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1 Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 106~112, DOI: /KCERS A Study on the Hydriding Reaction of Pre-oxidized Zr Alloys Sun-Ki Kim, Je-Geon Bang, Dae-Ho Kim, Ik-Sung, Lim, Yong-Sik Yang, and Kun-Woo Song Innovative Nuclear Fuel Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon , Korea (Received October 1, 2008; Revised December 17, 2009; Accepted December 28, 2009) y g w y w ½» Á Á½ yá Á Á w w» ( ; ; ) ABSTRACT This paper presents some experimental results on incubation time for massive hydriding of Zr alloys with oxide thickness. Oxide effects experiments on massive hydriding reaction of commercial Zr alloy claddings and pre-oxidized Zr alloys with hydrogen gas were carried out in the temperature range from 300 to 400 o C with thermo-gravimetric apparatus. Experimental results for oxide effects on massive hydriding kinetics show that incubation time is not proportional to oxide thickness and that the massive hydriding kinetics of pre-filmed Zr alloys follows linear kinetic law and the hydriding rate are similar to that of oxide-free Zr alloys once massive hydriding is initiated. There was a difference in micro-structures between oxide during incubation time and oxide after incubation time. Physical defects such as micro-cracks and pores were observed in only oxide after incubation time. Therefore, the massive hydriding of Zr alloys seems to be ascribed to short circuit path, mechacical or physical defects, such as micro-cracks and pores in the oxide rather than hydrogen diffusion through the oxide resulting from the increase of oxygen vacancies in the hypostoichiometric oxide. Key words : Zr alloy, Massive hydriding, Oxide thickness, Incubation time 1. w v g (Zr) w, w g w ƒ š. ƒ w v w w, w mw v ü þƒ ƒ š v ü þƒ ƒ»ƒ y w. w y ƒ w w v g ü ƒ w. ù w g w v t y w ù y, y y q w en w y w w wš x w. en w v ƒw y(embrittlement)»w j 2 ƒ. en w y ƒ š Corresponding author : Sun-Ki Kim kimsk@kaeri.re.kr Tel : Fax : g y en x w w ƒ» (mechanism)ƒ š. y hypo-stoichiometry» y ù y y y hypo-stoichiometricw œ œ(oxygen vacancy) ƒw en x w», y ü short circuit path» y ü ³,»œ(pore), (intermetallic precipitates), (dislocation network)» y w mw ƒ y mw y w enƒ ù Zircaloy metal substance w en x w». ù w en w x ¾ en» w x w y. w w ü en w» w g w» y mw t y x k z, t y x g w 106
