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1 Korean J. Crystallography Vol. 16, No. 2, pp.141~148, 2005 Czochralski w,» w zaá aá bá½ ³cÁ dá x³a,eá½x fá yfá d,* a w b z c w w,,, d w ù w ew» w,» w l, fw» w w w l The Fabrication of the Single Crystal Wire from Cu Single Crystal Grown by the Czochralski Method and its Physical Properties Jeung Hun Park a, Su Young Cha a, Sang Eon Park b, Sung Kyu Kim c, Chae Ryong Cho d, Hyuk K. Pak a,e, Hyung Chan Kim f, Myung Hwa Jeong f and Se-Young Jeong d, * a Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan , Korea b MCLab. Co. Ltd., Pusan National University, Busan , Korea c Research Center for Dielectric and Advanced Matter Physics (RCDAMP), Pusan National University, Busan , Korea d College of Nano Science and Technology, Pusan National University, Busan , Korea e Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan , Korea f Korea Basic Science Institute(KBSI), Daejeon, Korea Abstract It is well known that the general metals have a lot of grain boundaries. The grain boundaries play a negative role to increase the resistivity and to decrease the conductivity. The small resistivity and the large conductivity have been a goal of the material scientists, and no signal noise, perfect signal transfer, and the realization of the real sound are the dream of electronic engineers and audio manias. Generally, oxygen free copper (OFC) and Ohno continuous casting (OCC) copper cables have been used for the purpose of the precise signal transfer and low noise. However they still include a lot of grain boundaries. In our study, we have grown the single crystal by the Czochralski method and succeeded to produce single crystal wires from the crystal in the dimension of mm. The produced wire still possesses very good single crystal properties. We observed the structure of the wire, and measured the resistance and impedance. Glow Discharge Spectrometer (GDS) was used for analyzing the compositions of copper single crystals and commercial copper. Current-Voltage curve, resistance, total harmonic distortion and speaker frequency response were measured for comparing electrical and acoustic properties of two samples. 1. (Copper, Cu) š, w» l. x z» ƒ 2 j» w š. w û», gq (Cu-Ni), x» w (Cu-Zn, Cu-Zn-Al, Cu-Zn-Mn), k (Cu-Zn, Cu-Ni-Zn)»,», ü,, ü w p w. 1-5), yw p r 141
2 박정훈 차수영 박상언 김성규 조채룡 박혁규 김형찬 정명화 정세영 한국결정학회지 142 녹는점은 1084 C, 끓는점은 2527 C, 밀도는 8.92 g/cm, 저항은 Ohm-m(293 K) 이다. 화학적인 성질로 구리는 공기중에서 열을 가하면 쉽게 산화되어 CuO, CuO 등의 산화구리를 형성 한다. 구조적인 성질로 Cu 단결정은 입방정계 (cubic) 으로 면심입방 (face-centered cubic, fcc) 구 조를 가지고 공간군은 Fm3m 이고, 격자상수는 a= Å이다. 일반적으로 금속 단결정을 육성시키는 방법으 로는 Czochralski법, Bridgeman법, zone melting법 등이 있다. 이중에서도 Czochralski 법은 물질을 용융시킨후 종자결정을 표면에 접촉시킨 후 서서 히 위로 끌어올리며 단결정을 성장시키는 방법으 로 용융점이 높고, 정밀산업에 이용되는 고순도 결정을 만들수 있다는 장점을 가진다. 본 실험에서는 99.99% (4 N) 의 구리 시편을 사 용하여 Czochralski 법으로 성장한 단결정 구리와 일반 구리의 물성을 비교하였다. 구조적인 특징을 알아보기 위해 GDS (glow discharge spectrometer) 로 결정 성분의 함량비를 확인하고, X 선 회절 분 석법 (X-ray diffractometer, XRD) 을 이용하여 구리 결정의 결정성을 시험하였다. 