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1 운동과학, 2014 년, 제 23 권제 2 호 Exercise Science, 2014, Vol.23, No.2 트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 처치흰쥐의뇌인슐린신호전달, 포도당대사및 Tau 단백질과인산화에미치는영향 강은범 1) 김창환 2) 조준용 1) 1) 한국체육대학교 2) 대전대학교 Abstract Kang, Eun-Bum, Kim, Chang-Hwan, Cho, Joon-Yong. Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Brain Insulin Signaling, Glucose Metabolism and Tau Hyperphosphorylation in Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin Induced-Memory Impairment in Rats. Exercise Science, 23(2): , The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of 6-week treadmill exercise on brain insulin signaling, glucose metabolism and hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein in Alzheimer dementia rats induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) treatment of streptozotocin (STZ). To produce Alzheimer animal model, STZ (1.5 mg/kg) was injected in both cerebral ventricles of 20-week Sprague-Dawley rats, which were classified into ICV-Sham, ICV-STZ CON and ICV-STZ TE (treadmill exercise). Treadmill exercises were conducted for 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week and for the duration of 6 weeks. Water maze tests were performed before and after the treadmill exercises. Time and distance of escape significantly increased in ICV-STZ CON group compared with those in ICV-Sham group. Nevertheless, time and distance of escape significantly decreased in ICV-STZ TE group with 6-week treadmill exercise compared with those in ICV-STZ CON group. The treatment of ICV-STZ increased hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein and decreased the activity of brain insulin signaling in cerebral hippocampus of rats. Yet, hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein decreased more in ICV-STZ TE group, for which treadmill exercise were administered, than in ICV-STZ CON group while the activity of proteins related to brain insulin signaling (IR, PI3K, AKT) increased. In addition, phosphorylation of GSK3β, a major kinase of Tau protein, increased which resulted in the decrease of activity. Although both GLUT1 and GLUT3, glucose transporters in brain, decreased expression in hippocampus, treadmill exercise increased utilization efficiency of glucose in the brain. Treadmill exercise suppressed hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, a component of neurofibrillary tangle, and resulted in the enhancement of perceptive ability. In conclusion, aerobic exercise can be administered as an effective alternative in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Key words:alzheimer s disease, treadmill exericse, insuin signaling, glucose metabolism, Tau 초록 강은범, 김창환, 조준용. 트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 처치흰쥐의뇌인슐린신호전달, 포도당대사및 Tau 단백질과인산화에미치는영향. 운동과학, 제 23 권제 2 호, , 본연구의목적은 intracerebroventricular(icv) 에 streptozotocin(stz) 처치로유도된알츠하이머치매흰쥐를대상으로 6 주간의트레드밀운동이 brain insulin signaling, 포도당대사및 Tau 단백질과인산화에미치는영향을규명하는것이다. 알츠하이머질환동물모델을만들기위해 20 주령의 Sprague-Dawley 흰쥐의양쪽대뇌뇌실에 STZ(1.5 mg/kg) 를주입하였다. 이들실험동물은 ICV-Sham(n=6), ICV-STZ CON(n=6), ICV-STZ TE(n=6) 로구분하였다. 트레드밀운동은하루에 30 분, 주 5 일, 6 주간실시하였다. 트레드밀운동실시전과후에수중미로검사 (Water Maze Test) 를실시하였다. ICV-STZ CON 그룹은 ICV-Sham 그룹에비해탈출시간과탈출거리가유의하게증가된것으로나타났다. 하지만 6 주간트레드밀운동을실시한 ICV-STZ TE 집단은 ICV-STZ CON 그룹에비해탈출시간과탈출거리가유의하게감소된것으로나타났다. ICV-STZ CON 그룹의대뇌해마에서 Tau 단백질의과인산화가증가하고 brain insulin signaling 의활성이감소된것으로나타났다. 하지만트레드밀운동을실시한 ICV-STZ TE 집단에서 Tau 단백질의과인산화가 ICV-STZ CON 그룹에비해감소된것으로나타났으며 brain insulin signaling 관련단백질 (IR, PI3K, AKT) 의활성은증가된것으로나타났다. 또한 Tau 단백질의주요 kinase 인 GSK3β 의인산화는증가하여활성이감소됨을확인할수있었다. 뇌포도당수송체인 GLUT1 과 GLUT3 은해마에서모두발현이감소되었지만트레드밀운동을통해포도당이용효율이높아진것으로나타났다. 이상의결과를종합하면트레드밀운동을통해 neurofibrillary tangle 의구성요소인 Tau 단백질의과인산화가억제되었으며인지능력이개선되는효과를가져왔다. 즉신체활동과같은유산소운동은알츠하이머질환의예방과치료에효과적인대안으로적용될수있음을의미한다. 주요어 : 알츠하이머질환, 트레드밀운동, 인슐린신호전달, 포도당대사, Tau * 이논문은 2012 년도정부재원 ( 교육과학기술부 ) 으로한국연구재단의지원을받아연구되었음 [NRF-2012-S1A5B5A ].