2 k enƒ ù»¾» en x w z en sƒw en» š w. 2. x 2.1. r x r w v BWR w v š Zircaloy-2(Sandvik ) PWR w v š low tin Zircaloy-4(Sandvik ) Westinghouse š v ZIRLO TM p w. w, Ì 0.8 mm Zr-0.8Sn-0.2Nb Zr-0.8Sn- 1.0Nb w w. t j w e t w w» w 2,000 grit SiC sand paper w r t ³ w w. œ» x y w» w H 2 O:HNO 3 :HF=50:47:3 (pickling solution) w 3 w. t û en ƒ w w 1) w, z r t û 3 w. g w r ƒ(weightgain) (in-situ) d w» w electro-micro-balance w TGA(thermo-gravimetric apparatus), w, e Fig. 1. r Pt w micro-balance weighing cell þƒ e(cooling system) w chamberü ƒ š ƒ w. micro-balance weighing cell ƒ ùkú w». Micro-balanceƒ y z x» w chamberü y» z» w w. w chamberü œ» w y w» w. w w z micro-balance system y ¾». š ù» 200 cc/min r ƒ w r ƒ(weight gain) micro-balance system PC data acquisition system w w (6 ~3 ) (in-situ) d w. x x» % w š 300~500 o C 1» x w w. y g w y w 107 Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of thermo-gravimetric apparatus r y w» w H 2 O:HNO 3 :H 2 SO 4 :HF=10:10:10:1 swab etchingw. y w Ÿwx w,» w ³ r t y y w SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) w. y x k(pre-oxidized) r w y FE SEM(Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope) w» y»ƒ óù z en x w y, w. y r y y (interface) w. mw y w r polishing y y k xw»». w y» w z e (H 2 O:HNO 3 :HF=45:45: 10) ü û y w. w y» x y k w w. 3. š, 300 o C en Zircaloy-2 Zircaloy-4 47«2y(2010)
3 김선기 방제건 김대호 임익성 양용식 송근우 108 시간까지는 무게증가가 거의 나타나지 않았다. 또한 일단 이러한 잠복기(incubation time)가 지나고 나면 수소와의 반응에 따른 무게증가가 급격히 증가하였다. Zircaloy-2의 경우 약 900분의 잠복기를 거친 후 급격한 무게증가가 관 찰되었고 Zircaloy-4의 경우에는 약 2,200분, ZIRLO 의 경우에는 약 800분의 잠복기가 관찰되었다. 그러나 이러 한 잠복기는 같은 종류의 시편이더라도 실험할 때마다 다 르게 나타났다. 400 C에서의 무게증가 거동은 Fig. 3에 나 타내었는데 세 종류의 피복관 시편 모두 10분~15분 정도 의 잠복기를 거친 후 직선적으로 급격히 무게가 증가하 였다. 온도가 증가함에 따라 잠복기는 짧게 나타났다. Zircaloy의 수소침투에 미치는 산화막의 영향에 대한 기 존의 연구에 의하면, 이러한 산화막이 수소침투를 지연시 키고 산화막이 보호적 성질을 가지고 있을 때까지는 잠 복기가 산화막 두께에 비례한다고 알려져 있다. 따라서 이러한 잠복기는 시편의 chamber내 온도상승 중 헬륨분 위기에서 발생한 공기중 산화(air oxidation)에 의해 표면 에 입혀진 얇은(수십~수백 nm 정도) 산화막에 기인한 것 으로 생각된다. 진공 조건하에서의 온도 상승중 발생하는 산화를 방지하기 위해 Au-Pd sputtering으로 Zircaloy 표면 에 코팅(coating)하는 기법을 사용한 반응연구도 보고되었 지만 이 경우에도 잠복기가 관찰이 되었다. 또한 10 Torr 의 진공하에서도 온도 상승 중에 Zircaloy 표면에 얇은 산 화막층이 생성된다는 연구결과도 보고된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 산화막층의 생성을 확인하기 위 하여 반응이 종료된 Zircaloy-2와 Zircaloy-4 및 ZIRLO 에 대하여 SEM/EDX(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer) 분석을 수행하였다. Fig. 4에 세 튜브시편의 단면을 통한 산소의 concentration profile을 나타내었는데 그림에서 보 는 바와 같이 모든 시편의 표면에서 산소성분에 대한 피 크(peak)가 관찰되었다. 즉, 반응 chamber내 존재하는 공 기에 의한 산화막의 형성에 의해 반응이 지연되어 이러 한 잠복기가 나타남을 알 수 있다. 한편, 수증기 산화를 통하여 시편 표면에 산화막을 형 성시킨 Zr-0.8Sn-0.2Nb 합금에 대한 400 C에서의 수소와 TM o Fig. 2. Weight gain behavior with hydriding reaction of commercial nuclear fuel claddings at 300oC. 2) 3) -7 4) TM Fig. 3. Weight gain behavior with hydriding reaction of commercial nuclear fuel claddings at 400oC. 및 ZIRLO 튜브시편의 무게증가를 Fig. 2에 나타내었다. Fig. 2에서 보듯이, 수소기체와의 반응이 진행됨에도 어느 TM Fig. 4. Oxygen profiles of the claddings after hydriding Zircaloy-2 (b) Zircaloy-4 (c) ZIRLOTM. 한국세라믹학회지 o
