과불량한군 (II 군 ) 으로구분하여, 월상골, 두상골, 유구골위치에서양군간에수술전, 후정중신경단면적의차이를비교하였다. 그결과, 월상골위치에서의정중신경단면적이증상호전군에서유의하게감소한소견이관찰되었으며, 두상골및유구골위치에서는양군간에유의한차이를보이지않았다. 이를바탕으로수근관의가장근위부인월상골위치에서초음파검사를시행하는것이환자의추적관찰및예후판정에도움이될것으로생각한다. Abicalaf 등 9) 은 20명의환자를대상으로연구한결과, 수술후정중신경단면적의감소가관찰되었다고보고한바있으며, Colak 등 8) 은 26명의환자를대상으로같은연구결과를발표한바있다. 반면, Lee 등 6) 은 10명의환자를대상으로연구한결과, 수술전과후에정중신경단면적의유의한차이가없었다고발표하였다. 이에따라, 수근관증후군에서정중신경단면적의증가및수술후의변화등에대해정확한기전에대한연구가필요할것으로생각한다. 일반적으로정중신경의단면적은수술후감소하는것으로알려져있으나, 5) 본연구에서임상결과가불량한군 (II 군 ) 에서는정중신경단면적의감소소견이관찰되지않았다. 이는횡수근인대의절제가불충분하여수근관내의압력감소가충분치못하였고, 이에따라정중신경의부종이감소하지못한결과로해석할수있다. 초음파검사는전기생리학적검사나 MRI 검사에비해비교적짧은시간에간단하게시행할수있으며, 비용측면에서도저렴하여수근관증후군의진단에유용하게이용되고있다. 또한, 초음파를통해지방종, 혈관종과같은수근관증후군을일으킬수있는공간점유병소를확인할수있으며, 수술후증상의호전이없는경우, 횡수근인대의절제가불충분했는지, 반흔조직에의해정중신경이압박되는지에대한정보를제공할수도있다. 본
5 294 이승주 김지섭 최윤락외 2 인 연구결과를바탕으로, 수술후예후판정에도이용된다면, 수근관증후군에서초음파검사는보다유용하게사용될수있을것이다. 본연구의한계점으로는연구대상에포함된환자가적었다는점, 임상결과를 Boston 설문지만을통해평가하였으며, 수술의성공여부를 Boston 설문지점수의 25% 이상호전여부로임의로나누어서평가하였다는점, 수술후추시기간이 3개월로짧았다는점등이있다. 기획단계에서의연구계획은수술후 3개월과 6개월에초음파상정중신경의단면적을추시관찰하는것이었으나, 환자의연구순응도 (compliance) 가적어거의대부분의환자에서 6개월추시결과를얻지못하였다. 6개월추시가가능했던환자들은 3명이있었으며, 이들환자에서 3개월과 6개월추시초음파에서의정중신경단면적에뚜렷한차이를보이지않는것을볼수있었으나, 표본수가적어본연구의방법및결과에기술하지못하였다. 결론적으로, 수근관증후군환자를대상으로초음파검사를함에있어, 월상골위치에서검사를시행하는것이임상결과와유의한상관관계가있었다. 이러한결과를바탕으로앞으로수근관증후군환자의초음파검사는월상골위치에서시행하는것이바람직하다는데에본논문의의의가있다. 결론 수근관증후군환자에서초음파는적은비용으로짧은시간에검사할수있다는장점이있으며, 정중신경단면적의측정은월상골위치에서시행하는것이수술의예후예측에도움이될것으로생각된다. 참고문헌 1. Buchberger W, Schön G, Strasser K, Jungwirth W. Highresolution ultrasonography of the carpal tunnel. J Ultrasound Med. 1991;10: Phalen GS. The carpal-tunnel syndrome. Seventeen years' experience in diagnosis and treatment of six hundred fifty-four hands. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1966;48: Chen P, Maklad N, Redwine M, Zelitt D. Dynamic high-resolution sonography of the carpal tunnel. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168: Buchberger W, Judmaier W, Birbamer G, Lener M, Schmidauer C. Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis with high-resolution sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;159: El-Karabaty H, Hetzel A, Galla TJ, Horch RE, Lücking CH, Glocker FX. The effect of carpal tunnel release on median nerve flattening and nerve conduction. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;45: Lee CH, Kim TK, Yoon ES, Dhong ES. Postoperative morphologic analysis of carpal tunnel syndrome using high-resolution ultrasonography. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;54: Hammer HB, Hovden IA, Haavardsholm EA, Kvien TK. Ultrasonography shows increased cross-sectional area of the median nerve in patients with arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45: Colak A, Kutlay M, Pekkafali Z, et al. Use of sonography in carpal tunnel syndrome surgery. A prospective study. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2007;47: Abicalaf CA, de Barros N, Sernik RA, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome before and after endoscopic release of the transverse carpal ligament. Clin Radiol. 