2 100 트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 처치흰쥐의뇌인슐린신호전달, 포도당대사및 Tau 단백질과인산화에미치는영향 Ⅰ. 서론 알츠하이머질환 (Alzheimer s disease, AD) 은치매의가장일반적인형태로점진적인기억, 판단, 언어능력등지적인기능의감퇴가나타나고, 병리학적인특징은아밀로이드베타 (amyloid-β; Aβ) 가세포밖에축적되는노인성반점 (senile plaque) 과미세소관관련단백질 (microtubule-associated protein) 인 tau가과인산화되어세포내에형성되는신경섬유원농축 (neurofibrillary tangle) 이다 (Van Gassen & Annaert, 2003). AD는특정유전자의돌연변이에의해발병하는가족성알츠하이머질환 (Familial AD, FAD) 과산발성알츠하이머질환 (Sporadic AD, SAD) 으로구분할수있다. 전체 AD 환자중에유병율이 5% 미만인 FAD는특정유전자돌연변이 (presenilin-1, presenilin-2, β-amyloid precursor protein) 에의해유발되지만 (Selkoe, 2001), 대부분의 AD 환자는정확한원인이알려져있지않은 SAD로미토콘드리아기능장애, 환경적요인, 활성산소그리고에너지대사장애를포함하는다양한원인에의해복합적으로발병하는것으로알려져있으며최근에는손상된뇌포도당대사에의해 SAD가유발되는것으로보고되고있다 (de la Monte & Wands, 2005; Hoyer, 1998). 일반적으로말초포도당대사는주로인슐린에의해조절되지만, 최근연구에따르면뇌포도당대사역시인슐린신호에의해조절되고, 인슐린은신경세포의발달과활성화에중요한역할을담당하고기억과학습에영향을미치기때문에 (Gerozissis, 2008), 인슐린기능장애가 AD의원인이될수있다는연구들이증가하고있다 (Gasparini et al., 2002; Steen et al., 2005; Zhu et al., 2005). 이와함께흰쥐의뇌실내 (intracerebroventricular, ICV) 에 streptozotocin(stz) 을투여한연구에서, STZ에의한 insulin receptor(ir) 의활성저하가 insulin signaling의주요세포신호기전인 PI3K-AKT signaling 의활성을감소시켜 (Chen et al., 2013), 기억력및인지기능저하가보고되고있다 (Liu et al., 2014). AKT의활성감소에의해활성화되는 GSK3β는 AD의신경세포에독성작용을유발하는 neurofibrillary tangle(nft) 의주요구성물질인 Tau 단백질의과인산화를일으키는것으로보고되고있다 (Deng et al., 2009; Grünblatt et al., 2007; Lannert & Hoyer, 1998). 뇌에서학습과기억관련단백질합성에관여한다 (Garelick & Kennedy, 2011) 고알려진 mammalian target of rapamycin(mtor) 과그하위신호전달단백질인 ribosomal protein S6 kinase(p70s6k) 가 PI3K-Atk signaling의손상에의해활성이저하되고이를통해 Glucose 수송체로알려진 GLUT1 과 GLUT3 발현을감소시켜, 에너지대사장애및 Tau 단백질과인산화를유발하는것으로알려져있다 (Deng et al., 2009). GLUT1은뇌피질부혈관내피세포, 맥락총 (choroid plexus), 뇌실막 (ependyma) 에서발현되고 GLUT3은신경세포의에너지대사에필요한포도당흡수에관여하는것으로알려져있다 (Maher et al., 1994; Nagamatsu et al., 1993). 즉뇌에서 insulin과포도당대사이상을통해기억력과인지능력장애가나타나기때문에알츠하이머질환이제3형당뇨병이라는주장이제기되고있다 (de la Monte & Wands, 2005). 최근신체활동이노화와신경퇴행성질환의예방및증상을완화시키는유효한방법으로제시되고있으며, 실제적으로규칙적인운동참여가고령자와 AD 환자의기억력과인지기능저하를지연하는것으로나타나고있다 (Larson et al., 2006; Pérez & Cancela Carral, 2008). 또한 AD 형질전환동물연구에서운동이해마와대뇌피질영역에서 Aβ의발현과 Tau 인산화의감소와함께신경영양인자의증가가보고된연구가있다 (Adlard et al., 2005; Kang et al., 2013; Um et al., 2011). 이처럼운동이 AD을개선하는데효과가있음이제시되고있지만, 어떠한분자적신호를통해운동이 AD를개선하는지또한뇌인슐린신호전달과포도당대사에미치는영향에대한연구는많이부족한실정이다. 따라서이연구는 6주간트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ를통해유발된 SAD 모델동물을대상으로뇌의 Tau 단백질과인산화, 인슐린신호전달, 포도당대사관련단백질및인지기능에미치는영향을알아보고자한다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 실험동물본연구는 H대학교체육과학연구소동물실험윤리위원회에승인을받아진행하였다 (KNSU-IACUC ). 실험에사용된동물은 20주령의 Sprague-Dawley 암컷흰쥐 (n=18) 로 H대학교동물실험실에서사육하였다. 실험동물은 1964년발표한헬싱키선언에근거한 Guiding Principles for the Care and Use of Animal 에따라 12시간간격으로명암을유지시키고사육장의실내온도는 22~24 로하고상대습도는 40~60% 로유지하였고, 실험동물은사육기간동안고형쥐