전자현미경 (scanning electron microscope, SEM) 을 이용하여 격자의 규 칙성 및 표면의 상태를 확인하였다. 전기적인 성 o o ) 2 9) 10) Fig. 1. Czochralski법을 이용한 구리 단결정의 성장과정. 질을 비교하기 위해서 전류 -전압, 저항, 임피던스 측정을 실시하였다. 선재로 가공된 구리의 음향학 적 성질 비교를 위하여 조화 주파수 왜곡 (total harmonic distortion, THD), 공칭 임피던스 스피커 응답 특성 시험 (speaker frequency response test) 을 실시하였다. 2. 실험 방법 구리를 비롯한 금속 단결정의 육성을 위해서는 일반 대기 중이 아닌 진공 혹은 불활성 기체분위기 에서 단결정 육성이 이루어져야 한다. 대부분의 금 속은 표면이 산화되려는 경향이 있으며 특히 고온 이나 용융상태에서 특히 산소와의 반응이 쉽게 이 루어진다. 따라서 본 실험은 시료의 산화를 최소화 시키기 위해 불활성 기체분위기에서 Czochralski 법 을 활용하여 순수한 구리 단결정을 육성하였다. 금속 단결정은 고온에서 급격한 산화 반응이 최 소가 되도록 분위기 용기 (chamber) 내를 10 Torr 의 진공을 만들고 고순도 아르곤을 대기압보다 조금 높은 압력으로 채워 외부의 공기가 용기내 로 유입되는 것을 차단한 후 승온을 시작한다. 외 부의 고주파 발생장치를 사용하여 용기내에 유도 코일에 고주파를 가하고 도가니를 가열한다. 그러 3
3 16«2y, 2005 Czochralski w,» w 143 k ƒ w. w k ƒ wš» mw w C w o ƒ. š k k w w x w» w y. w yƒ g 5~6 mm/hrs. j 15z z w w. Fig. 1 Czochralski w ùkü. e mw j» kz ƒ g w. j» ƒ ü p 60 mmü 60 mmü 120 mm (Fig. 2). w 99.99% (Sigma Co. Ltd.) w»ü w ùkù. w ü w» ü w x w. k ƒ k ù w ƒ e w š š n w kƒ. Fig. 2. Czochralski w k š. w». Czochralski (LS Cable, Korea) w» w GDS e w. GDS j (glow discharging cell) polychromator ù. v j, w ƒ, ù. Polychromator v ù w w Ÿ» d w. d measurement type bulk analysis measurement w. ƒœ mw xk w. w w y w» w XRD (GDX-1193A Rigaku ) e w X-rayz x w. d scan speed 2deg. d w, d 40 deg.~ 120 deg deg. w. Tube 40 kvü30 ma Cu target q 1.54 ç Kα w. w ƒœz ³e w» w SEM (Hitachi S-4200, Japan) w t d mw etch pit pattern y w. - p high voltage source measurement Unit (Keithley 237, Keithley, USA) w d w. Ohmic contact» w silver paste w w w w. d ƒ Û1.5 V w š d w» ¾» 1, ƒwz d w»¾ 100 ms, d V w. w y p» w 0.5 mmü 0. 5mmÜ 2500 mm xk ƒœw r w. yq š (THD), vf q p d w vf & w
4 144 zá Á Á½ ³Á Á x³á½x Á yá w wz» x l (Speaker & Audio Technology Innovation Center, SATIC) w (anechoic chamber, KSC 6027) (oxygen free cable, LS Cable) w x w. w l ƒ œ, vf ( ) ù ƒ w œ w. w x q 63 Hz w, 20 db, j» 5m(D)Ü5m(W)Ü 5m(H). x»» Audio Analyzer (B&K 2012), Power Amplifier (B&K 2716C), Condensed Microphone (B&K 4191) w vf w. d j 0.5 m w š 1.0 W w. w 21.7 o C 38%. 3. x š k ƒ ƒ j w w enw w ƒ w GDS w d w k ü d 99.99% yw (Table 1). Fig. 3 xk ƒœ (poly crystal Cu wire) (single crystal Cu wire) XRD d. Fig. 3(a) (111), (200), (220), (311), Table 1. GDS d Element Single Cu (Weight %) Poly Cu (Weight %) Cu Ag Al Cr Fe Mg Ni P Pb Sb Sn Zn Fig. 3. (a) (b) XRD d. (222), (400) X-ray peak d Fig. 3(b) (200) (400) w peakƒ ùkù w (100). xk ƒœ y w š j xk w ƒ š dw. Fig. 4 w x (SEM) w etch pit w. w etch pit pattern w» w 1µm ù (Al 2 O 3 ) w mechanical polishing w. 50% HNO 3
5 제 권 호 16 2, 2005 법을 이용한 금속 단결정의 성장과 구조적 전기적 성질에 관한 연구 Czochralski, 145 다시 회로의 내부 에너지로 돌아오기도 한다. 스 피커에서 복소수 형태의 임피던스 (Z)는 실수부에 해당하는 저항 (R) 성분과 허수부에 해당하는 리액 턴스 (X) 성분으로 나누어지며, 아래와 같이 쓸 수 있다. Z=(R +X ) 2 2 1/2 임피던스 곡선에서 임피던스가 최대가 되는 지 점에서의 리액턴스가 0 이 된다. 공명주파수에서 인턱티브 리액턴스와 캐패시티브 리액턴스의 크 기가 같은 반면에 방향이 서로 정반대이기 때문 에, 이 때의 임피던스가 순수한 저항 성분만으로 이루어진다. 그리고 임피던스가 최고점을 지나서 최소가 될 경우의 임피던스도 순수한 저항성분으 로만 가지게 된다. 이 때의 저항은 DC 저항값과 매우 유사해지게 된다. 이들 두점을 제외하고는 임피던스가 저항성분으로 구성되는데, 리액턴스 성분은 인턱티브 성분(전압상승 전류)과 캐패시티 브 성분 ( 전압하강 전류 ) 으로 다시 나누어지게 된 다. 