2007;62: Katz JN, Losina E, Amick BC 3rd, Fossel AH, Bessette L, Keller RB. Predictors of outcomes of carpal tunnel release. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44: Agee JM, McCarroll HR Jr, Tortosa RD, Berry DA, Szabo RM, Peimer CA. Endoscopic release of the carpal tunnel: a randomized prospective multicenter study. J Hand Surg Am. 1992;17: Stevens JC. AAEE minimonograph #26: the electrodiagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1987;10: Levine DW, Simmons BP, Koris MJ, et al. A self-administered questionnaire for the assessment of severity of symptoms and functional status in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75: Naranjo A, Ojeda S, Araña V, et al. Usefulness of clinical findings, nerve conduction studies and ultrasonography to predict response to surgical release in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009;27: Akelman E, Weiss AP. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Etiology and endoscopic treatment. Orthop Clin North Am. 1995;26: Omer GE Jr. Median nerve compression at the wrist. Hand Clin. 1992;8: Fornage BD, Rifkin MD. Ultrasound examination of the hand and foot. Radiol Clin North Am. 1988;26: Fornage BD. Peripheral nerves of the extremities: imaging with US. Radiology. 1988;167: Middleton WD, Kneeland JB, Kellman GM, et al. MR imaging of the carpal tunnel: normal anatomy and preliminary find-
6 295 정중신경단면적의변화와예후와의상관관계 ings in the carpal tunnel syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;148: Mesgarzadeh M, Schneck CD, Bonakdarpour A, Mitra A, Conaway D. Carpal tunnel: MR imaging. Part II. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Radiology. 1989;171: Lin YM, Lee TS. Cutoff point of 0.10 cm2 appropriate for both hands. Radiology. 2005;234: Lee D, van Holsbeeck MT, Janevski PK, Ganos DL, Ditmars DM, Darian VB. Diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Ultrasound versus electromyography. Radiol Clin North Am. 1999;37: Mondelli M, Filippou G, Aretini A, Frediani B, Reale F. Ultrasonography before and after surgery in carpal tunnel syndrome and relationship with clinical and electrophysiological findings. A new outcome predictor? Scand J Rheumatol. 2008;37:
7 296 pissn : , eissn : Original Article J Korean Orthop Assoc 2013; 48: 이승주 김지섭 최윤락외 2 인 수근관감압술후초음파상정중신경단면적의변화와예후와의상관관계 이승주 김지섭 최윤락 김성준 * 강호정 연세대학교의과대학정형외과학교실, * 영상의학교실 목적 : 수근관증후군환자에서초음파검사를통해수술전, 후의정중신경단면적을수근관내의여러위치에서측정하여수술후회복정도와의연관성에대해살펴보고자한다. 대상및방법 : 2011 년 3월부터 2012 년 3월까지수근관증후군으로진단받고감압술을시행받은 21명의환자를대상으로전향적으로분석하였다. 초음파로월상골, 두상골, 유구골선상의세위치에서정중신경의단면적을측정하였다. Boston 설문지검사를수술전및후에시행하여호전여부에따라두군으로나누어각위치에서정중신경단면적의수술전, 후차이를비교하였다. 결과 : 양군간에수술전, 후정중신경단면적의차이는월상골위치에서만유의한차이를보였고, 두상골및유구골위치에서는유의한차이가관찰되지않았다. 결론 : 수근관증후군환자에서정중신경단면적의측정은월상골위치에서시행하는것이수술의예후예측에도움이될것으로생각된다. 색인단어 : 수근관감압술, 단면적, 임상결과, 초음파 접수일 2013 년 2 월 15 일수정일 2013 년 4 월 28 일게재확정일 2013 년 5 월 16 일책임저자강호정서울시강남구언주로 211, 연세대학교의과대학강남세브란스병원정형외과 TEL , FAX , KANGHO56@yuhs.ac 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 48 권제 4 호 2013 Copyright 2013 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Lumbar spine
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