3 강은범 김창환 조준용 101 사료 (AIN-76A Purified Rodent Diet, 중앙실험동물 ) 와음수는자유공급 (ad libitum) 하였다. 이들실험동물은 ICV- Sham(n=6), ICV-STZ Con(n=6), ICV-STZ TE(n=6) 으로구분하였다. 2. ICV-STZ 본연구에서는알츠하이머흰쥐모델을만들기위해이희혁등 (2009) 의수술방법을활용하였다. 흰쥐의두부를 stereotaxic frame에고정하고뇌실내에 STZ을주입하였다. 두개골표면에서정수리점 (bregma) 을기준으로우측 1.5 mm, 후측 0.8 mm되는지점의두개골을직경 0.5 mm인소형드릴로천공한후미량주입기 (10 µl, 26 G, Hamilton, USA) 를깊이 3.6 mm 자침하여 Saline에 STZ를체중당 1.5 mg으로희석시킨후각각 10 µl씩총 20 µl 용량을주입하고, 대조군에는동일한방법으로 saline만을주입하였다. 3. 운동프로토콜운동그룹의동물들은수술후 3일간의안정화기간을거친후에실험동물용트레드밀 (Rodent, Treadmill, Dae-myung Scienific Co., Ltd., Korea) 을이용하여 1주간의사전적응훈련은경사도를 0% 로고정시킨후에운동시작 5분동안 2 m/min, 다음 5분은 5 m/min, 마지막 20분은 8 m/min 속도의점증적강도로구성하였다. 사전적응훈련을마친후본운동은주 5일, 6주간실시하였다. 경사도를 0% 로고정시킨후에운동시작 5분동안 8 m/min, 다음 5분은 11 m/min, 마지막 20분은 14 m/min 속도로실시하였다. 본연구에서활용한운동프로토콜은 Kim et al.(2003) 과이희혁등 (2009) 이제시한중강도운동프로그램을바탕으로실시하였다. 4. 수중미로검사 ICV-STZ 처치 2주후에수중미로검사를실시하였다. 수중미로검사는백서의인지기능을평가하기위해실시하는방법으로많이사용되고있다 (Morris, 1984; Roof et al., 2001). 수중미로검사는창문과공기가잘통하고실험테이블이준비된실험실에서실시하고, 장비로는원형수조 ( 지름 1.5 m 높이 12 cm) 안에표적 (target) 이보이지않도록하기위해수조안에물 (22-25 ) 을받아전지분유를풀어넣어용해시 킨후물표면바로 1 cm 정도떨어진수조바닥에표적 ( 지름 12 cm) 을놓는다. 수영거리 (escape distance), 수영시간 (escape latency) 을수조바로위천정에설치연결된컴퓨터프로그램인 SMART-CS 프로그램 (Panlab, Barcelona, Spain) 을활용하여 ICV-STZ 처치직후, 6주간지구성운동이끝난직후총 2회측정 분석하였다. 수중미로검사는주 5일동안실시하고매일같은위치에서출발하여 3회씩동물이동일한위치에놓인표적에도달하도록연습시킨후마지막 6일째표적을없앤후동일한출발위치에서수영을시작하여 3회표적에도달한결과를실험결과값으로활용하는데이때, 실험결과값으로 60초이내에숨겨진표적을찾을경우에만활용하고각검사는최소한 5분간의간격을두고실시하였다. 5. Western blotting 마취제 ( 럼푼 / 졸리틸, 2:1비율로 10 mg/kg) 를복강내주사하여마취한후단백질발현측정을위해뇌조직을빠르게적출하고해마를분리한후액체질소에급랭하여분석시까지 80 의초저온냉동기 (Bio-Freezer, Forma Science, USA) 에보관하였다. 뇌조직은 lysis 완충액과 homogenizer를이용하여균질화하였다. 균질액은 4 에서 15,000 rpm으로 30분간원심분리한후상층액을 Bradford 방법으로총단백질량을정량하였다. 정량분석후 30 µg을 SDS-polyacrylamide gel에서전기영동한후 PVDF membrane(millipore) 으로전이시켰다. Membrane 으로전이가끝나면 1시간동안 membrane 을 5% skim milk 용액 (in PBS-T: 10 mm Tris-base ph 8.0, 150 mm NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20) 으로 Blocking 시킨후에 1차항체를 1:1000으로 5% BSA 용액에각각희석시켜 4 에서 12시간이상반응시킨후에 TBS-T 용액으로 10분간 5차례세척한후 2차항체 (goat anti-rabbit ZYMED, ; rabbit anti-goat ZYMED, ; goat anti-mouse Santa Cruz, sc-2005) 를 Blocking 용액으로 1:5000으로희석시켜 1시간동안반응시킨후에 TBS-T 용액으로 10분씩 5차례세척한후마지막단계로 WBLR solution Western Blotting Luminol Reagent(Santa Cruz, sc-2048) 에 membrane을넣고 1분간발색하고얻어진 membrane을이미지분석시스템 (Molecular Imager ChemiDoc XRS System, Bio-Rad, USA) 을이용하여스캔한후 Quantity One 1D Analysis Software(Bio-Rad, USA) 를이용하여단백질량을산출하였다. 정량된단백질의농도를수치화하여 ICV-Sham 집단을기준으로다른집단과의차이를백분율 (%)