4 y g w y w 109 Fig. 5. Weight gain behavior with hydriding reaction of Zr- 0.8Sn-0.2Nb alloy at 400 o C. ƒ(gain weight) w Fig. 5 ùkü y w. y r y z l ƒƒ ùkù 1µm Ì y r ƒƒ» ùkù,»ƒ w. y ̃ 1µm r 370» z w ƒƒ y Ì 1µm y x r 1,850 ¾ enƒ w. Zr w t y yy w j w y (oxidant)ƒ w en w y w. y y w y e(critical ratio)ƒ w. e,, y / y ƒ e y y w ww š, y ü w w y x w. y breakdown w w en(massive hydriding) x w. Zr-0.8Sn-1.0Nb w Fig. 6 y ̃ z Ì 8.8~8.9 µm 370» e z en x w wì 2,080 ¾ y y» w. x x (reproducibility) w ƒ x ww 4,300 ¾ x enƒ w Fig. 6. Weight gain behavior with hydriding reaction of Zr- 0.8Sn-1.0Nb alloy at 400 o C. Fig. 7. Correlation between incubation time and oxide thickness.. w,» y Ì yw ƒ q,»ƒ y Ì w» š 2)., Une 2) Zircaloy-2 e y w 0~1 µm y Ì y Ì w»(incubation time) s ƒw y ƒ w x mw. w l y breakdown w» ¾ y ZrO 2-x d mw y w. ù Une w x l» y Ì ƒ w š w» ƒ š. w, w 1µm y w» ƒ š q. g w y Ì enƒ 47«2y(2010)
5 110 ½»Á Á½ yá Á Á w» ¾» Une wì w Fig. 7 w. 2µm ü» y en w»ƒ y Ì w x e š ù, š z(post-transition) y š y Ì w ùkû š. r, Zr y Zr w t y w y en w y w ƒ w y (oxidant)» w y w. Marshall 5) 0.03 atm w x m w ZrO 2 y breakdown w enƒ w š šw. Stoichiometric ZrO 2 y»» hypo-stoichiometric ZrO 2 y œœ(oxygen vacancy) ƒw y ü w œœ en x w w y breakdown š w. Shannon 6) w w y breakdown w en y ü» w d w x w. y mw enƒ y» w w w. w w, y mw en y hypo-stoichiometricw k ë» w w. Cox 7) y en» w y y breakdown w yw d w breakdown»» breakdown, p y ü»œ(pore) x t wš. y ƒ w w» y en x w» (incubation time) e z» g x w en x w š w. w, w y» y breakdown y vq (ZrO 2 Pilling-Bedworth 1.56 )» w y ü ( GPa ), y ü»œ w y w» š šw. w w en y mw y w enw š ³ ù»œ mw w. ù y ƒ w y y z (repair) ù en w. Aronson 8) y r x qx Zr r 400 o C x mw y r en w» w wr qx r x r»ƒ ùkû qx r r úe (edge) w y breakdown w» š dw. Smith 9) w en y Ì w š šw y ZrO 2-x d ü œœ(oxygen vacancy) ù (grain boundary) m w y w ƒ ƒw. ù x»ƒ y Ì w š y Ì y p w š. w, y y š en x w w» œœ ƒ en q. œœ ƒw en x w x»ƒ óù z w e n w» w ƒ.» z enƒ š w. w y ü ³ short circuit pathƒ w w» y w mw ƒ y mw enƒ Zircaloy metal substrate w enƒ enƒ ƒ w. w»ƒ y Ì w oxygen vacancy» yw. y ü w» r w w short circuit path» ƒ k w š w. wr, y y š en x w y w ƒ e y w. w y w w. enƒ œœ ƒ w y mw y ƒ» w» z ƒ ƒƒ 2 e ù 3 e e w e enƒ œœ ƒ w y mw y ƒ w» y ü ³ ù»œ w mw» mw. w wz