전체 리액턴스에서 이들 각각의 비중은 주파 수에 따라서 달라진다. Fig. 5 는 주파수 변화에 따른 저항 값의 변화를 측정한 결과이다. 실험에서 측정한 주파수의 영역 은 10 ~10 Hz이며 각각 일반 구리 와이어과 단결 Fig. 4. 선재형태로 가공된 (a) 일반구리와 (b) 단결정 정 구리 와이어에 대해서 비교 실험을 하였다. 이 구리의 전자현미경 (SEM) etch pit pattern 사진. 주파수 구간에서 평균 저항 값은 일반 구리 와이 어의 경우 ± Ω 이며 단결정 구리 수용액에서 60초 동안 etching한 후, 3차 증류수와 알콜로 초음파 세척을 여러번 실시하였다. 일반 구리 와이어는 Fig. 4(a) 와 같이 규칙적인 etch pit pattern 이 나타나지 않지만 단결정 구리 와이어는 Fig. 4(b) 에서 XRD 측정 결과와 비교해서 규칙적 인 사각형 탑 형태의 etch pit pattern 을 가짐을 확 인 할 수 있다. 따라서 단결정 구리 와이어는 (100)면으로 잘 배향되었음을 알 수 있다. 단결정 케이블에서 주파수에 따른 임피던스의 변화는 저항 (R) 과 리액턴스 (X) 값의 기여로 나눌 수 있다. 여기서 저항은 파워를 열로써 소비시키 는 역할을 하지만, 특히 리액턴스 구성 성분 중 인덕턴스는 자기장 안에 에너지를 저장하며 파워 Fig. 5. 일반 구리 와이어와 단결정 구리 와이어의 주파 를 소비하지는 않는다. 그리고 저장된 에너지가 수 변화에 따른 AC 저항 (AC Resistance) 측정결과. 11) 2 6
6 146 zá Á Á½ ³Á Á x³á½x Á yá w wz Fig (Current-Voltage)d Û Ω. w ƒ 8.08% w ƒ. Fig. 6» w» w y d w V w ƒƒ r ƒ A, ƒ A. w Ω, w Ω d. ƒ 8%~14% û» w. x w ƒ w š w k v w. r ƒ w» w ƒ. ƒ» ƒ ù w ƒ û» s³ w ƒ w j ƒ w ƒ grain boundary w ƒw. grain boundaryƒ ƒw ù ³ew» ù. x XRD d w etch pit pattern ³ wš w Fig. 7. ƒ q f f yq š x. mw» w w š w. Fig. 7 ƒ q (20 Hz~20 khz) yq š x d. ƒ w f ¼ 2.5 m x l w 1m f w (oxygen free copper) f w w xw. yq š x w q d w q w. q š û p w w. f x l f w û yq š ƒ p ƒ q (1 khz) w w ƒ. 50 m f w x l w { û yq š ƒ. Fig. 8 ƒ q f f œe v d l. f Ω, f Ω d. ww œe v 0.1% l j. f w w
7 16«2y, 2005 Czochralski w,» w 147 Fig. 9. f f v f q p d. Fig. 8. (a) f (b) f œe v d. l w w y» y f w w. Fig. 9 vf w v f q p d w. y q š x w e w x w. l w 50 m 1m w d w. w q»(db) ƒ y w ùkü. f ¼ 1/ 50 f w š s³ 0.5 db vf q p w. p f f ƒ j ùkù v mw y w. f mw w ù» y w f m w w w. ƒ w w ù kù š ƒw. ¾,» w x l l f w w w» w. 4. w r Czochralski w w. w xk ƒœ. GDS, XRD, x d mw, f ƒƒ w. w»» w q y w y, y y d w. ww» w w yq š x, œe v d x, vf p x w.,», ww w w» w s³ 10%
8 148 zá Á Á½ ³Á Á x³á½x Á yá w wz, yƒ y w. p ww x mw ƒ q š q f w w y w y w.,, ww wx w. š x 1) Glibin, V. P., Kuzenetsov, B. V. and Vorobyova, T. N., J. Alloys Compd., 386, (2005). 2) Pelegrina, J. L. and Ahlers, M., Scripta Mater., 50, (2004). 3) Wang, Q. Z., Han, F. S., Wu, J. and Hao, G. L., Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 408, (2005). 4) Orgéas, L., Vivet, A., Favier, D., Lexcellent, C. and Liu, Y., Scripta Mater., 51, (2004). 5) Nagarjuna, S., Srinivas, M. and Sharma, K. K., Acta Mater., 48, (2000). 6) Kaye, G. W. C. and Laby, T. H. in Tables of physical and chemical constants (15th ed.), Longman, London, UK (1993). 7) James, A. M. and Lord, M. P. in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK (1992). 8) Dean, J. A. (ed.) in Lange s Handbook of Chemistry (14th ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, USA (1992). 9) Swanson, T., Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Circ., 539(I), 15 (1953). 10) Hurle, D. T. J. (ed.) in Handbook of Crystal Growth (1st ed.), North-Holland, New York, USA (1993). 11) Jonscher, A. K., in Universal relaxation law, Chelsea Dielectrics press, London, U.K. (1996).
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