4 102 트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 처치흰쥐의뇌인슐린신호전달, 포도당대사및 Tau 단백질과인산화에미치는영향 로나타내었다. 이연구에서사용한 Western blot 용 1차항 체는 <Table 1> 에제시하였다. Table 1. Primary antibody list Antibody Vendor Catalog PHF-1 (Ser 396/404) Dr. P. Davies p-tau (Thr 231) Sigma-Aldrich T7194 p-tau (Ser 404) Abcam ab30666 p-tau (Ser 202) Sigma-Aldrich T6819 Tau Santa Cruz sc-5587 Insulin Receptor β Cell Signaling #3025 p-insulin Receptor Abcam ab60946 PI3K Cell Signaling #4257 p-pi3k Cell Signaling #4228 AKT Cell Signaling #9272 p-akt Cell Signaling #4051 GSK-3β Cell Signaling #9315 p-gsk-3β Cell Signaling #9323 GLUT1 Santa Cruz sc-7903 GLUT3 Santa Cruz sc α-tubulin Santa Cruz sc 자료처리방법 본연구에서얻어진모든자료는윈도우용 18.0 SPSS 통계 프로그램을이용하여기술통계치 (mean±se) 를산출하였다. 6주간실험처치후 Tau 단백질과인산화, 인슐린신호전달, 포도당대사관련단백질및인지기능에미치는영향을알 아보기위해일원변량분석 (one-way ANOVA) 을실시하여집 단간의차이를검증하였다. 집단간유의한차이가있을 경우 LSD(least significant difference) 를이용하여사후검증을 실시하였다. 모든검증의통계적인유의수준은 α=.05로설 정하였다. Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 흰쥐의인지기능에미치는영향 6주간의트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 흰쥐의인지기능에미치는영향을변량분석한결과탈출시간의경우, 집단간 [F(2, 17)=19.362, p=.001] 에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (Fig. 1). 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (23.50±5.86) 은 ICV-STZ CON 집단 (58.50±0.76) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (44.50±3.62) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p=.026). 탈출거리의경우, 집단간 [F(2, 17)=45.009, p=.001] 에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (596.00±25.33) 은 ICV- STZ CON 집단 (861.83±16.88) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (694.17±16.67) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p=.001). Fig. 1. Treadmill exercise improved cognitive performance of the water maze test. Patterns of escape latency and escape distance to cross to the former platform location in the water maze. Values are presented as the mean ± SE. 2. 트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 흰쥐해마에서 Tau 단백질과인산화에미치는영향 6주간의트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 흰쥐의해마부위에서 Tau 단백질과인산화에미치는영향을변량분석한결과는 <Fig. 2> 에제시된바와같다. S199/202의발현은집단간 [F(2, 17)= , p=.001] 에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (1.00) 은 ICV-STZ CON 집단 (3.68±0.19) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (2.59±0.11) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p=.001). PHF-1 인산화는집단간 [F(2, 17)=33.307, p=.001] 에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (1.00) 은 ICV-STZ CON 집단 (3.14±0.34) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (1.32±0.06) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p=.001). S404 인산화는집단간 [F(2, 17)=9.738, p=.002] 에유의한차이가있는

5 강은범 김창환 조준용 103 Fig. 2. Phosphorylation levels of p-tau (S199/202, PHF-1, S404, T231) in the hippocampus of STZ-induced animal model of AD. The p-tau ratio was analyzed by Western blot. The data shown in the Western blot were means from six rat brains. Fisher s LSD post hoc test after ANOVA. Values are presented as means±sem. Fig. 3. Effect of treadmill exercise on activation of brain insulin signaling in the hippocampus of ICV-Sham, ICV-STZ CON and ICV-STZ TE. A) The levels of brain insulin signaling in the hippocampus were analyzed by western blots. α-tubulin was probed as an internal control. B) Activation of brain insulin signaling was normalized with respect to ICV-Sham. Values are mean ± SEM 6 animals/groups. 