6 산화막을 입힌 지르코늄 합금의 수소화 반응에 관한 연구 111 석하였다. 일반적인 산화막 분석과 달리 산화막의 단면을 관찰하지 않고 금속과 산화막 계면(boundary)부의 산화막 을 관찰하여 Fig. 8에 나타내었다. Fig. 8(a)는 대량수소침 투를 허용하기 전의 산화막의 미세구조이며 Fig. 8(b)는 대 량수소침투가 발생한 직후의 산화막 미세구조이다. 대량 수소침투를 허용하기 전의 산화막의 미세구조를 보면 균 열이나 기공과 같은 물리적 결함이 거의 없는 조밀한 구 조를 보이는 반면 대량수소침투가 발생한 직후의 산화막 의 경우에는 상당량의 미세균열이 관찰되었다. Fig. 8(c)는 이를 10,000배의 배율로 확대한 미세구조로서 대량수소침 투를 허용하기 전의 산화막의 미세구조에서는 볼 수 업었 던 µm 정도의 크기를 갖는 상당량의 균열이 관찰되었다. Zr은 산화가 되어 Zr 산화막(zirconium oxide)이 되면 부 피가 증가하게 되고 따라서 산화막내에는 압축응력이 걸 리게 된다. 산화막이 두꺼워질수록 이러한 압축응력은 증 가하게 되어 보통 수 GPa 정도의 응력이 걸리는 것으로 알려져 있다. 산화막이 더 이상 이러한 응력을 견딜 수 없게 되면 균열이 생성되면서 그러한 응력을 완화하게 된 다. 이러한 결과들로 종합해 볼 때, 산화막을 통한 대량 수소침투는 산소공공의 증가에 의해서 라기보다는 미세 균열이나 기공과 같은 산화막내 물리적인 결함에 의해 이 루어지는 것으로 추측해 볼 수 있다. 4. 결 론 400 C, 1기압 조건에서 TGA 장치를 이용하여 Zr 합금 에 대하여 대량수소화 반응거동 및 반응에 미치는 산화 막의 영향을 평가하였다. 연구 결과를 토대로 도출한 주 요 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지르코늄 합금의 경우 순수 수소분위기에서도 chamber내 일부 공기에 의한 산화반응으로 인해 대량수 소침투까지 이르기 전 잠복기가 존재하며, 이는 온도증가 에 따라 감소한다. 둘째, 기존의 알려진 연구결과와는 달리 1.5 µm 이상의 산화막을 가진 지르코늄 피복관의 경우 대량수소 침투까 지의 잠복기는 산화막 두께에 비례하지 않으며 산화막 두 께와의 상관관계가 없이 불규칙하게 나타난다. 셋째, 산화막의 두께에 관계없이 일단 대량수소침투가 시작되면 직선속도법칙을 따르며 산화막이 없는 지르코 늄 합금의 수소침투 반응속도와 거의 유사한 속도를 보 인다. 따라서 산화막의 대량수소침투 허용은 hypostoichiometry와 관련된 산소공공(oxygen vacancy)의 증가 에 따른 산화막내 수소의 확산속도의 증가에 의해서 야 기된다고 해석하기 보다는 미세균열이나 기공과 같은 물 리적 결함이 최단경로(short circuit path)로 작용함으로써 지르코늄 합금 metal substrate와의 직접적인 반응을 통해 대량수소침투가 발생하는 것으로 해석된다. o Fig. 8. Microstructure at interface of metal and oxide for Zr0.8Sn-1.0Nb alloy (a) During incubation time (b) After incubation time ( 4,000) (c) After incubation time ( 10,000). 잠복기중의 산화막과 잠복기가 끝난 후 대량수소침투가 발생한 산화막과의 미세구조를 비교, 관찰하기 위해 전장 이온 주사전자현미경(Field Ion SEM)을 이용하여 산화막 두께가 8.8 µm인 Zr-0.8Sn-1.0Nb 3원계 합금의 산화막을 분 제 47 권 제2호(2010)
7 112 ½»Á Á½ yá Á Á REFERENCES 1. L. Lunde, Localized or Uniform Hydriding of Zircaloy: Some Observation on the Effect of Surface Condition, J. Nucl. Mater., (1972). 2. K. Une, Kinetics of Reaction of Zirconium Alloy with Hydrogen, J. Less-Common Met., (1978). 3. G. Meyer and M. Kobrinsky, J. P. Abriata, and J. C. Bolcich, Hydriding Kinetics of Zircaloy-4 in Hydrogen Gas, J. Nucl. Mater., (1996). 4. J. Bloch, I. Jacob, and M. H. Mintz, The Effect of Vacuum Annealing on the Hydriding Kinetics of Zirconium, J. Alloys and Compounds, (1993). 5. R. P. Marshall, Absorption of Gaseous Hydrogen by Zircaloy-2, J. Less-Common Met., (1967). 6. D. W. Shannon, Effect of Oxidation Rate on Hydriding of Zirconium Alloys in Gas Mixtures Containing Hydrogen, Corrosion, (1963). 7. B. Cox, Mechanisms of Hydrogen Absorption by Zirconium Alloys, AECL-8702 (1985). 8. S. Aronson, Some Experiments on the Permeation of Hydrogen through Oxide Films on Zirconium, WAPD-BT- 19 (1960). 9. T. Smith, Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrogen Permeation of Oxide Films on Zirconium, J. Nucl. Mater., (1966). w wz
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