것으로나타났다. 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (1.00) 은 ICV-STZ CON 집단 (1.89±0.21) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (1.42±0.13) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p=.035). T231 인산화는집단간 [F(2, 17)=52.172, p=.001] 에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (1.00) 은 ICV-STZ CON 집단 (2.00±0.12) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (1.34±0.01) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타 났다 (p=.001). 3. 트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 흰쥐해마에서인슐린신호전달에미치는영향 6주간의트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 흰쥐의해마에서인슐린신호전달에미치는영향을변량분석한결과는 <Fig. 3> 에제시된바와같다. Insulin receptor의인산화는집단간 [F(2, 17)= , p=.001] 에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (1.00) 은 ICV-STZ CON

6 104 트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 처치흰쥐의뇌인슐린신호전달, 포도당대사및 Tau 단백질과인산화에미치는영향 집단 (0.41±0.01) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (0.74±0.01) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p=.001). PI3K 인산화는집단간 [F(2, 17)= , p=.001] 에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (1.00) 은 ICV-STZ CON 집단 (0.70±0.01) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (0.94±0.01) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p=.001). AKT 인산화는집단간 [F(2, 17)=72.014, p=.001] 에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (1.00) 은 ICV-STZ CON 집단 (0.76±0.01) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (1.00±0.02) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p=.001). GSK-3β 인산화는집단간 [F(2, 17)= , p=.001] 에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (1.00) 은 ICV-STZ CON 집단 (0.39±0.02) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (1.00±0.02) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p=.001). 4. 트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 흰쥐해마에서포도당대사관련단백질에미치는영향 Fig. 4. Effect of treadmill exercise on activation of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the hippocampus of ICV-Sham, ICV-STZ CON and ICV-STZ TE. A) The levels of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the hippocampus were analyzed by western blots. α-tubulin was probed as an internal control. B) Activation of GLUT1 and GLUT3 was normalized with respect to ICV-Sham. Values are mean±sem 6 animals/groups. 6주간의트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 흰쥐의해마에서포도당대사관련단백질농도에미치는영향을변량분석한결과는 <Fig. 4> 에제시된바와같다. 뇌해마부위에서 GLUT1 발현량은집단간 [F(2, 17)= , p=.001] 에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (100%) 은 ICV-STZ CON 집단 ( %) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (69.18±1.46%) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p=.001). GLUT3 발현량은집단간 [F(2, 17)= , p=.001] 에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 사후검증한결과 ICV-Sham 집단 (100%) 은 ICV-STZ CON 집단 (32.64±2.24%) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (p=.001), ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-STZ TE 집단 (53.99±2.14%) 과통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p=.001). Ⅳ. 논의 이연구는 ICV-STZ 처치를통해유발된알츠하이머형치매동물을대상으로 6주간의트레드밀운동을실시하여인지능력, 뇌인슐린신호전달, 포도당관련단백질그리고 Tau 단백질과인산화에미치는영향을알아보았다. ICV-STZ 처치를통한기억력의손상여부를알아보기위해수중미로검사 (Water Maze Test) 를실시하였다. ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-Sham 집단에비해목표물을찾는데걸리는시간과이동거리가유의하게증가된것으로나타났다. 하지만 ICV-STZ CON 집단에비해 6주간의트레드밀운동을실시한 ICV-STZ TE 집단은시간과이동거리가유의하게감소된것으로나타났다. 즉 ICV-STZ 처치를통해학습과기억력에있어손상을입은것으로판단되며, 6주간의트레드밀운동이학습및기억력회복에긍정적인효과가있는것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는 ICV-STZ 동물을대상으로트레드밀운동을실시한집단에서인지능력이개선되었다는선행연구와일치하였다 ( 이희혁등, 2009; Muller et al., 2012; Rodrigues et al., 2010). 즉운동과같은신체활동을통해해마의존적공간학습능력이강화되고 (van Praag et al., 1999a, van Praag et al., 1999b) 인지능력과기억력이개선된다는것이다. 알츠하이머질환에서인지능력과기억력저하는아밀로이드베타 (amyloid-β) 와 Tau 단백질과인산화에따른염증반응과신경세포의사멸이주요원인으로알려져있다 (Hardy &

7 강은범 김창환 조준용 105 Selkoe, 2002; Hutton et al., 1998). 물론운동이인지능력과기억력을개선시키는분자생물학적기전은아직확실하게규명되지는않았지만뇌가소성증가와새로운신경세포의생성증가그리고산화적스트레스와염증반응을감소를통해인지능력과기억력향상을유도한것으로설명할수있다. Tau 단백질의인산화잔기인 PHF-1(Ser396/404), Ser404, Ser202, Thr231과같은인산화잔기는다른잔기의인산화를촉진하고이렇게과인산화된 Tau 단백질은서로응집하여 NFT를형성하는것으로알려져있다 (Noble et al., 2005). 그래서이연구에서는트레드밀운동이 Ser404, Ser202, Thr231 의인산화에미치는영향을분석한결과 ICV-Sham 그룹에비해 ICV-STZ CON 그룹은모두증가한것으로나타났으며, ICV-STZ TE 그룹은인산화가감소한것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는 Leem et al.(2009) 과 Um et al.(2011) 의결과와일치하는것으로트레드밀운동을통한 Tau 단백질의인산화감소는 Tau 단백질의과인산화에관여하는 kinases인 GSK3 β, CDK5, PKA 등의활성이 Tau 단백질의과인산화를억제하는방향으로조절되었음을의미한다 (Leem et al., 2009; Takashima, 2006). 즉트레드밀운동에통해신경세포의골격을유지하고신경전달물질수송에관여하는미세소관의안정성이증가하고결국 PHF-1 형성이감소된것으로생각된다. 선행연구에따르면 ICV-STZ 동물모델에서 Tau 단백질의과인산화가증가하는것은뇌인슐린신호전달의손상에기인한다고제안하고있다 (Deng et al., 2009; Grunblatt et al., 2007; Lannet & Hoyer, 1998). 즉 IR 활성저하에따른 PI3K-AKT 신호전달의감소를통해 Tau 단백질의과인산화에관여하는 GSK3β 활성이증가된다는것인데본연구에서뇌인슐린신호전달관련단백질을확인한결과 ICV-STZ CON 집단은 ICV-Sham 집단에비해 IR, PI3K, AKT의인산화가모두감소된것으로나타났지만트레드밀운동을실시한 ICV-STZ TE 집단에서는 ICV-STZ CON 집단에비해 IR, PI3K, AKT의인산화가증가한것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는알츠하이머형질전환생쥐인 PS2m를대상으로장기간의트레드밀운동을실시한결과 PI3K, AKT, GSK3α/β의인산화가증가되었다고보고한 Um et al.(2011) 의결과와일치하였다. 즉트레드밀운동은 IR의인산화를촉진하고이를통한 PI3K, AKT의활성증가는결국 Tau 단백질의주요 kinase인 GSK3β의활성을억제한것으로나타났다. 포도당은뇌에너지대사에있어서중요한연료로사용되 며 Gong et al.(2006) 과 Li et al.(2006) 은 AD 환자의뇌에서포도당대사가감소됨으로써상대적으로 Tau 단백질의인산화가증가되었다고보고하였다. 즉인슐린신호전달과정에서손상이일어나면 AKT/PKB 손상에의해 glucose/energy metabolism이저하되고또한 GSK3β로이어져 Tau 단백질의과인산화를유도하기때문에이는인슐린신호전달손상에의한결과라볼수있다 (Duelli et al., 1994; Pathan et al., 2006; Salkovic-Petrisic & Hoyer, 2007). 또한뇌에서의당대사감소에따른 GLUT1, GLUT3 단백질의발현저하가인지능력에영향을미친다고제안하고있다 (Deng et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2008). 본연구에서해마 GLUT1/3의발현량을분석한결과 ICV-STZ 처치를통해 GLUT1/3의발현량은감소되었지만, 트레드밀운동을통해발현량이증가하는것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는 AD 환자의뇌에서 GLUT1/3의발현량이비교집단에비해감소되었다고보고한 Liu et al.(2008) 과 ICV-STZ 를통해 GLUT1/3의발현량이감소되었다고보고한 Deng et al.(2009) 의연구결과와일치한다. 하지만정일규등 (2007) 은해마에서 GLUT1은트레드밀운동을통해발현이증가되었지만, GLUT3 는변화가없었다고보고하여본연구의결과와상반된결과를보고하였다. 이것은활용한동물의수술특성상나타난결과로생각되며, 뇌부위별로 GLUT1/3 의발현양상을확인하고포도당흡수율 (glucose uptake) 을확인하는추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 즉트레드밀운동을통해해마부위에서 GLUT1/3 발현이증가된것으로나타났으며, 이러한결과를통해포도당이용을촉진시켜신경세포의대사적요구를효율적으로보상할수있었으며 (Park et al., 2011), 뇌해마영역의주요기능인학습과기억력이개선된것으로판단된다. Ⅴ. 결론 ICV-STZ 처치를통해유발된알츠하이머흰쥐를대상으로 6주간의트레드밀운동이뇌조직에서인슐린신호전달관련단백질, Tau 단백질과인산화, 포도당대사관련단백질그리고인지능력에미치는영향을분석한결과다음과같은결론을얻었다. 첫째, 트레드밀운동은 ICV-STZ 처치를통해저하된인지능력을개선시켰다. 둘째, 트레드밀운동은 ICV-STZ 처치를통해활성이저하된 IR, PI3K, AKT의활성을증가시켰으며이를통해 GSK-3β

8 106 트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 처치흰쥐의뇌인슐린신호전달, 포도당대사및 Tau 단백질과인산화에미치는영향 의활성을감소시켰다. 셋째, 트레드밀운동은 ICV-STZ 처치를통해증가된 Tau 단백질의과인산화를감소시켰다. 넷째, 트레드밀운동은 ICV-STZ 처치를통해저하된뇌포도당대사관련단백질의발현을증가시켰다. 이상의결과로트레드밀운동과같은신체활동은뇌인슐린신호전달체계와포도당대사관련단백질에긍정적인영향을미쳐알츠하이머질환을긍정적으로개선할수있는예방및치료를위한대안으로활용될수있음을의미한다. 참고문헌 이희혁, 윤진환, 정일규, 김승희, 김보균등 (2009). 운동강도가 ICV STZ 투여로유발된기억력손상흰쥐에서해마신경세포생성과 BDNF 발현에미치는영향. 운동과학, 18(4): 정일규, 윤진환, 이희혁, 김종오, 서태범등 (2007). 운동훈련이당뇨유발흰쥐뇌의해마에서 GLUT 1과 GLUT 3 단백질발현에미치는영향. 한국체육학회지, 46(2): Adlard, P. A., Perreau, V. M., Pop, V., & Cotman, C. W. (2005). Voluntary exercise decreases amyloid load in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci., 25(17): Chen, Y., Liang, Z., Blanchard, J., Dai, C. L., Sun, S. et al. (2013). A non-transgenic mouse model (icv-stz mouse) of Alzheimer's disease: similarities to and differences from the transgenic model (3xTg-AD mouse). Mol. Neurobiol., 47(2): de la Monte, S. M., & Wands, J. R. (2005). Review of insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression, signaling, and malfunction in the central nervous system: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis., 7(1): Deng, Y., Li, B., Liu, Y., Iqbal, K., Grundke-Iqbal, I., et al. (2009). Dysregulation of insulin signaling, glucose transporters, O-GlcNAcylation, and phosphorylation of tau and neurofilaments in the brain: Implication for Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol., 175(5): Duelli, R., Schröck, H., Kuschinsky, W., & Hoyer, S. (1994). Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin induces discrete local changes in cerebral glucose utilization in rats. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 12(8): Garelick, M. G., & Kennedy, B. K. (2011). TOR on the brain. Exp. Gerontol., 46(2-3): Gasparini, L., Netzer, W. J., Greengard, P., & Xu, H. (2002). Does insulin dysfunction play a role in Alzheimer's disease? Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 23(6): Gerozissis, K. (2008). Brain insulin, energy and glucose homeostasis; genes, environment and metabolic pathologies. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 585(1): Gong, C. X., Liu, F., Grundke-Iqbal, I., & Iqbal, K. (2006). Impaired brain glucose metabolism leads to Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration through a decrease in tau O-GlcNAcylation. J. Alzheimers Dis., 9(1): Grünblatt, E., Salkovic-Petrisic, M., Osmanovic, J., Riederer, P., & Hoyer, S. (2007). Brain insulin system dysfunction in streptozotocin intracerebroventricularly treated rats generates hyperphosphorylated tau protein. J. Neurochem., 101(3): Hardy, J., & Selkoe, D. J. (2002). The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science, 297(5580): Hoyer, S. (1998). Is sporadic Alzheimer disease the brain type of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus? A challenging hypothesis. J. Neural. Transm., 105(4-5): Hutton, M., Perez-Tur, J., & Hardy, J. (1998). Genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Essays Biochem., 33: Kang, E. B., Kwon, I. S., Koo, J. H., Kim, E. J., Kim, C. H., et al. (2013). Treadmill exercise represses neuronal cell death and inflammation during Abeta-induced ER stress by regulating unfolded protein response in aged presenilin 2 mutant mice. Apoptosis, 18(11): Kim, H. B., Jang, M. H., Shin, M. C., Lim, B. V., Kim, Y. P. et al. (2003). Treadmill exercise increases cell proliferation in dentate gyrus of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. J. Diabetes Complications, 17(1): Lannert, H., & Hoyer, S. (1998). Intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin causes long-term diminutions in learning and memory abilities and in cerebral energy metabolism in adult rats. Behav.

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10 108 트레드밀운동이 ICV-STZ 처치흰쥐의뇌인슐린신호전달, 포도당대사및 Tau 단백질과인산화에미치는영향 disease. Neurosci. Res., 69(2): Van Gassen, G., & Annaert, W. (2003). Amyloid, presenilins, and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscientist., 9(2): Van Praag, H., Christie, B. R., Sejnowski, T. J., & Gage, F. H. (1999a). Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 96(23): Van Praag, H., Kempermann, G., & Gage, F. H. (1999b). Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nat. Neurosci., 2(3): Zhu, X., Perry, G., & Smith, M. A. (2005). Insulin signaling, diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease. J. Alzheimers Dis., 7(1): 논문투고일 : 심사일 : 심사완료일 : * 교신저자 : 조준용, 한국체육대학교, chojy86@knsu.ac.kr

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